Truth Model Research Articles

Looking at oneself in the mirror of the others. Modelisation and implications of a study on human reflexivity starting from semiotics and psychoanalysis

The mirror is a very widespread tool in human life. It works as an optical device that recreates the image of an object placed in front of it. The relation of the human being with the mirror is very important: we find a pervasiveness and diffusion of mirrors in everyday life, but also in stories and legends, in folklore and mythology. At a certain step of his development, the child is able to recognise himself in the reflected image of a mirror. We observe a strong cultural intra-subjective and inter-subjective recursivity in the construction of the mirroring experience as a model of truth and lie, identity and otherness, knowledge and ignorance. Starting from the debate between two semioticians - Umberto Eco and Juri Lotman - on the semiotic value of the mirror, the authors develop the topic of reflexivity as a psychic process by examining it in the light of various psychoanalytic contributions. Reflexivity and the psychodynamic relationship with one's own reflected image are developed by centralising the importance of an ongoing and deeply dialogic process between identity and otherness, continuity and transformation.

Topology-based UAV path planning for multi-view stereo 3D reconstruction of complex structures

This paper introduces a new UAV path planning method for creating high-quality 3D reconstruction models of large and complex structures. The core of the new method is incorporating the topology information of the surveyed 3D structure to decompose the multi-view stereo path planning into a collection of overlapped view optimization problems that can be processed in parallel. Different from the existing state-of-the-arts that recursively select the vantage camera views, the new method iteratively resamples all nearby cameras (i.e., positions/orientations) together and achieves a substantial reduction in computation cost while improving reconstruction quality. The new approach also provides a higher-level automation function that facilitates field implementations by eliminating the need for redundant camera initialization as in existing studies. Validations are provided by measuring the variance between the reconstructions to the ground truth models. Results from three synthetic case studies and one real-world application are presented to demonstrate the improved performance. The new method is expected to be instrumental in expanding the adoption of UAV-based multi-view stereo 3D reconstruction of large and complex structures.

The relationship between responsibility attribution and session outcomes: Two‐dimension attribution and two‐person perspective

Blame attribution (who is to blame for problem causes) and solution attribution (who is to control problem solving) are two critical dimensions of responsibility attribution in psychotherapy. The present study aimed to (1) investigate the impacts of blame attribution and solution attribution on session outcomes from both client and therapist perspectives and (2) clarify the relationship between the therapist-client congruence of responsibility attribution and session outcomes. A total of 69 clients were recruited at a university counselling centre. Client-rated responsibility attribution (to what extent they were responsible for the causes and solution of their current concerns), therapist-rated responsibility attribution (to what extent they thought their clients should be responsible for the causes and solution of clients' current concerns), client-rated session quality and symptom level for each session were collected across 387 sessions. Multilevel regression was used to explore the relationship between responsibility attribution and session outcomes. Truth and bias model and response surface analysis were utilized to analyse the within-client and between-client client-therapist congruence effects. The main results included that (1) the clients with higher solution responsibility had more symptom improvement and higher evaluation of session quality (between-client level). A client's perceived solution responsibility predicted better session quality and fewer next session symptom levels (within-client level). (2) If a therapist attributed more solution responsibility to his/her client, the session quality was higher (within-client level). (3) Neither clients' nor therapists' perspectives on blame attribution directly affected session outcomes. But the higher the client's blame for his/her problem causes, the stronger the association between solution responsibility and symptom reduction (within-client level). (4) Higher within-client client-therapist congruence on blame responsibility led to better session outcomes. The clients' solution responsibility and client-therapist congruence on blame for problem causes contribute to session outcomes in psychotherapy.

Finding one source of truth between multiple digital asset management platforms at Autodesk

The Autodesk digital asset management (DAM) system utilises an application programming interface (API) protocol to connect assets between two digital asset management platforms. In preparing, designing and implementing the API, the DAM librarian team reduced taxonomic noise, reinforced file-naming to one schema and backed up the asset life cycle to a single archive. These decisions and implementations have helped the Autodesk DAM team to work with a single source of truth for marketing and sales assets. This paper covers how the DAM API functions, the benefits the API has brought the team and asset stakeholders, and the single source of truth model reinforced by the API call.

3D localization of vena contracta using Doppler ICE imaging in tricuspid valve interventions

PurposeTricuspid valve (TV) interventions face the challenge of imaging the anatomy and tools because of the ‘TEE-unfriendly’ nature of the TV. In edge-to-edge TV repair, a core step is to position the clip perpendicular to the coaptation gap. In this study, we provide a semi-automated method to localize the VC from Doppler intracardiac echo (ICE) imaging in a tracked 3D space, thus providing a pre-mapped location of the coaptation gap to assist device positioning.MethodsA magnetically tracked ICE probe with Doppler imaging capabilities is employed in this study for imaging three patient-specific TVs placed in a pulsatile heart phantom. For each of the valves, the ICE probe is positioned to image the maximum regurgitant flow for five cardiac cycles. An algorithm then extracts the regurgitation imaging and computes the exact location of the vena contracta on the image.ResultsAcross the three pathological, patient-specific valves, the average distance error between the detected VC and the ground truth model is ({1.22 pm 2.00})mm. For each of the valves, one case represented the outlier where the algorithm misidentified the vena contracta to be near the annulus. In such cases, it is recommended to retake the five-second imaging data.ConclusionThis study presented a method for ultrasound-based localization of vena contracta in 3D space. Mapping such anatomical landmarks has the potential to assist with device positioning and to simplify tricuspid valve interventions by providing more contextual information to the interventionalists, thus enhancing their spatial awareness. Additionally, ICE can be used to provide live US and Doppler imaging of the complex TV anatomy throughout the procedure.

Quality Assessment of Stereophotoclinometry as a Shape Modeling Method Using a Synthetic Asteroid

The stereophotoclinometry (SPC) software suite has been used to generate global digital terrain models (DTMs) of many asteroids and moons, and was the primary tool used by the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) mission to model the shape of asteroid Bennu. We describe the dedicated preflight testing of SPC for the OSIRIS-REx mission using a synthetic “truth” asteroid model. SPC has metrics that determine the internal consistency of a DTM, but it was not known how these metrics are related to the absolute accuracy of a DTM, which was important for the operational needs of the mission. The absolute accuracy of an SPC-generated DTM cannot be determined without knowing the truth topography. Consequently, we developed a realistic, but synthetic, computer-generated representation of asteroid Bennu, photographed this synthetic truth model in an imaging campaign similar to that planned for the OSIRIS-REx mission, and then generated a global SPC DTM from these images. We compared the SPC DTM, which was represented by a radius every 70 cm across the asteroid surface, to the synthetic truth model to assess the absolute accuracy. We found that the internal consistency can be used to determine the 3D root-mean-square accuracy of the model to within a factor of two of the absolute accuracy.

Multilevel surrogate modeling of an amine scrubbing process for CO2capture

AbstractSurrogate models provide a powerful method for simplifying calculations within complex simulations. While surrogate models are broadly applied within chemical engineering, little research exists investigating the level of surrogacy's impact on a simplified process model. In this work, artificial neural networks (ANN) and Kriging models are used as surrogate models at the process, process unit, and thermodynamic levels for a CO2 amine scrubbing process. The surrogated models are evaluated against an Aspen Plus simulation for accuracy, convergence behavior, computational cost, and ability to extrapolate. The thermodynamic and process unit models can better handle discontinuous, non‐smooth behavior, and convergence issues in the surrogated truth model, but poor conditioning in the final system of equations results in a lower accuracy and convergence rate than the process level surrogate. Beyond model accuracy, availability of diverse data, intended re‐usability, and the desired outputs must be considered when selecting a level of abstraction.

Development, Verification, and Analysis of a Small Satellite Thrust Determination Filter

A current challenge for the Advanced Propulsion Experiment (APEX) CubeSat, under development by Missouri University of Science and Technology, is the accurate determination of thrust for its experimental multimodal propulsion system main payload. A consider batch least-squares filter is proposed that processes downlinked dual-frequency GPS pseudorange data to estimate the average thrust magnitude of a maneuver in conjunction with the initial dynamic states, static coefficients of drag and solar radiation pressure, and GPS receiver clock biases from each measurement epoch. Two Monte Carlo analyses were performed to test the statistical consistency of the filter and the robustness under the influence of unmodeled dynamics. The filter was found to perform nominally with matching truth and filter dynamics models and acceptably when the truth model used to synthesize measurements was a higher fidelity than the filter model. Filter performance was assessed using flight data from NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On mission. A trade study was conducted to identify acceptable orbital regimes for the APEX mission. Thrust estimates using this method were shown to meet APEX mission requirements for a range of acceptable orbits.

Transaction pricing mechanism design and assessment for blockchain

The importance of transaction fees in maintaining blockchain security and sustainability has been confirmed by extensive research, although they are not mandatory in most current blockchain systems. To enhance blockchain in the long term, it is crucial to design effective transaction pricing mechanisms. Different from the existing schemes based on auctions with more consideration about the profit of miners, we resort to game theory and propose a correlated equilibrium based transaction pricing mechanism through solving a pricing game among users with transactions, which can achieve both the individual and global optimum. To avoid the computational complexity exponentially increasing with the number of transactions, we further improve the game-theoretic solution with an approximate algorithm, which can derive almost the same results as the original one but costs significantly reduced time. We also propose a truthful assessment model for pricing mechanism to collect the feedback of users regarding the price suggestion. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed mechanism.

Performance comparison analysis of 3D reconstruction modeling software in construction site visualization and mapping

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has overcome the limitations of conventional construction management methods using advanced and automated visualization and 3D reconstruction modeling techniques. Although the mapping techniques and reconstruction modeling software can generate real-time and high-resolution descriptive textural, physical, and spatial data, they may fail to develop an accurate and complete 3D model of the construction site. To generate a quality 3D reconstruction model, the construction manager must optimize the trade-offs among three major software-selection factors: functionalities, technical capabilities, and the system hardware specifications. These factors directly affect the robust 3D reconstruction model of the construction site and objects. Accordingly, the purpose of this research was to apply nine well-established 3D reconstruction modeling software tools (DroneDeploy, COLMAP, 3DF+Zephyr, Autodesk Recap, LiMapper, PhotoModeler, 3D Survey, AgiSoft Photoscan, and Pix4D Mapper) and compare their performances and reliabilities in generating complete 3D models. The research was conducted in an eco-home building at the University of Technology, Malaysia. A series of regression analyses were conducted to compare the performances of the selected 3D reconstruction modeling software in alignment and registration, distance computing, geometric measurement, and plugin execution. Regression analysis determined that among the software programs, LiMapper had the strongest positive linear correlation with the ground truth model. Furthermore, the correlation analysis showed a statistically significant p-value for all software, except for 3D Survey. In addition, the research found that Autodesk Recap generated the most-robust and highest-quality dense point clouds. DroneDeploy can create an accurate point cloud and triangulation without using many points as required by COLMAP and LiMapper. It was concluded that most of the software is robustly, positively, and linearly correlated with the corresponding ground truth model. In the future, other factors involving software selection should be studied, such as vendor-related, user-related, and automation factors.

Accuracy and Bias in Perceptions of why Social Network Members Drink: A Truth and Bias Approach to Drinking Motive (mis)perception

Perceived drinking motives of social network members appear to influence emerging adults’ alcohol use indirectly through their own drinking motives. Ascertaining the accuracy of motive perceptions can determine the relevance of social norm interventions for drinking motives and the utility of egocentric versus direct-reporting social network designs. As part of a larger study, 60 emerging adults (70% female; mean age = 21.57) reported cross-sectionally on their own drinking motives and the drinking motives of a peer. Peers were recruited and reported on their drinking motives. Regression analyses utilizing the truth and bias model indicated social, coping-with-anxiety, and coping-with-depression motives exhibited accuracy. Participants also overestimated peers’ social, enhancement, and conformity motives. Coping-with-depression and enhancement motives exhibited assumed similarity. Most motive perceptions were heavily or singularly influenced by bias. Whether to include actual and/or perceived motives in social network research designs should be carefully considered.

Unifying Physical Interaction, Linguistic Communication, and Language Acquisition of Cognitive Agents by Minimalist Grammars

Cognitive agents that act independently and solve problems in their environment on behalf of a user are referred to as autonomous. In order to increase the degree of autonomy, advanced cognitive architectures also contain higher-level psychological modules with which needs and motives of the agent are also taken into account and with which the behavior of the agent can be controlled. Regardless of the level of autonomy, successful behavior is based on interacting with the environment and being able to communicate with other agents or users. The agent can use these skills to learn a truthful knowledge model of the environment and thus predict the consequences of its own actions. For this purpose, the symbolic information received during the interaction and communication must be converted into representational data structures so that they can be stored in the knowledge model, processed logically and retrieved from there. Here, we firstly outline a grammar-based transformation mechanism that unifies the description of physical interaction and linguistic communication and on which the language acquisition is based. Specifically, we use minimalist grammar (MG) for this aim, which is a recent computational implementation of generative linguistics. In order to develop proper cognitive information and communication technologies, we are using utterance meaning transducers (UMT) that are based on semantic parsers and a mental lexicon, comprising syntactic and semantic features of the language under consideration. This lexicon must be acquired by a cognitive agent during interaction with its users. To this aim we outline a reinforcement learning algorithm for the acquisition of syntax and semantics of English utterances. English declarative sentences are presented to the agent by a teacher in form of utterance meaning pairs (UMP) where the meanings are encoded as formulas of predicate logic. Since MG codifies universal linguistic competence through inference rules, thereby separating innate linguistic knowledge from the contingently acquired lexicon, our approach unifies generative grammar and reinforcement learning, hence potentially resolving the still pending Chomsky-Skinner controversy.

Evaluation of segmentation accuracy and its impact on patient-specific CFD analysis

Medical image segmentation, especially for biological soft tissues, is an issue of great interest. The aim of this study is to evaluate the segmentation performance of a commercial and an open-source software, to segment aortic root and coronary arteries. 3D printing stereolithography technology was used to generate ground truth models, which were then re-acquired by means of a micro-CT scanner. Measurements from the printed and reconstructed models with both the software were compared, in order to evaluate the level of agreement. In the second phase of this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted, to compare the outputs between the models segmented with the two software. The goal was to understand how differences in the segmentation process propagate in CFD results. Results showed that both software guarantee satisfactory segmentation performance, with average geometrical differences between reconstructed and physical models in the order of a few percentage points. However, when we consider thin details, as a sharp stenotic region, the commercial validated software seems to be more accurate in replicating the real anatomy. We also realized how apparently negligible geometrical differences, varying the employed software, can turn into enormous variations of hemodynamic parameters, such as velocity and wall shear stress, which place in the centre the delicate role the segmentation process holds. This evidence is crucial in the biomedical field and especially in a coronary arteries study, where CFD simulations can be exploited as a starting point for surgery considerations.

Elusive Fictional Truth

Abstract We argue that some fictional truths are fictionally true by default. We also argue that these fictional truths are subject to being undermined. We propose that the context within which we are to evaluate what is fictionally true changes when a possibility which was previously ignorable is brought to attention. We argue that these cases support a model of fictional truth which makes the conversational dynamics of determining truth in fiction structurally akin to the conversational dynamics of knowledge-ascription, as this is understood by David Lewis’s contextualist approach to knowledge. We show how a number of the rules which Lewis proposes for the case of knowledge-ascription can be employed to develop a novel and powerful framework for the case of truth in fiction.

A Hegelian Dialectical Model of the Relation between Wittgenstein’s Tractatus and Philosophical Investigations

There has been considerable disagreement about the relationship between Wittgenstein’s Tractatus (TLP) and his Philosophical Investigations (PI) with some scholars arguing that there is considerable continuity between them and some arguing that they are completely opposed. The paper argues that this breadth of disagreement is not surprising because the relation between TLP and PI is analogous with that described in Hegel’s dialectical model of philosophical truth in the Phenomenology of Spirit. One might say that TLP is “refuted” by PI but there is also a sense in which PI is “the truth” of TLP. TLP and PI are both essential stages in “the progressive unfolding of truth” bound together like the successive stages in a single living organism where the view of the former is both “annulled” and “preserved at a higher level” in the view of the latter (Aufhebung). The paper thereby helps to facilitate Rorty’s attempt to usher “analytical philosophy” from its Kantian to its Hegelian stage.

Feasibility Study of Drone-Based 3-D Measurement of Defects in Concrete Structures

Recognition of defects in concrete structures, identification of cracks, concrete spalling, or other geometrical defects are important tools for structural damage detection. Defects in structures can include cracks, but also missing parts, due to the wear caused by weather or aging phenomena. These last types of defects in structures can be identified using red-green-blue (RGB) cameras, but the level of damage could be difficult to evaluate with 2-D images. In this sense, the application of 3-D reconstruction techniques can be helpful to determine the 3-D dimensions of spalling, swelling of concrete or the presence of visible steel parts of reinforced concrete. The use of drones for this type of measurement is very attractive for reducing the costs and time of measurement campaigns. However, the lack of accurate trajectory information and the vibrations affect the accuracy of 3-D measurements. In this article, a metrological characterization of measurement systems for the evaluation and recognition of defects in concrete structures is presented, starting from the acquisition of 3-D point clouds by low-cost time-of-flight (ToF) sensors, placed on drones. To evaluate the uncertainty of these systems, a mock-up with realistic defects was developed and characterized using a reference 3-D scanner. The 3-D reconstructions obtained via the selected sensors were used to evaluate the discrepancies of the 3-D shape compared to a ground truth model and the uncertainty of the selected scanners. The results show that, for all the defects tested, the standard deviation of the discrepancies between the defect reconstructed using the drone and the ground truth is below 2.5 mm.

Truth in Practical Reason: Practical and Assertoric Truth in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics

Truth has always been a controversial subject in Aristotelian scholarship. In most cases, including some well-known passages in the Categories, De Interpretatione and Metaphysics, Aristotle uses the predicate ‘true’ for assertions, although exceptions are many and impossible to ignore. One of the most complicated cases is the concept of practical truth in the sixth book of Nicomachean Ethics: its entanglement with action and desire raises doubts about the possibility of its inclusion to the propositional model of truth. Nevertheless, in one of the most extensive studies on the subject, C. Olfert has tried to show that this is not only possible but also necessary. In this paper, we explain why trying to fit practical truth into the propositional model comes with insurmount­able problems. In order to overcome these problems, we focus on multiple aspects of practical syllogism and correlate them with Aristo­tle’s account of desire, happiness and the good. Identifying the role of such concepts in the specific steps of practical reasoning, we reach the conclusion that practical truth is best explained as the culmination of a well-executed practical syllogism taken as a whole, which ultimately explains why this type of syllogism demands a different approach and a different kind of truth than the theoretical one.

Accuracy in perceptions of a partner’s sexual goals

Intimate partners engage in sex for a variety of reasons, and their perceptions of each other’s sexual goals play an important role in intimate relationships. How accurate are these perceptions of a partner’s sexual goals and is accuracy associated with relationship quality and sexual satisfaction for the couple? To answer these questions, we conducted a 21-day dyadic daily experience study of 121 couples, which we analyzed using two different approaches to examine accuracy: the profile approach and the Truth and Bias Model. Results from these two approaches demonstrated that people’s perceptions of their partner’s sexual goals were indeed accurate, but that accuracy was not associated with relationship quality or sexual satisfaction for the perceiver or their partner. Rather, perceiving a partner’s sexual goals in normative (or socially desirable) ways was associated with relationship quality and sexual satisfaction for both the perceiver and their partner. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Reclassifying stroke lesion anatomy

Cognitive and behavioural outcomes in stroke reflect the interaction between two complex anatomically-distributed patterns: the functional organization of the brain and the structural distribution of ischaemic injury. Conventional outcome models—for individual prediction or population-level inference—commonly ignore this complexity, discarding anatomical variation beyond simple characteristics such as lesion volume. This sets a hard limit on the maximum fidelity such models can achieve. High-dimensional methods can overcome this problem, but only at prohibitively large data scales. Drawing on one of the largest published collections of anatomically-registered imaging of acute stroke—N = 1333—here we use non-linear dimensionality reduction to derive a succinct latent representation of the anatomical patterns of ischaemic injury, agglomerated into 21 distinct intuitive categories. We compare the maximal predictive performance it enables against both simpler low-dimensional and more complex high-dimensional representations, employing multiple empirically-informed ground truth models of distributed structure–outcome relationships. We show our representation sets a substantially higher ceiling on predictive fidelity than conventional low-dimensional approaches, but lower than that achievable within a high-dimensional framework. Where descriptive simplicity is a necessity, such as within clinical care or research trials of modest size, the representation we propose arguably offers a favourable compromise of compactness and fidelity.

Dostoevsky's Poetics of Modern Freedom: Against Bakhtin's "Polyphonic" Moral Truth

In an influential treatise, Mikhail Bakhtin (1984) asserts that the aim of Dostoevsky's distinctive poetics is to advance a revolutionary, polyphonic model of moral truth. In this paper, I argue that while Bakhtin correctly identifies essential features of Dostoevsky's poetics, these features are better understood as oriented toward meeting the free modern individual's need to test ultimate moral ends and concomitant virtues in order to determine their truth. An Aristotelian poetics intended to educate audiences only in how to be virtuous to achieve moral ends that are given by tradition will have different essential features than will a modern poetics whose purpose is to help individuals determine what the virtues are . It is this latter purpose, I argue, that drives Dostoevsky to create the new stylistic devices that Bakhtin observes in Dostoevsky's work, rather than the purpose of realizing a philosophically problematic polyphonic model of moral truth.