Structure Equation Modeling Research Articles

The detrimental effect of rainforest conversion to rubber plantations on soil dissolved organic carbon and C: N stoichiometry, mediated by altered soil biogeochemistry

Rainforest conversion into rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations (RP) alters global carbon cycling and contributes to climate change. However, the impact of this widespread tropical land use change on various elements of the carbon cycle is poorly understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the impact of rainforest conversion into RP on soil-dissolved organic carbon (DOC), one of the most mobile organic matter (OM) in the terrestrial ecosystem that causes the transformation and migration of C. We also explored the underlying edaphic factors regulating soil DOC changes. Our study sites were rubber monoculture, mixed-rubber plantations (H. brasiliensis, Ficus langkokensis, and Actinodaphne henryi), and a reference rainforest. We found that soil DOC concentration was 150-200% higher in RP than in rainforests, with an unchanged pattern across the seasons (dry and rainy) and plantation type. These results were concomitant with degradation in main soil properties, markedly including lower pH, electrical conductivity, SOC, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP), following the RP establishment and explicitly having a significant negative correlation with DOC. Our fitted structure equation model (SEM) highlights that RP caused accelerated DOC production and a higher DOC/DN ratio by decreasing SOC (38.5%) and nutrients (TN and TP). Further, the SEM revealed a significant negative correlation between microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN) and the DOC/DN ratio, implying limited microbial degradation of DOC under RP. This is further supported by our findings of 81.1% lower MBC per unit DOC and 37.1% lower MBN per unit DN under RP compared to rainforests, indicating poor transformation of DOC to microbial biomass under RP. Collectively, our findings suggest that RP with high nutrient demands and altered soil properties lead to increased leaching of DOC due to its limited utilization by microbes. These findings underscore the importance of robust and sustainable soil management (such as optimizing plant density and legume intercropping) in RP to improve soil health and minimize DOC leaching and its potential environmental consequences.

Interplay Between Financial Literacy, Firm’s Characteristics, Behavioural Biases and Investment Choices—A Conditional Mediation Model

Individual investing decisions are crucial in determining one’s financial well-being, as these choices directly affect their financial health. The current study uses structured equation modelling based on survey data from 288 individual investors. We contribute to the growing body of literature by employing the conditional mediation model to investigate the interaction between financial literacy, firm characteristics, behavioural biases and their impact on investment choices. The study findings substantiate the critical role of a firm’s characteristics in mediating the relationship between financial literacy and investment choices. The findings highlight the importance of financial literacy in enabling investors to make informed decisions, accentuating the mediating role of a firm’s characteristics, which adds novelty to the study.

Structure Equation Model for Costs and Benefits of Distribution Pipe Rehabilitation in Reactive Maintenance

Some water distribution pipe networks were constructed several decades ago and have been damaged. The old pipe network has experienced many leaks and should be rehabilitated. In old cities like Jakarta, with high leak rates (1.6 leaks/km/year), pipeline network managers must frequently repair leaks or perform reactive maintenance. Far too many pipes need to be rehabilitated compared to the available budget. This research will develop an optimization model for selecting rehabilitated pipes under reactive maintenance conditions, which has never been performed before. The selection of pipe segments to be rehabilitated must be optimal to obtain maximum benefits using minimum costs. The variables that influence rehabilitation costs and benefits and the relationship between these variables need to be known to optimize the selection. The influencing variables and their model structure were obtained from literature reviews and surveys of respondents with sufficient experience in water pipe network management. These influential variables have varying characteristics. Data processing and analysis uses the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) method with a formative–formative measurement model. In total, 22 variables were found to be valid and significantly influenced the cost and benefits of rehabilitation. The analysis results are a structural model of the relationship between variables that influence the costs and benefits of rehabilitation in reactive maintenance with a limited budget, which can be used to optimize rehabilitation models.

Exploring emotional dynamics: Word count effects in Facebook posts by sports shoe brands

This study examines the impact of word count in Facebook posts on user engagement and emotional responses, focusing on sports shoe brands. It addresses a research gap concerning the effects of post length on various emotional aspects and engagement metrics within social media marketing. Data were collected from January 1, 2024, to January 30, 2024, covering posts from January 2013 to December 2023 on official Facebook pages of several sports shoe brands. After cleaning an initial 723 posts, 636 were analyzed using statistical methods and Python libraries. Eight emotional aspects—fear, anger, sadness, trust, anticipation, joy, disgust, and surprise—were examined in relation to post length. Mean reaction values and emotional aspects were compared before and during the COVID-19 period. A structured equation model (SEM) in AMOS assessed these relationships. The analysis revealed that longer posts positively influenced trust (β = 0.208, ρ < 0.001), anticipation (β = 0.095, ρ < 0.05), joy (β = 0.259, ρ < 0.001), and surprise (β = 0.072, ρ < 0.05), but did not significantly affect fear (β = 0.065, ρ = 0.089), sadness (β = 0.054, ρ = 0.155), or disgust (β = 0.072, ρ = 0.116). During COVID-19, increased trust and anticipation were noted, while sadness and anger decreased. This study highlights that longer Facebook posts can enhance engagement through increased trust, anticipation, joy, and surprise, offering valuable insights for optimizing social media content strategies.

Influence of employee job crafting in Chinese manufacturing enterprises on safety innovation performance: a moderated mediation model

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of employees’ job crafting on safety innovation performance through psychological empowerment and the moderation effects of employees’ mindfulness traits and job complexity on such impact. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted structure equation modeling to analyze data collected from 1,566 employees in 96 manufacturing enterprises in northern and central China. Findings Results showed that employees’ job crafting has a positive effect on safety innovation performance, partially through psychological empowerment, and that effect was moderated by employee mindfulness traits and job complexity. Practical implications Manufacturing enterprises should seek to promote employees’ job crafting behavior in the workplace, improve employees’ psychological empowerment and pay attention to mindfulness training for enterprise managers and employees, so as to reduce the probability of unsafe behavior. Originality/value This study reveals the underlying influence mechanism of employees’ job crafting on safety innovation performance using the self-determination theory and suggests that psychological empowerment is critical in determining how employees’ job crafting influences safety innovation performance. Furthermore, both employees’ mindfulness traits and job complexity positively moderate the above mediation.

Women entrepreneurship: investigating the influence of emotional intelligence and innovativeness on entrepreneurial success

PurposeThe study is designed to investigate whether women’s entrepreneurial success is affected by their emotional intelligence. It also investigates the mediating role of innovativeness in influencing the relationship of their emotional intelligence with entrepreneurial success.Design/methodology/approachUsing a cross-sectional design, this study used a structured questionnaire to gather data from 274 women entrepreneurs spanning across various industries in north India. The data collected was analysed using the partial least squares structured equation modelling (PLS-SEM) technique.FindingsThe findings demonstrate a notable and positive association between emotional intelligence and the entrepreneurial success of women. Additionally, innovativeness was found to partially mediate the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial success. Entrepreneurial experience moderates the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial success. Furthermore, age was not observed to moderate the connection between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial success.Originality/valueThis study provides valuable insights for female entrepreneurs seeking to achieve success by harnessing their emotional intelligence and fostering innovativeness in their entrepreneurial pursuits. The study mainly provides evidence on the conclusive role of emotional intelligence among women entrepreneurs in their success in the relatively underresearched context of India, thereby consolidating knowledge on gendered entrepreneurship.

The Effect Of Green Marketing Mix On Purchase Intention Of Ecoprint Fashion With Environmental Awareness As A Mediating Variable In Generation Z On Social Media

This research aims to examine the influence of the Green Marketing Mix on Purchase Intention for ecoprint fashion with Environmental Awareness as a Mediating Variable in Generation Z on Instagram Social Media, with a sample size in this study of 200 Gen Z respondents on Instagram social media. Data collection in this research was done by distributing questionnaires. This analysis technique uses the Structure Equation Model (SEM-PLS) using the SmartPLS 3.0 program with outer modelmeasurements: convergent validity, discriminant validity, reliability test, and inner model measurements; Coeficient Determinant of (R2), Significance (tvalue). The results of this research show that green marketing mix has a significant effect on purchase intention, green marketing mix has a significant effect on environmental awareness, environmental awareness has a significant effect on purchase intention and there is an indirect effect between the green marketing mix variables on purchase intention through environmental awareness.

Stimulating tourists’ senses for sustainable destination development: Combining embodied cognition theory and the S-O-R model

Tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior (ERB) is crucial for the sustainable development of destinations, and the external environment can alter individuals’ cognition and behavior through sensory perception. To investigate the impact of the natural environment on tourists’ ERB, a conceptual model was developed and validated from a sensory perspective by integrating the embodied cognition theory and the stimulus-organism-response model. The results of structure equation modeling indicated that, with the exception of auditory perception, tourists’ perceptions through each sense influenced ERB to varying degrees, mediated by memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) and environmental awareness. Additionally, the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis method was employed to identify five distinct configurations associated with high ERB. Notably, MTEs and environmental awareness, driven by sensory perceptions, emerged as critical factors. While all senses played a role, none alone could singularly determine high ERB. The findings reveal the mechanism through which sensory perception influences tourists’ ERB and offer practical insights for destinations to integrate tourism resources by aligning with tourists’ sensory experiences to promote sustainable tourism.

Role of online health communities in patient compliance: a social support perspective

Purpose Online health communities (OHC) can transform the healthcare industry, particularly in developing economies. Technology advancement and increased health literacy pave the way for these communities to become powerful tools for empowering patients. The purpose of this study was to empirically validate the linkages between social support and how it overarchingly influences patient compliance. Following social support theory, this study delineates how support from the community affects the patient–physician relationship (PERP) and consequently patient compliance regarding the treatment plan. This study also invents the role of patient trust in an OHC in moderating the relationship between PERP and engagement. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on social support and empowerment theories to investigate the importance of social support in improving patients’ health behaviours and health outcomes via patient empowerment, patient engagement and patient compliance. The authors surveyed users from three Facebook cancer communities in India to collect data. The authors used partial least squares structured equation modelling and necessary condition analysis (NCA) with 265 participants to support the proposed model. Findings The result demonstrates that PERP is a crucial factor for patient engagement in OHC, and patient engagement has a significant effect on patient compliance. The results also showed that trust was a significant moderator between PERP and engagement. The NCA analysis shows all the relationships are significant; however, emotional support is not a necessary condition for PERP. Research limitations/implications By empowering cancer patients and enabling them to meet their emotional and informational needs through OHCs, the study model can aid in the development of solutions that will improve compliance with their treatment in an emerging economic context. The findings indicate the potential chain reaction of social support and PERP in online cancer health communities. This study also contributes to quantifying the social impacts of online healthcare services and how to enhance the healthcare compliance framework. Originality/value This study combines social support and empowerment theory with patient, physician, and technology to provide a fine-grained picture of PERP in OHC. It explains how social support in OHC promotes self-care behaviour. This linkage validation enables readers and the community at large to gain a more nuanced understanding of how social support – through PERP, engagement and trust – enables patient compliance using primary data.

Estimating Global Gross Primary Production Using an Improved MODIS Leaf Area Index Dataset

Remote sensing and process-coupled ecological models are widely used for the simulation of GPP, which plays a key role in estimating and monitoring terrestrial ecosystem productivity. However, most such models do not differentiate the C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways and neglect the effect of nitrogen content on Vmax and Jmax, leading to considerable bias in the estimation of gross primary productivity (GPP). Here, we developed a model driven by the leaf area index, climate, and atmospheric CO2 concentration to estimate global GPP with a spatial resolution of 0.1° and a temporal interval of 1 day from 2000 to 2022. We validated our model with ground-based GPP measurements at 128 flux tower sites, which yielded an accuracy of 72.3%. We found that the global GPP ranged from 116.4 PgCyear−1 to 133.94 PgCyear−1 from 2000 to 2022, with an average of 125.93 PgCyear−1. We also found that the global GPP showed an increasing trend of 0.548 PgCyear−1 during the study period. Further analyses using the structure equation model showed that atmospheric CO2 concentration and air temperature were the main drivers of the global GPP changes, total associations of 0.853 and 0.75, respectively, while precipitation represented a minor but negative contribution to global GPP.

Exploring the role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy into performance of graduate-owned small and medium-sized enterprises in Tanzania

PurposeThe study assessed the role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) in the performance of graduate-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Specifically, the paper focused on how graduate owners’ confidence in identifying and commercializing new business opportunities and create new commodities according to the market demand influences both, the financial and non-financial performance of graduate-owned SMEs.Design/methodology/approachThe study employed a cross-sectional survey design, in which 228 SME graduate owners majored in entrepreneurship were involved through online structured questionnaires. The relationship between the variables was determined by using partial least squares structured equation modeling (PLS-SEM).FindingsThe results indicate that entrepreneurial self-efficacy of graduate SME owners influence the financial and non-financial performance of their SMEs. Specifically, financial performance values have a ß-value of 0.576 and a p-value of &lt;0.0001, non-financial performance values have a ß-value of 0.275 and a p-value of &lt;0.0001.Practical implicationsIn order to improve the performance of graduate-owned SMEs, universities should strive to equip graduates with self-confidence, which will enable them to utilize their entrepreneurial competences acquired through the entrepreneurship course programs. This will enable them to tackle business environmental challenges and be able to run successful businesses.Originality/valueThe results of this study extend the use of the self-efficacy theory in explaining the performance of graduate-owned SMEs in Tanzanian. Further, the study focused on ESE as a specific domain developed from entrepreneurship learning for entrepreneurial outcomes. Therefore, the study engaged graduate entrepreneurs who majored in entrepreneurship, which has not been the focus in most studies.

Gauging the impact of M-marketing capabilities on perceived sales performance of organization

The aim of this study to address the purposeful question for the managers and researchers is how organizational resources through mobile marketing (M-marketing) capabilities can improve sales performance of organizations. The study considered training, internal marketing, organizational culture and product-related knowledge as organizational resources that enhance perceived sales performance through different M-marketing capabilities like accessibility, cost saving and quick decision making. This research incorporated dynamic capability and resource-based view (RBV) theories to construct the research model. 396 responses were received from SMEs employees from ten big cities of Pakistan and structure equation modelling used to examine the research model. Findings showed that the organizational resources (training, internal marketing, organizational culture and product-related knowledge) and M-marketing capabilities (accessibility, cost saving and quick decision making) significantly impacted the PSP. M-marketing capabilities significantly partially mediate among the relationships of organizational resources and PSP.

The Role of Transformational Leadership and PsyCapin Shaping Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Exploring Job Satisfaction as a Mediator

This paper focuses on the relationship between Transformational leadership, Psychological Capital, Job satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the context of the banking industry. Transformational leadership (TL) is considered a strong determinant of Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) since the behaviors it promotes support the organization’s effectiveness in ways that are not covered by the contractual responsibilities of an employee. Consequently, the effects of Transformational leadership and PsyCap(PsyCap) on employees’ Organizational citizenship behavior have not been studied extensively, incorporating the banking industry perspective into the investigation. To fill this void, the present research aims to look into the effects of Transformational leadership and PsyCap on Organizational citizenship behavior, with Job Satisfaction (JS) as the mediator. Based on the quantitative, descriptive study and cross-sectional method of data analysis, the study makes use of 242 structured questionnaires distributed among banking professionals to test the research hypotheses. The collected data was analyzed and examined by using Structured Equation Modeling through the Partial Least Square method. To analyze the collected data SPSS version 26 and Smart PLS 4 were used. The results thus highlight positive. Job satisfaction significantly mediates the Psychological capital, Job satisfaction but not significant with Transformational leadership, and Job satisfaction. These results extend the leadership and employee behavior literature in stress conditions and have practical implications for improving organization performance and employees’ well-being through leadership training and HR practices promotion. This work fills a hole in the writing and offers viable bits of knowledge for upgrading representative prosperity and hierarchical viability.

Women's knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding cervical precancerous lesions: a cross-sectional study in Beijing, China.

This study aimed to examine the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of women in Beijing regarding cervical precancerous lesions. This web-based, cross-sectional study included women at Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine between March 13, 2024 and April 9, 2024. A self-administered questionnaire was developed to collect participants' demographic information and KAP scores toward cervical precancerous lesions. The study included 951 valid questionnaires, with a mean age of 40.0 years. The mean knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 12.55 ± 6.23 (possible range: 0-26), 50.66 ± 7.48 (possible range: 13-65), and 26.13 ± 4.98 (possible range: 7-35), respectively. The knowledge score (OR = 1.071, 95%CI: 1.040-1.103, p < 0.001), currently married (OR = 0.548, 95%CI: 0.304-0.985, p = 0.045), and with a history of HPV infection (OR = 2.302, 95%CI: 1.062-4.990, p = 0.035) were independently associated with the attitude score. The knowledge score (OR = 1.155, 95%CI: 1.119-1.192, p < 0.001), monthly income >20,000 (OR = 2.793, 95%CI: 1.249-6.248, p = 0.012), a history of HPV infection (OR = 0.380, 95%CI: 0.222-0.650, p < 0.001), unknown HPV infection status (OR = 0.289, OR = 0.177-0.473, p < 0.001), vaccinated against HPV (OR = 1.752, 95%CI: 1.221-2.514, p = 0.002), giving birth to one child (OR = 1.991, 95%CI: 1.186-3.341, p = 0.009), and giving birth to two or more children (OR = 2.160, 95%CI: 1.240-3.763, p = 0.007) were independently associated with the practice score. The structured equation model showed that knowledge directly influenced attitude (β = 0.237, p = 0.004) and practice (β = 0.490, p = 0.010). Attitude directly influenced practice (β = 0.193, p = 0.009). This study revealed inadequate knowledge, moderate attitude, and practice toward cervical precancerous lesions among women in Beijing. Educational interventions should be developed to enhance knowledge in this regard.

Home Location Preferences in Prone Areas (Coastal Case Study of Bandar Lampung City: Bumi Waras District)

Cities are facing increasing challenges as a result of the effects of climate change. Climate change is causing changes in rainfall patterns, rising sea levels, and rising temperatures in Indonesia, resulting in tidal flooding in inundated coastal areas as well as urban infrastructure. Coastal communities in Bumi Waras district Bandar Lampung City choose to live in inappropriate informal arrangements in disaster-prone areas such as those affected by abrasion, tidal waves, and tsunamis. The population of this disaster-prone area is estimated to be 3000 people, and this number is growing every year. This research aims to discover the factors and history behind why this population continues to live in disaster-prone coastal areas. The structure equation model (SEM) was used to analyze the data in this study, with five factors and 21 variables tested. There were a total of 169 samples collected. Humans (M), with variables of biological needs (M1), perceptions and feelings (M2), emotional connections (M3), and social factors (S), with sub-variables of economy (Economics; S4), and community (S2), are the most influential factors in choosing a place to live on the coast of Bandarlampung City. In 1940, the Bumi Waras district began to develop its housing system. People live in slums due to a lack of housing, economic constraints, and the fact that immigrants do not have enough money to buy or inherit land. Keywords: Home Location preferences, Prone Areas, Structure Equation Model (SEM)

When affective commitment leads to viability: The role of trust as a mediator and virtuality as a moderator

This study investigates the relationship between affective commitment and team viability, considering team cognitive and affective trust as mediators and the team's level of virtuality as a moderator. A survey-based study was conducted with 177 Portuguese work teams from several companies, and hypotheses were tested through partial least structure equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Our results reveal no statistical evidence of a direct positive association between affective commitment and viability but a significant indirect relationship through cognitive trust. This result highlights the critical role of cognitive trust in promoting viability. Moreover, our findings reveal that virtuality negatively moderates the relationship between affective trust and viability. Although affective trust is positive for viability when virtuality is low, it becomes detrimental when teams present high levels of virtuality. For practice, our results suggest the importance of promoting cognitive trust among teams and the need to be mindful regarding the level of virtuality because it may impact how trust influences team outcomes.

Healthy food purchase intention: The moderation effect of intuitive thinking and perceived knowledge

This paper aims to study the relationships among intuitive thinking, nutritional information, perceived knowledge, subjective norm, trust, and health concerns on purchase intention. The study was conducted with 461 consumers in Brazil. Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied. Most of our hypotheses were supported and demonstrated that consumers with high perceived knowledge care less about social influence. On the other hand, when it comes to using nutritional information to develop trust in food producers, consumers rely more on intuitive thinking. Trust and health consciousness have a positive effect on purchase intention. Policymakers can benefit from the results to develop accurate public policies, and food manufacturers can use them to adequate resolutions and implement labels with consumers’ well-being under perspective. We confirmed that if consumers perceive that they have sufficient knowledge and can make their decisions mostly based on it, less they will rely on subjective norms.

Aggravation of Cd availability in the plastisphere of paddy soil

Soil plastisphere has attracted many concerns, however, its influence on cadmium (Cd) availability in paddy soil was still unclear. This study carried out batch microcosmic and bagging experiments to explore the influence of microplastic (MPs) on Cd availability in paddy soil under flooding conditions in the view of plastisphere. Results showed that the presence of MPs could act as plastisphere micro-environment. The bacterial community composition changed dramatically around the plastisphere compared with MPs-contaminated bulk soil and control soil. The relative abundance of Symbiobacteraceae, Rhodocyclaceae and Bryobacteraceae was improved in the plastisphere which contributed to the enhanced the reduction of Fe(III) and sulfate in flooding paddy soil. The higher content of Fe(II) and S content contributed to the enrichment of Cd in the plastisphere which aggravated Cd availability in paddy soil under flooding conditions. The partial least squares structure equation modeling results confirmed the presence of MPs in paddy soil could act as plastisphere which could change the bacterial community composition and improve the content Fe and S that was conductive to gather Cd in plastisphere. This study shed lights on the understanding of the role of plastisphere on Cd availability in paddy field ecosystem under flooding conditions.

The direct effect of institutional factors on healthcare information systems (HIS) organisational interoperability in Malaysian public hospitals.

Background: Organisational interoperability (OIoP) of the Healthcare Information System (HIS) is crucial for the success of HIS, however little is known about the impact of institutional factors. Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the direct effect of institutional factors on OIoP for HIS in public sector hospitals in Malaysia. Methods: A conceptual OIoP framework was developed using the Personal Health Systems Interoperability and Refined eHealth European Interoperability frameworks. A self-administered questionnaire survey was used to solicit data from 300 healthcare professionals. Data were assessed through an Exploratory Factor Analysis followed by a Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Results: Structured equation modelling revealed Security and Privacy Compliance, and Stakeholder Engagement and Awareness to significantly and positively affect OIoP (R2 = 0.380). Conclusion: Healthcare organisations should prioritise clear and effective policies and regulations and enough budget and resources for the suggested framework.

Unraveling the impact of global change on glomalin and implications for soil carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems

Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) is a potential byproduct of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and a major contributor to the passive soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. Despite its crucial role in SOC storage, we know little about the response of GRSP to anthropogenic global change factors (GCFs). Here, using 530 observations from 107 primary studies, we conducted a global meta-analysis to unravel the effects of multiple GCFs (climate change, plant invasion (PI), wildfire, urbanization, land-use change (LUC), and nutrient addition (nitrogen; N, phosphorus; P, and potassium; K) on two functional GRSP fractions (easily extractable- (EE-) and total- (T-) GRSPs) in terrestrial ecosystems. We found that elevated carbon-dioxide increased T-GRSP by 28%, combined NP addition by 39.9%, and NPK addition by 29.5%. Climate warming and alone N addition increased EE-GRSP solely by 2.4% and 13.6%, respectively, but did not influence T-GRSP. However, urbanization and drought decreased T-GRSP by 26% and 15%, respectively. The LUC from natural ecosystems to cropland decreased T-GRSP by 40%, while afforestation in croplands increased it by 32%. Other GCFs (PI, wildfire, and P) had non-significant effects on GRSP probably because of (i) minor changes in AMF activity and (ii) the counterbalancing of effects by opposite processes. GCF impacts were robust when applied at higher intensities for medium-to-long durations (3–10＋ years) in humid conditions and clay-rich soils. The sandy soils experienced greater T-GRSP losses during LUC. Increases in T-GRSP were positively correlated with AMF-root colonization, soil mean-weight diameter, and SOC content. Further, our structure equation model confirmed that GCFs directly influence SOC by altering AMF-GRSP production and indirectly affecting soil aggregate formation and protection, suggesting that optimizing GRSP production can enhance SOC sequestration.