Models Of Word Identification Research Articles

A multitask comparison of word- and character-frequency effects in Chinese reading.

In this study, we examined the effects of word and character frequency across three commonly used word-identification tasks (lexical decision, naming, and sentence reading) using the same set of two-character target words (N = 60) and participants (N = 82). Facilitatory effects of word frequency were observed across all three tasks. The character-frequency effects, however, were facilitatory for naming but inhibitory for both lexical decision and reading. Further correlational analyses indicated that participants' performance (as measured using overall response latencies and the sizes of the frequency effects) was not consistent across tasks but was relatively reliable within the lexical-decision and reading tasks. These findings are discussed in relation to what is known about the reading of Chinese versus alphabetic scripts, word-identification tasks, and models of word identification. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Computational Models of Reading: A Primer

AbstractThis article briefly reviews four computational models of reading and the types of empirical findings that they are designed to explain: (1) theDual‐Route modelof word identification (Coltheart et al., 2001); (2) theSimple‐Recurrent Network modelof sentence processing (Elman, 1990); (3) theConstruction–Integration modelof discourse representation (Kintsch, 1988); and (4) theE‐Z Reader modelof eye‐movement control in reading (Reichle et al., 2012). These particular models are reviewed because they provide comprehensive accounts of a large number of empirical findings in each of their respective domains, and because they have advanced our understanding of the cognitive processes involved in reading by motivating new empirical studies. Future models of reading will build upon the success of their predecessors by integrating models from two or more of the aforementioned domains, thereby providing a means to examine the compatibility of their theoretical assumptions and more comprehensive accounts of the cognitive processes involved in reading.

Beyond isolated word recognition

In this commentary we concur with Frost's view of the centrality of universal principles in models of word identification. However, we argue that other processes in sentence comprehension also fundamentally constrain the nature of written word identification. Furthermore, these processes appear to be universal. We, therefore, argue that universality in word identification should not be considered in isolation, but instead in the context of other linguistic processes that occur during normal reading.

Future Morphology? Summary of Visual Word Identification Effects Draws Attention to Necessary Efforts in Understanding Morphological Processing

Future Morphology? Summary of Visual Word Identification Effects Draws Attention to Necessary Efforts in Understanding Morphological Processing

Can Distributed Orthographic Knowledge Support Word-Specific Long-Term Priming? Apparently So

A property of distributed representations is that related information is coded as overlapping patterns of activation over the same set of units and learning associated with one item extends to related items. Accordingly, the null (or near null) long-term priming observed between form-related words seems to pose a challenge to connectionist theories of reading that include distributed codes. In the present report, priming was assessed in a behavioral study and a computer simulation using Seidenberg and McClelland's (1989) distributed model of word identification. Contrary to our expectation, both the behavioral and simulation studies obtained robust repetition and little form priming. Furthermore, analysis of the model's performance revealed that the lack of form priming was the product of collapsing facilitatory effects between rhymes (mint-hint) and inhibitory effects between nonrhymes (pint-hint). A second behavioral experiment confirmed this prediction. A number of additional long-term priming results were also successfully modeled.

The role of phonetic processes in letter detection: A reevaluation

In seven experiments we investigated the finding that subjects often fail to detect the letter f in the word of. This effect was depressed in Experiment 1 when asterisks were inserted between all letters in a passage, suggesting that unitization processes contributed to the effect. Experiment 2 compared detection of the letters o and f and found a significant but much smaller effect for o, indicating that unitization can only provide a partial explanation for the effect with f. In Experiment 3 the effect was maintained for the letter f but not the letter o when subjects searched an auditory version of the passage, which implies that phonetic processes are involved in the effect for f. Experiments 4, 5, and 6 demonstrated that the effect is still observed when subjects are told to search for v as well as f, even with an auditory presentation of the passage and even when instructed to detect the phonemes rather than the letters. These findings are inconsistent with the proposal by Read (1983, Memory and Cognition, 11, 390–399) that subjects miss the f in of because they are searching only for the phoneme /f/. Experiment 7 showed that the effect can be reduced if subjects are led to interpret the letter sequence of as a misspelled version of the word off and can be eliminated entirely if subjects are also required to write down every letter of the passage. The findings of Experiment 7 provide further evidence that unitization and phonetic processes together contribute to the effect. The results as a whole are taken to imply that both letter and phoneme levels need to be included in models of word identification as well as a cross-checking or communication between the two levels.

A bias interpretation of facilitation in perceptual identification.

In a typical perceptual identification task, a word is presented for a few milliseconds and masked; then subjects are asked to report the word. It has been found that an earlier presentation of the test word will improve identification of the test word by as much as 30%. In addition, this facilitation has been shown to be preserved under amnesia. In this article we examine a fundamental question: Is the facilitation the result of bias toward the earlier presented item, an improvement in perceptual sensitivity, or both? The experiments presented here use a forced choice procedure to show that prior presentation of an item biases the subject to choose that item but does not improve discriminability. This result is obtained when the distractor items are visually similar to the target items. When distractors are dissimilar, earlier presentation affects neither bias nor discriminability. Two models of word identification are examined in light of the bias effects, and implications for understanding savings in amnesia are also examined.

Memory codes and episodes in models of word identification: a reply to Johnston, van Santen, and Hale.

We suggest that the activation model of identification benefits for repeated words and pseudowords proposed by Johnston, van Santen, and Hale (1985) is a variant of our own code/episode model (Salasoo, Shiffrin, & Feustel, 1985), used to explain the temporary and long-lasting effects of repetitions. In particular, Johnston et al.'s X and Y factors may reflect the operation of episodic memory traces and codification, respectively. Computational processing models, we believe, are useful because their precision helps clarify otherwise fuzzy theoretical distinctions.

Memory codes and episodes in models of word identification: A reply to Johnston, van Santen, and Hale.

Memory codes and episodes in models of word identification: A reply to Johnston, van Santen, and Hale.

The Development and Use of Mediated Word Identification

A MODEL of word identification was proposed and tested by examining the influence of orthographic redundancy, versatility, and letter-sound correspondences on the identification of both high and low frequency words by children and adults. Word recognition latencies for words that varied orthogonally on these dimensions were compared when the words were read in isolation and context. Results were consistent with the proposed model and indicated that mediated word processing frequently occurs in both context-free and contextual reading. The degree that letter-sound correspondences or visual orthographic patterns were involved in mediated processing was shown to vary between age levels of readers. Sensitivity to versatile letter combinations (ones that appear in many different words) was found to greatly speed word identification.