Models Of Social Behavior Research Articles

ETHİCAL ISSUES AND ETHİCAL LEADERSHİP İN TOURİSM AND ACCOMMODATİON BUSİNESSES

This study explores the ethical challenges and significance of ethical leadership in tourism and accommodation businesses. Recognizing the pivotal role of the tourism sector in economic development and global entrepreneurship, the research highlights the critical need for sustainability and social responsibility. Ethical leadership, characterized by guiding moral principles and fostering a positive organizational climate, is identified as a key factor in enhancing employee satisfaction, reducing turnover, and improving corporate reputation. The research aims to examine the interplay between ethical issues and leadership in the tourism and accommodation sectors, emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices and proposing a framework for ethical leadership. The study employs a comprehensive literature review to identify ethical concerns and assess the impact of ethical leadership. It incorporates insights from interdisciplinary research and theoretical frameworks, including social learning theory and organizational behavior models. Ethical leadership emerges as an essential component for addressing challenges such as environmental impacts, social responsibilities, marketing ethics, and workforce issues. The findings indicate that ethical leadership fosters sustainable practices, enhances employee commitment and performance, and supports responsible tourism development. The study underscores the necessity of embedding ethical leadership in tourism and accommodation sectors to promote long-term sustainability and stakeholder trust. It highlights the need for an ethical framework encompassing leadership, data management, marketing ethics, and corporate social responsibility. Further investigation is encouraged to develop practical applications of ethical leadership, explore its cross-cultural dimensions, and integrate ethical considerations into tourism and hospitality education curricula. This research could provide actionable strategies for advancing ethical practices in the sector.

Oxytocin-mediated social preference and socially reinforced reward learning in the miniature fish Danionella cerebrum.

Integrative studies of diverse neuronal networks that govern social behavior are hindered by a lack of methods to record neural activity comprehensively across the entire brain. The recent development of the miniature fish Danionella cerebrum as a model organism offers one potential solution, as the small size and optical transparency of these animals make it possible to visualize circuit activity throughout the nervous system.1,2,3,4 Here, we establish the feasibility of using Danionella as a model for social behavior and socially reinforced learning by showing that adult fish exhibit strong affiliative tendencies and that social interactions can serve as the reinforcer in an appetitive conditioning paradigm. Fish exhibited an acute ability to identify conspecifics and distinguish them from closely related species, which was mediated by both visual and particularly olfactory cues. These behaviors were abolished by pharmacological and genetic interference with oxytocin signaling, demonstrating the conservation of key neural mechanisms observed in other vertebrates.5,6,7,8,9,10,11 Our work validates Danionella as a tool for understanding the social brain in general and its modulation by neuropeptide signaling in particular.

Reflexive model of social behavior under informational influence

This paper proposes a mathematical model of the reflexive interaction of some society groups that can act as passive or active agents of influence. The behavior of a set of active agents aimed at imposing a certain behavior on other groups of society that differ in their response to information influence is studied. It was taken into account that passive agents turn into active ones under the influence. In analyzing the information influence of active agents on passive ones, the internal currency was chosen as the main factor. As a result of the numerical experiment is the changes in the model over time are graphically shown, in particular, discrete and general influence views and efficiency of a given information influence are obtained.

Gamma frequency connectivity in frontostriatal networks associated with social preference is reduced with traumatic brain injury.

Among the myriad of complications associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI), impairments in social behaviors and cognition have emerged as a significant area of concern. Animal models of social behavior are necessary to explore the underlying brain mechanisms contributing to chronic social impairments following brain injury. Here, we utilize large-scale brain recordings of local field potentials to identify neural signatures linked with social preference deficits following frontal brain injury. We used a controlled cortical impact model of TBI to create a severe bilateral injury centered on the prefrontal cortex. Behavior (social preference and locomotion) and brain activity (power and coherence) during a three-chamber social preference task were compared between sham and injured animals. Sham rats preferred to spend time with a social conspecific over an inanimate object. An analysis of local field oscillations showed that social preference was associated with a significant increase in coherence in gamma frequency band across widespread brain regions in these animals. Animals with a frontal TBI showed a significant reduction in this social preference, visiting an inanimate object more frequently and for more time. Reflecting these changes in social behavior, these animals also showed a significant reduction in gamma frequency (25-60 Hz) coherence associated with social preference.

Proteome-wide reverse molecular docking reveals folic acid receptor as a mediator of PFAS-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of long-lasting chemicals with widespread use and environmental persistence that have been increasingly studied for their detrimental impacts to human and animal health. Several major PFAS species are linked to neurodevelopmental toxicity. For example, epidemiological studies have associated prenatal exposure to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) with autism risk. However, the neurodevelopmental toxicities of major PFAS species have not been systematically evaluated in an animal model, and the molecular mechanisms underlying these toxicities have remained elusive. Using a high-throughput zebrafish social behavioral model, we screened six major PFAS species currently under regulation by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), including PFOA, PFNA, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid ammonium salt (GenX). We found that embryonic exposure to PFNA, PFOA, and PFOS induced social deficits in zebrafish, recapitulating one of the hallmark behavioral deficits in autistic individuals. To uncover protein targets of the six EPA-regulated PFAS, we screened a virtual library containing predicted binding pockets of over 80% of the 3D human proteome through reverse molecular docking. We found that folate receptor beta (FR-β, encoded by the gene FOLR2) interacts strongly with PFNA, PFOA, and PFOS but to a lesser degree with PFHxS, PFBS, and GenX, correlating positively with their in vivo toxicity. Embryonic co-exposure to folic acid rescued social deficits induced by PFAS. The folic acid pathway has been implicated in autism, indicating a novel molecular mechanism for PFAS in autism etiology.

Bee cups 2.0: P-cups as single-use cages for honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) experiments.

Honey bees and other pollinators face threats from pesticides, imperfect nutrition, and a diverse set of parasites and pathogens. Honey bees are also a research model for development, social behavior, microbiology, and aging. Tackling these questions requires a mix of in-hive and controlled laboratory experiments. We have perfected small-scale, inexpensive, disposable, and rearing arenas for honey bees that have proved useful for hundreds of bioassays with thousands of bees. We describe those arenas here, show their advantages over current hoarding cages, and provide videos demonstrating their many uses.

Modelling wellbeing during public health interventions for respiratory epidemics

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), including lockdown measures, by governments around the world has been informed by mathematical modelling. Broadly, these models look to gauge how well NPIs control disease transmission. Here we present a model that not only forecasts the effectiveness of NPIs in restricting contacts but also assesses their influence on the mental wellbeing of affected populations. Our model is informed by data from the United Kingdom Time Use Survey, 2014-2015. This survey recorded the time participants spent in different social settings as well as self-reported enjoyment in these settings, allowing us to augment a quantitative model of social contact behaviour with associated wellbeing estimates. We use this model to assess the effectiveness of NPIs aimed at reducing social contacts in different settings and estimate their impact on population-level wellbeing. Our findings indicate that workplace closures represent the most effective intervention for slowing disease spread, while NPIs targeting other contact locations have comparatively limited impacts on transmission. Our model suggests that workplace closures not only effectively reduce infections but also have a relatively modest effect on population wellbeing levels.

Factors associated with early sexual onset and delaying sex in rural middle school youth.

Early sexual onset contributes to poor health outcomes through the life course. We use the social behavioral model to examine the behaviors and attitudes associated with early sexual onset and the intention to delay sex in middle school youth. Youth in rural communities with high rates of hepatitis C and HIV filled out a survey prior to implementation of an evidence-based sex education program. Participants were asked if they had ever had sex and whether they planned to abstain from sex until the end of high school. We collected demographics, attitudes about abstinence, agency for sexual refusal, parent communication, sexual health knowledge, and history of system involvement. Logistic regression was utilized to examine factors associated with each outcome. Our sample included 6,799 students, 12.7 years old ± 0.9 and 50.3% female. 5.1% had ever had sex and 73.9% planned to abstain until the end of high school. Early sexual onset was associated with older age, negative attitudes toward abstinence, lower agency for sexual refusal, more frequent parent communication about sex, history of child welfare, and history of juvenile involvement. Planning to abstain until the end of high school was associated with being younger, female, positive attitudes toward abstinence, higher agency for sexual refusal, less communication with parents about sex, more communication with parents about relationships, not having a history of foster involvement, and not having a history of juvenile involvement. Age, agency, and parent communication were all associated with both outcomes. Our findings highlight the importance of early comprehensive, trauma-informed sex education.

Costly calling: Marmots who alarm call at higher rates are less likely to survive the summer and live shorter lives

Abstract Emitting alarm calls may be costly, but few studies have asked whether calling increases a caller’s risk of predation and survival. Since observing animals calling and being killed is relatively rare, we capitalized on over 24,000 h of observations of marmot colonies and asked whether variation in the rate that yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer) alarm called was associated with the probability of summer mortality, a proxy for predation. Using a generalized mixed model that controlled for factors that influenced the likelihood of survival, we found that marmots who called at higher rates were substantially more likely to die over the summer. Since virtually all summer mortality is due to predation, these results suggest that calling is indeed costly for marmots. Additionally, the results from a Cox survival analysis showed that marmots that called more lived significantly shorter lives. Prior studies have shown that marmots reduce the risk by emitting calls only when close to their burrows, but this newly quantified survival cost suggests a constraint on eliminating risks. Quantifying the cost of alarm calling using a similar approach in other systems will help us better understand its true costs, which is an essential value for theoretical models of calling and social behavior.

Defective regulation of the eIF2-eIF2B translational axis underlies depressive-like behavior in mice and correlates with major depressive disorder in humans

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant cause of disability in adults worldwide. However, the underlying causes and mechanisms of MDD are not fully understood, and many patients are refractory to available therapeutic options. Impaired control of brain mRNA translation underlies several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative conditions, including autism spectrum disorders and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Nonetheless, a potential role for mechanisms associated with impaired translational control in depressive-like behavior remains elusive. A key pathway controlling translation initiation relies on the phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α-P) which, in turn, blocks the guanine exchange factor activity of eIF2B, thereby reducing global translation rates. Here we report that the expression of EIF2B5 (which codes for eIF2Bε, the catalytic subunit of eIF2B) is reduced in postmortem MDD prefrontal cortex from two distinct human cohorts and in the frontal cortex of social isolation-induced depressive-like behavior model mice. Further, pharmacological treatment with anisomycin or with salubrinal, an inhibitor of the eIF2α phosphatase GADD34, induces depressive-like behavior in adult C57BL/6J mice. Salubrinal-induced depressive-like behavior is blocked by ISRIB, a compound that directly activates eIF2B regardless of the phosphorylation status of eIF2α, suggesting that increased eIF2α-P promotes depressive-like states. Taken together, our results suggest that impaired eIF2-associated translational control may participate in the pathophysiology of MDD, and underscore eIF2-eIF2B translational axis as a potential target for the development of novel approaches for MDD and related mood disorders.

Dynamical analysis of a switched social behavior model

Dynamical analysis of a switched social behavior model

Conceptualization of Depression among Medical Students and Its Differences during Medical Education.

The definition of mental disorders has been traditionally a matter of discussion, and it has relevant implications in research and healthcare. Our aim was to explore the conceptualization medical students have of depression and to determine differences across academic years. The Maudsley Attitudes Questionnaire was adapted through a double translation, double back-translation and a preliminary validation, obtaining a Spanish edition. All students of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Zaragoza and doctors who graduated from this University in 2020 were invited to answer the online questionnaire, and we received 222 answers (response rate: 15.2%). The results were compared by years and levels of education using an ANOVA. The social realist, behavioral, biological, cognitive and psychodynamic models were the most endorsed. The psychodynamic and nihilist models were less embraced by students in later educational years. These students also reported greater confidence in their understanding of depression and of its biological, cognitive and behavioral models. In conclusion, the conceptualization of depression among medical students is complex and multidimensional, and appears to be similar across different years of education. In later years, we found less support for the psychodynamic model, increased confidence in psychiatry and greater ease in handling the concepts of its leading models.

Dynamical Analysis of Mathematical Model of Social Behavior with Law Enforcement and Religious Approaches

Mathematical models could be used to describe various phenomena, one of which is social phenomena. One of the interesting social phenomena to study is criminal behavior. By dividing the total population into several compartments based on their social behavior status, a mathematical model could be constructed to depict social dynamics. These social dynamics could be understood through dynamical analysis and numerical simulation. In this study, numerical simulations were conducted using Maple 2022 software and the Runge-Kutta method. Based on the results of dynamical analysis and numerical simulations, it is known that by implementing law enforcement and religious approaches, criminal activities within a population could be reduced or even eliminated.

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE FORMATION OFCHILDREN'S SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES

The article analyses theoretical and methodological approaches to the problem of forming children's socio-cultural values based on the principle of multidisciplinarity, from the point of view of the phenomenology of sociology, philosophy, axiology, cultural studies, pedagogy, axiopedagogy and psychology. The author also analyses scientific approaches to the definition of the term «socio-cultural values» and clarifies the essence of the phenomenon. The essence of the concept of socio-cultural values as the basic life meanings on which a person is based in everyday life, in relation to the surrounding reality and which enshrine specific features of a particular culture and model of social behaviour is substantiated. The methodological basis for the process of forming socio-cultural values in children is a combination of personal and activity, axiological, and participatory approaches. The structure of children's socio-cultural values is defined, their typology, criteria, indicators and levels of development are outlined. According to this, the structure of this phenomenon consists of: socio-cultural macro-values; socio-cultural meso-values; socio-cultural micro-values. The components of socio-cultural values are analysed in terms of the importance of the types of values: linguistic and value component, cognitive component, and pragmatic component.

Introduction of the Subject ‘Principles of Russian State System’ in the Russian Plekhanov University of Economics: First Results and Prospects of Enhancement

The article analyzed the initial experience of elaboration and introduction of a new subject of higher education, i. e. ‘Principles of Russian State System’ The authors assessed the role of the subject in developing new public relations based on traditional values of Russia, which requires mobilization of intellectual, organizational and other resources, including those in the system of education. The content of the subject based on civilization approach was presented and methodological approaches used for preparing and conducting classes were demonstrated. The authors analyzed specific features of carrying out such lessons in the Russian Plekhanov University of Economics, which allow us to focus attention on traditional values and principles of Russia being a state-civilization. It was shown that peoples of Russia for more than thousand years could create and maintain independently the state system, formulate models of social behavior and principles of world order meeting contemporary challenges.

Information dissemination behavior of self-media in emergency: Considering the impact of information synergistic-hedging effect on public utility

In the context of emergency, besides handling the incident itself, controlling public opinion is also crucial. Self-media, as a crucial channel for the public to access information, controlling its dissemination behavior is key to public opinion management. Given the complexity of self-media information dissemination, we propose an evolutionary model for social media information dissemination behavior based on complex network theory and evolutionary game theory. Firstly, aiming at the synergistic and hedging effects of information dissemination, we use the utility function to depict the public's information demand. Next, based on the public's information needs, evolutionary game theory is introduced to analyze the information dissemination behavior between two self-media entities. Lastly, we map the dissemination behavior of self-media onto network space, analyzing the information propagation behavior of self-media within a complex network. The study shows that the probability of self-media disseminating positive information increases with the rise of the positive information synergistic effect and decreases with the increase of the negative information synergistic effect. When positive and negative information coexists, the dissemination behavior of self-media depends on the influence size of positive and negative information. With the improvement of government credibility, the probability of self-media disseminating positive information decreases slightly at first, and then increases rapidly. When the government's penalties increase, the probability of self-media disseminating positive information quickly rises. The changes in noise intensity have an uncertain impact on the positive information dissemination behavior of self-media. Compared with other factors, self-media is more sensitive to government credibility and punishment.

Social competence in autism: A structural equation modeling approach.

Autistic individuals present with difficulties in social competence (e.g., navigating social interactions and fostering relationships). Clinical interventions widely target social cognition and social behavior, but there is inconsistent understanding of the underlying components of social competence. The present study used structural equation modeling to examine social cognition and social behavior and explore the relationship between these latent constructs. Autistic youth (ages 10-17; n = 219) and their caregivers participated in this study. Constructs of social cognition and social behavior were captured using caregiver-report and self-report rating scales, as well as observational measures and direct clinical assessments (e.g., NEPSY-II). Measurement models of social cognition and social behavior demonstrated adequate to good fit. Correlational models demonstrated adequate to poor fit, indicating latent constructs of social cognition and social behavior are not closely related in autistic youth. Exploratory examination of a subsample of male youth (n = 157) evidenced improved model fit of social behavior, specifically. Findings tease apart social cognition and social behavior as cohesive and separable constructs; results do not support a structural relationship between social cognition and social behavior. Noted treatment implications include consideration of how targeting social cognition and social behavior together or separately may support autistic youth's progress toward reaching their identified therapeutic goals and supporting their self-directed social development.

Neurexin1α knockout in rats causes aberrant social behaviour: relevance for autism and schizophrenia.

Genetic and environmental factors cause neuropsychiatric disorders through complex interactions that are far from understood. Loss-of-function mutations in synaptic proteins like neurexin1α have been linked to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ), both characterised by problems in social behaviour. Childhood social play behaviour is thought to facilitate social development, and lack of social play may precipitate or exacerbate ASD and SCZ. To test the hypothesis that an environmental insult acts on top of genetic vulnerability to precipitate psychiatric-like phenotypes. To that aim, social behaviour in neurexin1α knockout rats was assessed, with or without deprivation of juvenile social play. We also tested drugs prescribed in ASD or SCZ to assess the relevance of this dual-hit model for these disorders. Neurexin1α knockout rats showed an aberrant social phenotype, with high amounts of social play, increased motivation to play, age-inappropriate sexual mounting, and an increase in general activity. Play deprivation subtly altered later social behaviour, but did not affect the phenotype of neurexin1α knockout rats. Risperidone and methylphenidate decreased play behaviour in both wild-type and knockout rats. Amphetamine-induced hyperactivity was exaggerated in neurexin1α knockout rats. Deletion of the neurexin1α gene in rats causes exaggerated social play, which is not modified by social play deprivation. This phenotype therefore resembles disinhibited behaviour rather than the social withdrawal seen in ASD and SCZ. The neurexin1α knockout rat could be a model for inappropriate or disinhibited social behaviour seen in childhood mental disorders.

A neuroanatomical and cognitive model of impaired social behaviour in frontotemporal dementia.

Impaired social cognition is a core deficit in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). It is most commonly associated with the behavioural-variant of FTD, with atrophy of the orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Social cognitive changes are also common in semantic dementia, with atrophy centred on the anterior temporal lobes. The impairment of social behaviour in FTD has typically been attributed to damage to the orbitofrontal cortex and/or temporal poles and/or the uncinate fasciculus that connects them. However, the relative contributions of each region are unresolved. In this review, we present a unified neurocognitive model of controlled social behaviour that not only explains the observed impairment of social behaviours in FTD, but also assimilates both consistent and potentially contradictory findings from other patient groups, comparative neurology and normative cognitive neuroscience. We propose that impaired social behaviour results from damage to two cognitively- and anatomically-distinct components. The first component is social-semantic knowledge, a part of the general semantic-conceptual system supported by the anterior temporal lobes bilaterally. The second component is social control, supported by the orbitofrontal cortex, medial frontal cortex and ventrolateral frontal cortex, which interacts with social-semantic knowledge to guide and shape social behaviour.

Online Spreading of Topic Tags and Social Behavior

This article explores information spreading in modern online social networks. According to the law of information spread in real social networks, information retweeting is divided into two types: topic retweeting and relationship retweeting. Social behavior is considered as a higher order interaction, and the nodal influence effect in the traditional approach is abstracted as part of it for analysis. The process of topic communities being subjected to social behavior is simulated by the social behavior model, and the dynamic retweeting rate is established. A network evolution model is constructed based on the centrality and noncontinuity characteristics of topic communities in the spread process. The social reinforcement effect in information spreading is described in two dimensions by defining topic expansion rate and topic diffusion rate. This work conducts multiple views of analysis and visualization, which provide more results of quantitative aspect. The validity of the model is verified by comparing the model simulation results with real cases and the generalization ability experiments.