Moderate Category Research Articles

Exploring the Relationship Between Visceral Fat and Coronary Artery Calcification Risk Using Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat (METS-VF)

Background: Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat (METS-VF) is a novel indicator for estimating intra-abdominal fat, yet its connection with coronary artery calcification (CAC) remains uncharted. Our research aims to explore the novel METS-VF indicator’s link to CAC while comparing its performance against relevant anthropometric indices. Methods: This study enrolled participants who underwent health checkups and computed tomography scans for categorizing severity of CAC using the coronary artery calcium score. The METS-VF was calculated and compared with anthropometric indices in estimating the presence of CAC and different CAC severity using receiver operating characteristic curves. Results: Overall, 1217 participants (mean age 50.7 ± 9.9, 53.8% male) were included. METS-VF (odds ratio [OR], 1.506; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.181–1.921; p = 0.001) was positively associated with the presence of CAC, even after accounting for cardiometabolic factors. Notably, METS-VF was positively associated with mild (OR, 1.450; 95% CI, 1.115–1.886; p = 0.006), moderate (OR, 1.865; 95% CI, 1.137–3.062; p = 0.014), and severe (OR, 2.316; 95% CI, 1.090–4.923; p = 0.029) CAC. Moreover, METS-VF yielded the highest area under curve (AUC) value in the estimation of the CAC presence (AUC = 0.710), mild (AUC = 0.682), moderate (AUC = 0.757), and severe (AUC = 0.807) CAC when compared with body mass index, waist circumference, visceral adiposity index, triglyceride–glucose index, and metabolic score for insulin resistance. The optimal METS-VF cut-off value was 6.4 for predicting CAC. Conclusions: METS-VF emerged as a strong independent marker for detecting CAC presence across mild, moderate, and severe CAC categories, outperforming major anthropometric indices in accurately estimating the presence of CAC and different severity of CAC.

Physical condition test for central Sulawesi province rock climbing athletes in preparation for prapon 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine the physical condition of rock climbing athletes in Central Sulawesi Province in preparation for Prapon 2023. The method used in this study is descriptive research. The sample in this study was 15 athletes consisting of 8 female athletes and 7 male athletes. The instruments used to measure the physical condition of rock climbing athletes were Speed ​​​​(30-meter run), Strength (60-second push-up, 60-second sit-up, 60-second pull-up, handgrip), Explosive Power (vertical jump), Flexibility (sit & reach), Reaction (hand and foot reaction), Agility (4x10-meter shuttle run), Endurance (Bleep Test). Of the 15 rock climbing athletes, 0 athletes (0%) were in the Very Good category, 4 athletes (26.67%) were in the Good category, 10 athletes (66.67%) were in the Moderate category, there was 1 athlete (6.66%) in the Less category, and there were 0 athletes (0%) in the Very Less category. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the physical condition of rock climbing athletes in Central Sulawesi Province is in the moderate category.

Antibacterial Activity Of Staphylococcus aureus From Chinese Betel Leaf Juice (Peperomia pellucida L.)

Infectious diseases, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia, are a common health problem, one of which is caused by bacteria. This study tested the antibacterial activity of Chinese betel leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, with secondary metabolite content such as alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids that act as antibacterials. This study was a laboratory experiment using a completely randomized design with three repetitions at five concentrations of extract, as well as one positive and negative control. The method used was the agar diffusion method, and the test results showed that Chinese betel leaf extract had antibacterial potential against Staphylococcus aureus at various concentrations tested. The concentrations used were 6µL/disc, 8µL/disc, 10µL/disc, 12µL/disc, and 14µL/disc, where all these categories produced inhibition zones included in the moderate category according to Susanto (2012). Statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test produced a significant value of 0.035 (<0.05), indicating a significant difference between each concentration tested. From the research results, it can be concluded that Chinese betel leaf extract has effective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEARNING STYLES AND UNDERSTANDING MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS IN QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

The research teka-teki is that students are experiencing difficulties in understanding the concept of quadratic functions. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between learning styles and mathematical concept understanding in solving quadratic function problems among 9th grade students at SMP Negeri 3 Ulunoyo. This research adopts indah ambang quantitative approach with indah ambang correlational study type. The population in this study consists of 20 9th grade students from SMP Negeri 3 Ulunoyo, and the sampling technique used is besaran sampling. The instruments used are questionnaires and tests of mathematical concept understanding. Based on the research results, indah ambang correlation coefficient of 0.64 was obtained, indicating indah ambang positive and strong correlation. The coefficient of determination is 40.96%, showing that the contribution of learning styles to concept understanding is 40.96%, with the remaining contribution attributed to other factors. The calculated t-value is 3.50324, and to determine the critical t-value at indah ambang 0.05% significance taraf, the t-table value is 2.100922. Since the calculated t-value (3.50324) is greater than the t-table value (2.100922), it can be concluded that there is indah ambang relationship between learning styles and mathematical concept understanding among 9th grade students at SMP Negeri 3 Ulunoyo, with the correlation taraf falling into the moderate category. Therefore, the researcher suggests (1) students should recognize their own learning styles and optimize them to facilitate better learning and achieve optimal performance, and (2) teachers are encouraged to adapt their teaching styles to meet the needs of all students, not just those with specific learning styles.

INTENSITAS PENGGUNAAN MEDIA SOSIAL DAN PERSEPSI REMAJA TENTANG CITRA TUBUH IDEAL

The intensity of social media (Instagram) usage is how long and how often someone accesses it. The duration of accessing Instagram often triggers perceptions about ideal body image in society. The purpose of this study to analyze the effect of the intensity of Instagram social media usage on adolescents' perceptions about ideal body image at SMA Negeri 4 Purwokerto. The research method used is a non-experimental quantitative research type with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 124 students. The research instruments included a questionnaire that measured the intensity of Instagram usage using a scale adapted from previous researchers and the perception of ideal body image using the Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) measuring instrument. The test results using SPSS version 25, the characteristics of the respondents were mostly female (72.6%), the intensity of Instagram usage and adolescents' perceptions about body image were in the moderate category, 73.4% and 60.5%, respectively. The results of the Spearman rank test showed a p value of 0.004 (<0.05) so that H1 was accepted and H2 was rejected. Thus, there is an influence between the intensity of Instagram use and ideal body image with a significance value of 0.004 <0.05, so it can be concluded that the two variables are correlated with a correlation coefficient value of 0.259, which means that the level of relationship between the two variables is in a very weak relationship.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN TEH HERBAL BUNGA TELANG DENGAN PERBEDAAN PEMANIS SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENGOBATAN HIPERTENSI

Hypertension can be caused by an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Consumption of sweetened herbal tea can affect antioxidant levels. This study aims to test the antioxidant activity of telang flower herbal tea as an alternative treatment for hypertension and hedonic testing of the formulated herbal tea. Telang flower herbal tea was formulated without sweetener, sugar sweetener, stevia leaf sweetener, sorbitol and cyclamate sweetener. Telang flower herbal tea was brewed with 70℃ water then phytochemical screening of flavonoids, saponins and tannins using standard methods and antioxidant activity using DPPH method. Hedonic test was conducted by assessing the liking of 20 panellists for herbal tea on a scale of 1-5. Unsweetened telang flower herbal tea, sugar sweetener, stevia leaf sweetener, sorbitol and cyclamate sweetener had values of 247.97 ppm; 178.38 ppm; 497.765 ppm; 164.87ppm; 224.96 ppm with hedonic test values of 3.25; 4.05; 3.55; 3.55; 3.35 respectively. The antioxidant activity of telang flower herbal tea with different sweeteners is in the weak to moderate category and panellists like herbal tea with sugar sweetener the most.

The impact of prediabetes on preclinical atherosclerosis in general apparently healthy population: A cross-sectional study

Background The hypothesis that not only diagnosed diabetes (DM), but also milder dysglycemia may affect the development of atherosclerosis still requires further study. In our population-based study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of prediabetic state on preclinical atherosclerosis and whether it may affect the cardiovascular risk (CVR) in the general population. Methods The analysis was a part of the Bialystok PLUS cohort study and represented a random sample of Bialystok (Poland) residents aged 20–79 years at the time of sampling (July 2017-January 2023). The cross-sectional analysis included 1431 participants of a population-based study (mean age 46.82 years). Comprehensive biochemical assessments were performed. An Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was performed on fasting patients who did not report having a DM. Results The population with prediabetes, based on HbA1c and OGTT, accounted for more than half of the study participants (n = 797, 55.7%). Atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries were significantly more common in individuals with prediabetes considering all CVR categories. Prediabetes was associated with the occurrence of more advanced preclinical atherosclerosis, especially in the low to moderate CVR category. Serum glucose concentration after 1h and HbA1c proved to be statistically significant indicators of the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in ultrasound (respectively, AUC = 0.73 and 0.72). In multivariate logistic regression, prediabetes was independently associated with significantly increased risk of preclinical atherosclerosis (OR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.09–2.24), along with CVR categories, pulse wave velocity and central blood pressure augmentation index. Conclusions Prediabetes is associated with the occurrence and progression of the preclinical atherosclerosis. Importantly, many of those patients are in the low to moderate cardiovascular risk category, hence may have a severely underestimated risk. Inclusion of prediabetes into CVR assessment may improve risk stratification. An early identification of dysglycemic population is necessary to effectively implement the cardiovascular and metabolic prevention measures.

The effectiveness of acupressure on depressive symptoms among nursing students

Background: The post-pandemic period of covid 19, the biggest cause of loss of income for parents of students, this can make students experience distress and depression. Symptoms of depressive disorders in adolescent students will have an impact on almost all activities on campus and will get worse if left untreated. the recommended form of treatment is complementary therapy such as acupressure therapy. Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of acupressure on depressive symptoms among nursing students. Method: Quasi-experiment with pretest-posttest one group design measuring depression using Beck Depression Inventory parameters, sample calculation using the Slovin formula, the number of samples used in this study were 20 participants. Results: The average BDI score before acupressure was 26.80 in the moderate depression category, the average BDI score after acupressure was 19.00 in the mild depression category. The results of the statistical test obtained a p value = 0.001 <0.05 which means that acupressure is effective in reducing depression levels. Conclusion: After undergoing acupressure tonification massage therapy 30 times per session, 3 sessions per week for 4 consecutive weeks, it can reduce the level of depression.

ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS' CREATIVE THINKING ABILITY AND LEARNING INDEPENDENCE IN SOLVING STORY PROBLEMS ON THE SUBJECT OF LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH TWO VARIABLES (SPLDV)

The research was motivated by the lack of students' creative thinking abilities and independent learning in solving story problems on SPLDV material. The aim of this research is to describe: (1) Students' thinking abilities in solving story problems in class VIII SPLDV material at SMP Negeri 4 Maniamolo, (2) Students' learning independence in solving story problems in class VIII SPLDV material at SMP Negeri 4 Maniamolo. This type of research is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The subjects in this research were 25 class VIII students of SMP Negeri 4 Maniamolo. Data collection was carried out using tests, questionnaires and interviews. The data was analyzed in stages, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The research results show that the ability to think creatively in solving story problems on SPLDV material is classified as poor, namely the very good category at 8%, the good category at 16%, the fair category at 28%, the poor category at 36% and the poor category at 12%. The research results show that learning independence in solving story problems on SPLDV material is classified as moderate, namely the high category at 8%, the medium category at 56% and the low category at 36%. So it can be concluded that students' creative thinking abilities are more dominant in the sufficient category and students' learning independence is also still dominant in the moderate category. The suggestions put forward in this research are that it is hoped that students will be able to develop their level of thinking to be more active and have more practice solving math problems related to SPLDV material, and teachers should be able to develop students' creative thinking abilities and increase students' learning independence in solving story problems on SPLDV material.

STEM-Project based Learning in Physics Concept of Measurement to Enhance High School Students' Scientific Literacy

Students' scientific literacy in understanding physics concepts still needs to improve. This study aims to determine scientific literacy using STEM Project-based Learning (PjBL) in learning physics, especially measurement concepts. The study used the Classroom Action Research (CAR) method with the Kemmis and McTaggart model, including planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. The subjects were students in the tenth grade of SMA Negeri 8 Yogyakarta for the 2023/2024 academic year, consisting of 33 students. The data collection techniques and instruments used a written test with three questions describing scientific literacy, observation, and documentation. STEM-PjBL through project activities carried out in two learning cycles. In the first cycle, the teacher implemented a project for making posters regarding measuring instrument specifications, while in the second cycle, there was a project for making miniature measuring instruments. After the first cycle, students' scientific literacy increased to 0.48 with a moderate category. In the second cycle, it increased to 0.68. Using STEM-PjBL is thought to have just a modest improvement. These results underline the potential of STEM-PjBL as a fundamental teaching tool to improve students' scientific literacy as they show how well it fosters a strong awareness of physics ideas. Future studies could examine the effects of STEM-PjBL on more scientific ideas or within varied educational environments.

Integrated geophysical and geospatial techniques for surface and groundwater modeling

An integrated approach using geophysical and geospatial techniques was employed to model the surface and subsurface water-bearing strata and assess aquifer vulnerability in the Sehnsa town, Kotli district, State of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. The inadequate scientific studies in the hilly terrain with such complex geological conditions has led to the failure of the boreholes for groundwater extraction. For the evaluation of groundwater potential and subsurface lithology, 30 vertical electrical soundings (VES) stations utilizing the Schlumberger electrode configuration were completed, modeled and analyzed spatially. Numerous geoelectrical parameters like true resistivity, thickness of subsurface layers and Dar-Zarrouk parameters were evaluated. The subsurface lithology delineated comprised topsoil, clayey sand, sandstone, and boulder clays which closely resemble to the borehole lithologs available in the study area. The inversion model confirms the presence of patches of high-resistivity sandstone in the southwestern part of the study area with the maximum thickness of the aquifer up to 140 m. Most aquifers were classified as unconfined with Q–type resistivity curves. The protective overburden capacity of the aquifers is rated as poor at VES 1, 3–5, 8, 10–16, 18, 19, 22–25, 27 and 30 whereas the moderate category was found at VES 2, 9 and 20 and excellent at VES 7 and 28, respectively. Therefore, the VES stations with poor and moderate ratings of overburden protective capacity are vulnerable for surface contaminants. The aquifer recharge was associated with rainfall and partly from the Poonch River. The effective integration of geophysical and geospatial techniques in this study provides sufficient information about the regional water resources and gives a preliminary model that can facilitate efficient water resource management in the area. These approaches can be successfully applied to diverse geographical and hydrogeological sites due to their versatility and reliability.

Empowering Students' Creative At The Utilization of Moodle-H5P with Flipped Classroom in Global Warming Learning to Enhance Students' Creative Attitudes

Fostering creative attitudes is essential in global warming learning, as it helps students think creatively and critically about complex environmental issues. This study aims to examine the impact of Moodle-based interactive media with H5P in flipped classroom settings on improving students' understanding of global warming in physics. The creative attitude indicators measured in this study include curiosity, imagination, collaboration, perseverance, risk-taking, openness to new experiences, independence and self-confidence in one's ideas, persistence, imagination and appreciation of fantasy, discipline and commitment to tasks, and collaboration and group trust. The research uses a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach. Data were collected through tests, and analysis was conducted using ANOVA and N-Gain analysis. The findings reveal a significant improvement in students' creative attitude test scores after using Moodle H5P-based learning media, as shown by the ANOVA results. Additionally, the N-Gain analysis indicates that the improvement in students' creative attitudes falls into the moderate category. The use of Moodle H5P-based interactive media in a flipped classroom setting has a significant impact on enhancing students' creative attitudes, especially in understanding global warming. The use of Moodle H5P-based interactive media in a flipped classroom setting has a significant impact on enhancing students' creative attitudes towards understanding physics topics, particularly global warming.

Development of Interactive Learning Media Based on Smart Apps Creator to Enhance Elementary School Students' Science Learning Outcomes

This study aims to develop and test the feasibility and effectiveness of interactive media based on Smart Apps Creator to improve student learning outcomes in the subject of Integrated Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) on energy transformation material. The study involves research and development (R&D) using the ADDIE model. Expert validation for the content and media was 92.8 and 93%, which falls into the very feasible/valid category. The average improvement in student learning outcomes before and after using the Smart Apps Creator-based learning media, measured using the N-gain test, was 0.667, which falls into the moderate category. Teacher and student responses were 100 and 96.4%, respectively, falling into the very practical category. Therefore, the Smart Apps Creator-based learning media is feasible, effective, and practical for teaching to improve student learning outcomes in the subject of IPAS on energy transformation material.

Increased Body Mass Index is Independently Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease among People with Type 2 Diabetes

Background The alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity has implications for chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression in type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to assess if increased body mass index (BMI) can be an independent risk factor for CKD and T2D in the Indian context. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 602 (M:F = 378:224) participants were screened using Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) from January to October 2023 in Chennai. Demographic, anthropometric, biochemical, clinical details, and comorbidities were recorded. T2D with CKD low risk was taken as control group, and CKD moderate and high risks were the study groups. BMI was classified based on the Asian criteria into normal (18.5–22.9), overweight (23–24.9), and obese (≥25 kg/m2). Results Majority of participants in moderate and high risk categories were obese compared to the low risk category (60.5% and 66.4% vs. 39.1%; p < 0.001). A higher proportion of participants was on antihypertensive drugs in the high risk group and in the obese category (p < 0.001). Comorbidities and diabetic complications were higher in the high risk group (p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that age of ≥ 60 years [OR(95% CI); 6.3(2.2–18); p = 0.009]; increased BMI as overweight [3.6(2.1–6.3); p < 0.001] and obese [5.2(3.3–8.3); p < 0.001]; smoking [4.2(1.7–10.2); p = 0.002]; increased duration of diabetes of 5–15 years [2.3(1.2–4.5); p = 0.013], 16–25 years [4.8(2.2–10.4); p < 0.001], and >25 years [4.2(1.4–13); p = 0.011]; systolic blood pressure [1.01(1.0–1.03); p = 0.02]; and hemoglobin A1c [1.2(1.1–1.3); p < 0.001] were independent risk factors for the progression of CKD. Conclusion Increased BMI was independently associated with CKD in T2D. Overweight and obese individuals are four to five times at risk for CKD progression. Early identification, lifestyle intervention, and weight-lowering drugs may reduce the complications of obesity in T2D and CKD.

The Effect of Teams Games Tournament (TGT) Cooperative Learning Model Assisted by Educandy Application on Student Learning Outcomes on Ecology Material

The learning model is one of the causes of the lack of student motivation in learning problems so that it affects student learning outcomes. The use of the right learning model is one of the determinants of success in learning activities carried out by teachers. This study aims to analyze the effect of TGT learning model assisted by educandy on student learning outcomes on ecology material. This research uses a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design. The sample amounted to 28 students selected through cluster random sampling technique. Cognitive aspect learning outcomes were obtained through pretest and posttest. Learning ecology material through the TGT model assisted by educandy makes students participate actively so that the learning stages are carried out very well. The cognitive learning outcomes of students using the TGT model assisted by educandy obtained a score of 82 with an n-gain value of 0.62 with moderate criteria. While in the control class, students' cognitive learning outcomes obtained a score of 70 and an n-gain value of 0.45 with a moderate category. The results of the t-test analysis obtained a significant value of 0.000 <0.005 means the hypothesis is accepted. There is an effect of TGT learning model assisted by educandy application on student learning outcomes on ecology material.

Comparative Analysis of Burn Injuries in Toddler and Preschool Children: Implications for Triage and Outcome Assessment.

This study aims to compare the demographic, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of burn injuries in toddler and preschool children, and to validate the American Burn Association (ABA) Burn Triage Decision Matrix in the Turkish pediatric population. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 684 pediatric burn patients (494 toddlers, 190 preschoolers) admitted to our burn center over a 5-year period. Variables including gender, burn etiology, burn area, depth, treatment modalities, complications, length of hospital stay, and mortality were analyzed. The performance of the ABA Burn Triage Decision Matrix was evaluated in both groups. Scalding was the predominant cause of burns in both groups, with a significant difference in the involvement of anterior trunk (p = 0.027). The mean Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) was comparable between the groups (p = 0.286). There was no significant difference in mortality rates (p = 0.385), treatment modalities, and complications. The ABA Burn Triage Decision Matrix demonstrated consistency in triaging the severity of burn injuries, with a notable discrepancy observed in the moderate risk category of toddler group. This study highlights the distinct characteristics and outcomes of burn injuries in different pediatric age groups. The ABA Burn Triage Decision Matrix's validation suggests its utility in enhancing triage accuracy and resource allocation in pediatric populations, especially in disaster-prone regions.

Evaluasi Fungsi Ekologis Taman Kota pada Lanskap Riparian Sungai Cimanuk, Indramayu

The riparian landscape of the Cimanuk River has been declared a local protected area. Cimanuk Park is located on the northern coast of Java Island, Indramayu Regency which is one of the tourist centers and icons of the city of Indramayu. City parks are closely related to ecological functions that affect user comfort. This study aims to identify the diversity of vegetation, evaluate ecological functions, determine the perception of the people of Indramayu towards Cimanuk Park which is used as an icon of the city of Indramayu and provide recommendations for improving the green system of Cimanuk Park. The method of this research uses the study of aspects of ecological functions including microclimate measurement, and noise level measurement, which consists of preparation, inventory, analysis, assessment and evaluation, and preparation of recommendations. It has 17 species with a total of 333 individuals. This study conducted an assessment of vegetation diversity using the KPI method. Most of Cimanuk Parks have good categories in modifying temperature and controlling air humidity and have moderate categories in resisting wind, and reducing noise. Meanwhile, from the results of the study, the THI value was in the uncomfortable category.

Pengaruh Model Problem Based Learning Berbantuan Media Assemblr Edu terhadap Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Siswa Kelas V

Problem-solving skills are essential competencies that need to be developed in elementary school students. The application of innovative learning models, such as Problem-Based Learning supported by interactive technology media like Assemblr Edu, can be an effective solution for enhancing these skills. This study aims to analyze the impact of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model supported by Assemblr Edu media on the problem-solving abilities of fifth-grade students. The research method used is an experimental method with a Pre-test Post-test Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The results of the study showed that the use of the PBL model supported by Assemblr Edu significantly improved students' problem-solving abilities compared to conventional learning methods. This can be seen from the significant difference in the N-Gain scores, with the experimental class reaching 0.7 (moderate category) and the control class only 0.2 (low category). These findings suggest that interactive technology media like Assemblr Edu can be an effective tool in enhancing students' critical and analytical thinking skills.

Exploring El Nino effects on agricultural area using Landsat images analysis: A case study in Bondowoso Regency, Indonesia

El Nino, which hit Indonesia in 2023, poses severe food security threats due to the high dry season with no rainfall and minimal cloud cover and can trigger serious drought problems if it happen for a long time. This study aimed to explore the impact on agricultural land in Bondowoso Regency during El Nino events. The analysis in this study primarily uses land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) map distribution. The Landsat data from USGS are collected and processed to become LST and NDVI distribution maps. Data analysis focused on the agricultural area layers based on data from the Indonesia geospatial portal. Referring to the LST and NDVI map distribution, the notable rise of LST starts in August 2023, and the peak is in October 2023. Around 46% of areas in the Bondowoso regency are detected as hotspot areas, which had LST above 30<sup>o</sup>C in October 2023. El Nino affects the irrigated lands and rain-fed fields more than the plantations. The NDVI alteration data does not show that the Bondowoso Regency is experiencing extraordinary drought due to the short-term impact of El Nino. However, the emergence of numerous areas in the moderate NDVI category warns that stress affecting vegetation is starting to occur. Mitigation plans should be prepared for the long-term impact of El Nino, particularly in the hotspot areas. This study could be a comprehension tool for the government and farmers to prepare mitigation plans.

Self-compassion and postpartum depression in mothers: A meta-analysis

Purpose: The aim of this study was to provide evidence on a strong relationship between self-compassion and postpartum depression. In addition, it was also to synthesize evidence of the application of population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) procedures quantitatively. Previous researches demonstrated that low self-compassion was a significant factor in postpartum mothers experiencing psychological distress. This is due to a lack of understanding and appreciation on the positive aspects of oneself that leads to the onset of postpartum depression. Method: This study used a meta-analysis with a statistical method that combined the results of several studies on a specific research question. A meta-analysis provides a comprehensive summary of all evidence related to the topic that employed to more accurate and reliable conclusions than only from a single study. The researchers conducted a comprehensive search for databases, include Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Proquest from February 2023 to July 2023. Result: A total of nine articles were identified for inclusion in the review from 3320 articles. The analysis using the DerSinomian and Laird (DL) estimator model resulted an estimated effect size of 0.586 (p < 0.001; 95% CI = -0.668 - -0.504). Although the meta-analysis results showed a strong negative correlation between the variables, heterogeneity and the risk of publication bias must be considered. Conclusion: The meta-analysis of self-compassion and postpartum depression variables indicates a negative correlation with a moderate effect size category. It is in accordance with the findings of nine articles that also demonstrated a negative correlation.