Moderate Aerobic Training Research Articles

Aerobic endurance training versus relaxation training in patients with migraine (ARMIG): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundMigraine is one of the most frequent headache diseases and impairs patients’ quality of life. Up to now, many randomized studies reported efficacy of prophylactic therapy with medications such as beta-blockers or anti-epileptic drugs. Non-medical treatment, like aerobic endurance training, is considered to be an encouraging alternative in migraine prophylaxis. However, there is still a lack of prospective, high-quality randomized trials. We therefore designed a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of aerobic endurance training versus relaxation training in patients with migraine (ARMIG).MethodsThis is a single-center, open-label, prospective, randomized trial. Sixty participants with migraine are randomly allocated to either endurance training or a relaxation group. After baseline headache diary documentation over at least 4 weeks, participants in the exercise group will start moderate aerobic endurance training under a sport therapist’s supervision at least 3 times a week over a 12-week period. The second group will perform Jacobson’s progressive muscle relaxation training guided by a trained relaxation therapist, also at least 3 times a week over a 12-week period. Both study arms will train in groups of up to 10 participants. More frequent individual training is possible. The follow-up period will be 12 weeks after the training period. The general state of health, possible state of anxiety or depression, impairments due to the headache disorder, pain-related disabilities, the headache-specific locus of control, and the motor fitness status are measured with standardized questionnaires.DiscussionThe study design is adequate to generate meaningful results. The trial will be helpful in gaining important data on exercise training for non-medical migraine prophylaxis.Trial registrationThe trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01407861.

Aerobic physical training restores biomechanical properties of Achilles tendon in rats chemically induced to diabetes mellitus

The aim of this study is to evaluate if the application of a moderate aerobic exercise protocol reverses the damage caused by diabetes on the mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon. MethodsForty-four rats were divided randomly into four groups as follows: Sedentary Control Group-SCG, Sedentary Diabetic Group-SDG, Trained Control Group-TCG and Trained Diabetic Group-TDG, the trained groups were submitted to a protocol of moderate physical training on a continuous treadmill. For mechanical testing the tendons were fixed in a conventional mechanical testing machine and pulled to the point of failure of the specimen, the cell load of 500N. The parameters were: Elastic Modulus (MPa), Stress Maximum Strength (MPa), Strain Specific Maximum Force (mm), Energy / Tendon Area (N.mm/mm2) and Cross-sectional Area (mm2). ResultsThe evaluation of the biomechanical properties of the Achilles tendon of the SDG indicated that the elastic modulus (MPa) is decreased when compared to the TDG and the other groups (p<0.01). However, the specific deformation (%), the deformation at maximum force (mm), and energy / tendon area (N.mm/mm2) of the SDG were significantly higher than in the other groups (p<0.01). Moreover, moderate aerobic training on a treadmill caused the biomechanical property values to move closer to the values shown by the control groups (p>0.01). ConclusionIn summary, our study indicates that moderate-intensity aerobic training restored the normal mechanical properties of tendons in diabetic animals, since the elastic modulus (MPa), the specific deformation (%), the deformation of the maximum force (mm) and energy / tendon area (N.mm/mm2) approached the values shown by the control groups.

Exercise training enhances cardiac IGFI-R/PI3K/Akt and Bcl-2 family associated pro-survival pathways in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

BackgroundIncreased myocyte apoptosis in diabetic hearts has been previously reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of exercise training on cardiac survival pathways in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. MethodsForty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (Control), STZ-induced (65mg/kg, i.p.) diabetes (DM), and DM rats with moderate aerobic exercise training (DM-EX) on a treadmill 60min/day, 5days/week, for 10weeks. Histopathological analysis, positive TUNEL assays and Western blotting were performed on the excised cardiac left ventricles from all three groups. ResultsThe components of cardiac survival pathway (insulin-like growth factor I (IGFI), IGFI-receptor (IGFI-R), phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K), and Akt) and the pro-survival Bcl-2 family proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and p-BAD) were all significantly decreased in the DM group compared with the Control group whereas they were increased in the DM-EX group. In addition, the abnormal myocardial architecture, enlarged interstitial space and increased cardiac TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells were observed in the DM group, but they were reduced in the DM-EX group. The apoptotic key component, caspase-3, was significantly increased in the DM group relative to the Control group whereas it was decreased in the DM-EX group. ConclusionsExercise training enhances cardiac IGFI-R/PI3K/Akt and Bcl-2 family associated pro-survival pathways, which provides one of the new beneficial effects for exercise training in diabetes.

Effects of a short-term differently dosed aerobic exercise on maximum aerobic capacity in breast cancer survivors: A pilot study

Regular physical activity and exercise improves quality of life and possibly reduces risk of disease relapse and prolongs survival in breast cancer survivors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a 3-week moderate intensity aerobic training, on aerobic capacity (VO2max) in breast cancer survivors. A prospective, randomized clinical study included 18 female breast cancer survivors in stage I-IIIA, in which the primary treatment was accomplished at least 3 months before the study inclusion. In all the patients VO2max was estimated using the Astrand's protocol on a bicycle-ergometer (before and after 3 weeks of training), while subjective assessment of exertion during training were estimated by the Category-Ratio RPE Scale. Each workout lasted 21 minutes: 3 minutes for warm-up and cool-down each and 15 min of full training, 2 times a week. The workload in the group E1 was predefined at the level of 45% to 65% of individual VO2max, and in the group E2 it was based on subjective evaluation of exertion, at the level marked 4-6. Data on the subjective feeling of exertion were collected after each training course in both groups. We recorded a statistically significant improvement in VO2max in both groups (E1--11.86%; E2--17.72%), with no significant differences between the groups. The workload level, determined by the percent of VO2max, was different between the groups E1 and E2 (50.47 +/- 7.02% vs 55.58 +/- 9.58%), as well as subjective perception of exertion (in the groups E1 and E2, 11.6% and 41.6% of training, respectively, was graded in the mark 6). In our group of breast cancer survivors, a 3-week moderate intensity aerobic training significantly improved the level of VO2max.

Abstract 8649: Aerobic Exercise Training Improves Heart Rate Variability, as Reflected by PD2i, in Individuals with Low PD2i

Point Correlation Dimension (PD2i) is a non-linear measure of heart rate variability complexity that has been shown to be able to predict the risk of sudden arrhythmic death, such that a value ≤ 1.4 increases risk substantially, with a value ≤2 denoting the presence of autonomic dysfunction. It is unclear, however, if exercise, a lifestyle behavior recommended to sedentary individuals, can favorably alter PD2i. The purpose of this study was to determine if 16 weeks of moderate intensity aerobic exercise training would raise PD2i in sedentary lean and obese, middle aged men and women (age 40-57 yr). PD2i was measured at rest and in response to 5 min of upright tilt pre and post the 16 week exercise training regimen. Subjects were stratified into 2 groups according to their pre-regimen resting PD2i: low PD2i≤ 2 (lPD2i, n=14) and normal PD2i &gt;2 (nPD2i, n=45 ). At rest, there was a training by group interaction such that PD2i increased substantially with exercise training in the lPD2i group but not in the nPD2i group (lPD2i pre 1.94±0.2, post 2.46±0.2; nPD2i pre 2.95±0.1, post 3.0±0.09, P=0.02). In response to the sympathetic stress of upright tilt (known to acutely lower PD2i), both groups had an appropriate decrease in PD2i (P&lt;0.001) and an overall effect of training (P=0.04), but there was no training by group interaction on this response. During recovery from tilt, the lPD2i group had a significant improvement in PD2i with training (lPD2i pre 2.21±0.2, post 2.92±0.2; nPD2i pre 3.26±0.1, post 3.22±0.1, P=0.009), while there was no change in the nPD2i group. In conclusion, a 16 wk moderate intensity training program improves resting and recovery PD2i in those with low initial resting values, and this improvement may reduce their risk of sudden arrhythmic death.

Effects of moderate aerobic exercise training on chronic primary insomnia

To evaluate the effect of long-term moderate aerobic exercise on sleep, quality of life, and mood of individuals with chronic primary insomnia, and to examine whether these effects differed between exercise in the morning and exercise in the late afternoon. Nineteen sedentary individuals with chronic primary insomnia, mean age 45.0 (standard error [SE] 1.9) years, completed a 6-month exercise training protocol, randomized to morning and late-afternoon exercise groups. Combining polysomnographic data across both time points, this study found a significant decrease in sleep onset latency (from 17.1 [SE 2.6] min to 8.7 [SE 1.4] min; P<0.01) and wake time after sleep onset (from 63.2 [SE 12.8] min to 40.1 [SE 6.0] min), and a significant increase in sleep efficiency (from 79.8 [SE 3.0]% to 87.2 [SE 1.6]%) following exercise. Data from sleep diaries revealed significant improvement in sleep onset latency (from 76.2 [SE 21.5] min to 80.3 [SE 7.4] min) sleep quality (from 41.5 [SE 5.2]% to 59.4 [SE 6.6]%) and feeling rested in the morning (from 50.8 [SE 5.3] to 65.1 [SE 5.0]). There were generally no significant differences in response between morning and late-afternoon exercise. Following exercise, some quality-of-life measures improved significantly, and a significant decrease was seen in the following Profile of Mood State measures: tension-anxiety (from 7.2 [SE 1.0] to 3.5 [SE 1.0]), depression (from 5.9 [SE 1.2] to 3.3 [SE 1.1]) and total mood disturbance (from 9.2 [SE 4.8] to -1.7 [SE 4.8]). These effects did not vary between morning and late-afternoon exercise. Long-term moderate aerobic exercise elicited significant improvements in sleep, quality of life and mood in individuals with chronic primary insomnia.

Moderate Versus High Intensity Exercise Training on Leptin and Selected Immune System Response in Obese Subjects

Aim: Obesity has adverse consequences on immune system, causing immunosuppression and thus, obese individuals have higher incidence of infections and certain types of cancer. The aim of this study was to compare changes in leptin and selected immune system response after moderate and intense aerobic exercise training in obese subjects. Method: Forty obese male subjects, their age ranged between 35 to 55 years old. The subjects were included into 2 equal groups; the first group (A) received moderate intensity aerobic exercise training. The second group (B) received high intensity aerobic exercise training for 3 months. Result: There was a 6.7% and 9.2% reduction in mean values of body mass index (BMI) and Leptin respectively and 4.8% increase in mean values of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in group (A). While , there was a 3.4% and 3.7% reduction in mean values of BMI and Leptin respectively and 2.3% increase in mean values of IgG in group (B) . The mean values of BMI and Leptin were decreased and IgG was increased significantly in group (A) and group (B).Also; there was a significant difference between both groups after treatment. Conclusion: Moderate intensity aerobic exercise training on treadmill is appropriate to improve BMI, leptin and IgG in obese male patients.

The effect of three-month pre-season preparatory period and short-term exercise on plasma leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and ghrelin levels in young female handball and basketball players.

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a 3-month pre-season preparatory period and shortterm moderate aerobic exercise and intensive fitness and speed exercise on adipokine and ghrelin levels in young female handball and basketball players. Fifty healthy young female professional basketball and handball players were enrolled into the study before the opening of the season (after a 2-month holiday with no training or dietary restrictions). Serum estradiol and plasma leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and ghrelin levels were determined at the beginning and the end of a 3-month period of moderate aerobic training. Plasma adipokines and ghrelin levels were additionally assessed after 2 h of moderate aerobic exercise or after intensive fitness and speed exercise training. Long-term moderate aerobic exercise was followed by a significant decrease in plasma ghrelin and leptin levels (921±300 vs 575±572 pg/ml, p<0.001 and 16.4±15.6 vs 11.8±16.3 ng/ml, p<0.01, respectively); plasma adiponectin and visfatin remained unchanged. No changes were observed in plasma ghrelin and leptin levels after short-term moderate aerobic exercise or after intensive fitness and speed exercise. Plasma visfatin concentration increased significantly after short-term moderate aerobic exercise (22.1±8.7 vs 27.6±9.0 ng/ml, p<0.001), whilst adiponectin increased after intensive fitness and speed exercise (16.7±7.8 vs 21.0±9.8 μg/ml, p<0.001). Regular moderate aerobic training in preparation for the match season is followed by a decline in circulating leptin and ghrelin levels even in athletes without body weight changes. Short-term intensive fitness and moderate aerobic exercise seem to modulate the production of different adipokines.

Resistance Training Dose Response in Combined Endurance-Resistance Training in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Randomized Trial

Berent R, von Duvillard SP, Crouse SF, Sinzinger H, Green JS, Schmid P. Resistance training dose response in combined endurance-resistance training in patients with cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial. Objective To compare the effectiveness of 2 different volumes of resistance training (RT) combined with aerobic training in residential cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Design Randomized prospective cohort study. Setting Center for inpatient CR. Participants Patients (N=295) with a mean age ± SD of 62.7±11.7 years participated in the study. Interventions Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups (group 1 and group 2) with different volumes of RT; 2 sets × 12 repetitions (REPS) (group 1) and 3 sets × 15 REPS (group 2) per session, 2 times per week; each RT session consisting of 10 different resistance exercises. In addition, patients also completed continuous moderate intensity aerobic training composed of cycle ergometry 6 times per week for 17±4 minutes (mean ± SD) and walking 5 times per week for 45 minutes. Main Outcome Measures At entry and after 26±4 (mean ± SD) days of CR, blood pressure, heart rate, maximal oxygen consumption, and maximal power determined during cycle ergometry, strength determined via RT, and blood biochemistries were assessed. Data were analyzed via a 2-way (group × time) repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Statistical analysis revealed equivalent improvements in exercise capacity, muscular strength, hemodynamics, and blood chemistries regardless of RT volume (comparison-wise type I error rate, α<.01). Conclusions Our results show that nearly doubling (3 sets × 15 REPS vs 2 sets × 12 REPS) the volume of RT as part of a residential CR program does not yield further improvement in strength and cardiovascular risk factors.

Effects of moderate aerobic exercise training on inflammatory status of the colon during acute ulcerative colitis

Effects of moderate aerobic exercise training on inflammatory status of the colon during acute ulcerative colitis

Impacto da desnutrição e do treinamento aeróbico moderado sobre a estrutura da parede arterial de ratos em processo de envelhecimento

Foram avaliadas as repercussões tardias da desnutrição multicarencial imposta no período de aleitamento e os possíveis efeitos e/ou alterações tanto do processo de envelhecimento como do treinamento físico aeróbio moderado sobre o diâmetro luminal e a área da túnica média da parede das artérias carótida comum esquerda, aorta horizontal e aorta torácica de ratos em processo de envelhecimento. Vinte e quatro ratos machos, Wistar, foram separados de acordo com a dieta e o treinamento físico em: GNS - nutrido sedentário, GNT - nutrido treinado, GDS - desnutrido sedentário e GDT - desnutrido treinado. Aos 10 meses, o GNT e o GDT foram submetidos ao treinamento, em meio aquático, durante oito semanas. Em seguida, os ratos foram anestesiados, sacrificados e, posteriormente, foram coletados fragmentos arteriais para o processamento histológico. A área da túnica média foi mensurada através da diferença entre as áreas externa e interna da parede arterial e o diâmetro luminal foi mensurado a partir da média de dois diâmetros medidos a partir de quatro pontos marcados na camada interna do vaso. A área da túnica média apresentou redução na aorta horizontal quando comparamos os grupos GNS x GDS (p = 0,015) e um aumento da artéria carótida comum esquerda entre os grupos GNT e GNS (p &lt; 0,001). A aorta torácica apresentou um aumento do diâmetro luminal ao compararmos o GDS com o GDT (p= 0,041). Tanto a desnutrição multicarencial induziu alterações parciais na parede aorta horizontal, como também o treinamento físico foi capaz de promover mudanças na área da túnica média da artéria carótida comum esquerda e no diâmetro luminal da aorta torácica.

Interval and Continuous Exercise Regimens Suppress Hypoxia‐induced Thrombin Generation by Decreased Release of Procoagulant‐rich Microparticles from Neutrophils

The release of procoagulant-rich microparticles from neutrophils accelerates the pathogenesis of inflammatory thrombosis. This study explicates the manner in which interval and continuous exercise regimens affect neutrophil-derived microparticles (NDMP) release and NDMP-mediated thrombin generation (TG). Twenty sedentary males were randomly divided into moderate continuous exercise training group (MCT; 60% VO2max, n=10) and aerobic interval exercise training group (AIT; 3-minute intervals at 80% and 40% of VO2max, n=10) for 30 minutes per day, 5 days per week for 5 weeks. The NDMP characteristics and dynamic TG parameters were measured by two-color flow cytometry and calibrated, automatic thrombinography, respectively. Acute 12%O2 exercise increased release of micrparticles from neutrophils and up-regulated expression of phosphatidylserine (PS) on NDMP, which responses were accompanied by elevated thrombin peak height and increased TG rate in NDMP-rich plasma. However, both MCT and AIT for 5 weeks decreased levels of tissue factor-rich and PS-exposed microparticles released from neutrophils and depressed NDMP-mediated dynamic TG in plasma at rest and following the 12%O2 exercise. Therefore, we conclude that both MCT and AIT ameliorates NDMP-induced TG by down-regulated expressions of pro-coagulant factors on NDMP at performing 12%O2 exercise, which may, in turn, decrease the risk of inflammatory thrombosis evoked by hypoxic stress.

Effects of Interval and Continuous Exercise Regimens on CD4 lymphocyte Apoptotic and Autophagic Responses to Hypoxic Stress

This study investigates how interval and continuous exercise regimens affect CD4 lymphocyte apoptotic and autophagic responses to hypoxic stress. Twenty sedentary males were randomly divided into moderate continuous exercise training group (MCT; 60% VO2max, n=10) and aerobic interval exercise training group (AIT; 3-minute intervals at 80% and 40% of VO2max, n=10) for 30 minutes per day, 5 days per week for 5 weeks. The results demonstrated that acute 12%O2 exercise enhanced apoptosis (phosphotidyl serine exposure) by promoting phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and activations of caspase-9 and -3, as well as, suppressed autophagy (acridin orange staining) by down-regulating expressions of m-TOR, Atg-1, Atg-12, and LAMP-2 in CD4 lymphocytes. However, 5 weeks of MCT and AIT decreased levels of phosphorylated Bcl-2 and active-form caspase-9 and -3 in CD4 lymphocytes, consequently suppressing the cell apoptosis induced by the 12%O2 exercise. Simultaneously, the two regimens promoted autophagy of CD4 lymphocytes at rest or following the 12%O2 exercise, which responses were accompanied by increased cellular Beclin, Atg-1, Atg-12, LC3B, or LAMP-2 level. Therefore, we conclude that both MCT and AIT regimens alleviate apoptosis and promote autophagy of CD4 lymphocytes during hypoxic exercise, which may, in turn, reduce the risk of immune suppression evoked by hypoxic stress.

Myostatin Decreases with Aerobic Exercise and Associates with Insulin Resistance

There is mounting evidence that skeletal muscle produces and secretes biologically active proteins or "myokines" that facilitate metabolic cross talk between organ systems. The increased expression of myostatin, a secreted anabolic inhibitor of muscle growth and development, has been associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Despite these intriguing findings, there have been few studies linking myostatin and insulin resistance. To explore this relationship in more detail, we quantified myostatin protein in muscle and plasma from 10 insulin-resistant, middle-aged (53.1 ± 5.5 yr) men before and after 6 months of moderate aerobic exercise training (1200 kcal·wk−¹ at 40%-55% VO2peak). To establish a cause-effect relationship, we also injected C57/Bl6 male mice with high physiological levels of recombinant myostatin protein. Myostatin protein levels were shown to decrease in muscle (37%, P = 0.042, n = 10) and matching plasma samples (from 28.7 ng·mL−¹ pretraining to 22.8 ng·mL−¹ posttraining, P = 0.003, n = 9) with aerobic exercise. Furthermore, the strong correlation between plasma myostatin levels and insulin sensitivity (R² = 0.82, P < 0.001, n = 9) suggested a cause-effect relationship that was subsequently confirmed by inducing insulin resistance in myostatin-injected mice. A modest increase (44%) in plasma myostatin levels was also associated with significant reductions in the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt (Thr308) in both muscle and liver of myostatin-treated animals. These findings indicate that both muscle and plasma myostatin protein levels are regulated by aerobic exercise and, furthermore, that myostatin is in the causal pathway of acquired insulin resistance with physical inactivity.

Aerobic training increases skin perfusion by a nitric oxide mechanism in type 2 diabetes

It is well known that a number of locally released vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive compounds can affect skin perfusion. This study investigated the effects of aerobic training on the contribution of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins (PG), and endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) in stimulated dorsal foot skin perfusion in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Ten previously sedentary, older individuals with T2DM (57.0 ± 3.1 years) and nine sedentary controls (53.5 ± 3.2 years) were tested before and after undertaking six months of moderate aerobic training three times weekly in a supervised setting. All subjects underwent measurement of baseline (32°C) and heat-stimulated (40°C and 44°C) dorsal foot skin perfusion starting one hour after ingestion of a single, oral 325 mg dose of aspirin, a known inhibitor of PG synthesis. Before aspirin ingestion, a subcutaneous microdialysis probe was inserted into each foot dorsum to administer either saline (PG pathway only blocked by aspirin in the left foot) or L-NAME (N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester; thereby inhibiting both PG and NO pathways in the right foot). Normative data collected previously on subjects undergoing saline administration via microdialysis without aspirin ingestion served as a control group. Significantly lower responsiveness of maximal perfusion was found with the EDHF pathway alone unblocked compared with NO and EDHF unblocked after training. Maximal suppression attributable directly to NO, PG, and EDHF was not significantly different when examined by subject group and training status. However, contributions of NO, PG, and EDHF to maximal perfusion were significantly increased, decreased, and unchanged by aerobic training, respectively, with diabetic and control subjects combined due to nonsignificant differences between groups. Improvements in maximally stimulated dorsal foot skin perfusion resulting from six months of aerobic training appear to have primarily an NO basis, with lesser contributions from PG following training, regardless of diabetes status.

Estrogen and progesterone exposure is reduced in response to energy deficiency in women aged 25-40 years

Alterations in circulating steroids are believed to be important mediators of the impact that diet and exercise have on breast cancer risk and changes in bone density. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that moderate exercise training combined with caloric restriction would produce significant menstrual disturbances and alterations in ovarian steroids in premenopausal women. Sedentary premenopausal women (25-40 years; body mass index: 23.6 +/- 0.6 kg/m(2)) assigned to either a light conditioning (LC, n = 9) or an exercise combined with caloric restriction group (EX + CR, n = 24) were studied for one screening, one baseline and four intervention periods equivalent to the length of subjects' menstrual cycles. Exercise consisted of supervised training sessions, i.e. two LC or four EX + CR times per week, 30-60 min at a moderate intensity. The EX + CR group was prescribed a diet representing a caloric restriction of 20-35% below baseline energy requirements, whereas the LC group remained eucaloric. Ovarian steroid exposure was determined with daily urinary estrone-1- and pregnanediol glucuronides (E1G and PdG, respectively) and mid-cycle urinary LH measures. Fitness, body composition, and serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and serum estradiol (E2) were assessed repeatedly. The intervention produced significant increases in VO(2) max and decreases in both body weight (-3.7 +/- 0.5 kg; ranged from -8.8 to +1.8 kg) and percent body fat (-4.5 +/- 0.7%; ranged from -12 to +0.3%), which were attributable primarily to changes in the EX + CR subjects (time x group; P < 0.05). Serum E2 and urinary E1G and PdG concentrations declined significantly across the intervention period (time; P < 0.05), whereas SHBG increased transiently (time; P < 0.05) in the EX + CR subjects, with no significant changes observed in the LC group. The decrease in E1G area under the curve was significantly related to the daily energy deficit (R =0.61; P = 0.003), not the amount of weight lost. There was no significant impact of the intervention on menstrual cyclicity or the incidence of menstrual disturbances in either group. A moderate aerobic exercise training program combined with modest weight loss in accordance with recommended guidelines produces significant reductions in ovarian steroid exposure without disrupting menstrual cyclicity in premenopausal women aged 25-40 years. Exposure to a daily energy deficit is a stronger predictor of the decline in estrogen exposure than decreases in body weight.

Reductions In Total Resting Cortisol At Wake Following Moderate Intensity Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Training

High levels of circulating cortisol (CORT) have been shown to have detrimental health effects in the general population, as well as increased mood and sleep disturbances. An increased level of CORT during the peak immediately before wake is also a known indication of increased stress. Individuals infected with HIV often exhibit elevated CORT levels due to a combination of the virus itself, anti-retroviral treatment, and daily social/environmental stressors. PURPOSE: To determine the effects of exercise training on morning CORT in HIV- infected men. METHODS: Forty HIV+ men were recruited for this study and randomized into either the exercise (EX) group or control (CON) group. The EX subjects participated in moderate intensity resistance training at 60% of their 3-rep max, as well as aerobic exercise on a treadmill or bike for 30 minutes at 60% of their age predicted heart rate max for a total of 6 weeks (twice per week). Salivary CORT at wake, +1 hour, and +2 hours was collected. The CON group received standard care during the same 6 week session and did not increase their activity level. RESULTS: The EX group showed a significant decrease in resting CORT at wake (p = 0.04) and +2 hours (p = 0.04) following the 6 week intervention. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated by applying Simpson's 1/3 rule using the three time points in which saliva was collected (Wake, +1 hr, +2 hr). The EX group showed a significant decrease in AUC (p = 0.04) compared to the CON group which showed no change. CONCLUSION: These data show that HIV infected individuals have lower early morning CORT after engaging in moderate intensity resistance and aerobic exercise. Further, the total amount of circulating CORT over a time frame of two hours following wake declined overall in the EX group suggesting possible benefits with a successful long term moderate exercise intervention. This is supported by the NIH/NCMHD, the American College of Sports Medicine, and the Arnold School of Public Health.

Moderate Intensity Aerobic Exercise Training Increases CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + Regulatory T cell Responses in Asthmatic Mice

Moderate Intensity Aerobic Exercise Training Increases CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + Regulatory T cell Responses in Asthmatic Mice

Effects of aerobic and strength-based training on metabolic health indicators in older adults

BackgroundThe weakening of the cardiovascular system associated with aging could be countered by increasing levels of physical activity and functional fitness. However, inconsistent findings have been found, and the variety of characteristics of exercise used in previous studies may partly explain that inconsistent results.ObjectiveTo investigate the training effect of sixteen weeks of moderate intensity, progressive aerobic and strength-based training on metabolic health of older women and men.MethodsSixty three sedentary individuals (mean (SD) age 76 (8) years) were randomly assigned to control (n = 31) or exercising (n = 32) groups. The training group was separated to aerobic (n = 18) or strength-based (n = 14). Training took place three times a week. Subjects agreed not to change their diet or lifestyle over the experimental period.ResultsExercising group attained after treatment significant differences on body weight, waist circumference, body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol relationship, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and 6-minute walk distance. The control group only had significant differences on waist circumference.ConclusionThe training programs produced significant benefits on metabolic health indicators of sedentary older women and men.

Modulation of paraoxonase 1 and 3 expression after moderate exercise training in the rat

Paraoxonases (PONs) are a small family of antioxidant enzymes whose antiatherogenic activity is well known. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of the effects of moderate aerobic training on their expression using a rat model. In order to discriminate between PON1 and PON3 enzymatic activity, we took advantage of some differences in their substrate preferences. PON1 and PON3 enzymatic activities and their protein levels were analyzed in plasma and in liver microsomes, and their mRNA levels in the liver. Exercise training did not affect PON1 expression or enzymatic activity but increased PON3 mRNA, protein levels, and enzymatic activity. Training also induced variations in plasma membrane composition, including an increase in polyunsaturated and a decrease in mono- and di-unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, acute exercise inhibited PON activities while increasing PON3 protein content in liver microsomes and reversing the relative composition in mono-, di-, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, suggesting that physical stress, by altering membrane composition, may impair PON release from liver membranes. In conclusion, we documented, for the first time, the presence of PON3 in rat serum and, notably, found that the upregulation of PON3, rather than PON1, appears to be associated with physical training.