Self-regulation Model Research Articles

Investigating Smartphone Empowerment for Self-Regulated Learning in English Language Acquisition: A Descriptive Study

This study investigates the perceptions of undergraduate English Language Education students on the utilization of smartphones for self-regulated learning and the acquisition of the English language. The study investigates the ways in which smartphones facilitate the learning of English language through self-directed techniques, using Zimmerman's model of self-regulation and the MALL framework as theoretical basis. An exploratory investigation including 110 students was conducted to analyze their experiences, perspectives, and practices in utilizing language learning applications. The findings indicate a range of levels of knowledge and usage, with students generally acknowledging that smartphones are valuable tools for improving language acquisition through self-regulation. Analysis based on Zimmerman's model yields high average scores (3.42-3.51) for forethought, performance, and reflection & evaluation, indicating students engage in self-regulated learning practices. According to the MALL framework analysis, task design and design characteristics, all received high ratings (ranging from 3.42 to 3.68). This indicates that the app features effectively promote self-regulated learning activities. This study emphasizes the crucial role that smartphones play in promoting self-regulated learning practices and enhancing the acquisition of the English language among university students

The effects of common-sense model interventions on cancer patients: A systematic review.

From the time of new diagnosis to treatment, cancer patients experience a variety of health problems that can affect the patient's health outcomes. Individuals with cancer are being given increasing responsibility for the self-management of their health and illness. The self-regulating common-sense model (CSM) is effective in patients' disease management. This article briefly introduces the common-sense model intervention, in which patients with cancer are affected by these interventions, what they are about, and what effects they have. The authors systematically review evidence for the common-sense model of self-regulation for cancer using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Based on a comprehensive literature search, we searched the Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Embase, PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, CNKI, and WanFang databases. The included studies underwent a quality assessment using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP). Eleven empirical studies illustrated the aspects of common-sense model interventions for cancer patients. It is concluded that common-sense model intervention has an effect on symptoms in cancer treatment, behavior, and quality of life, but more studies are needed to verify the use of common-sense model intervention to explore in patients with different cancers. The systematic review summarized a four-point paradigm about intervention content, including assessing the current situation, setting goals, having a disease education and psychological adjustment, and getting feedback for further response. However, the application of intervention requires specific analysis of patient behavior and outcomes. Common-sense model interventions are beneficial for the self-management of cancer patients; however, more intervention studies are needed to specify the cognitive, emotional, and coping styles of people with a particular cancer.

The Effect of Psychoeducation Based on Leventhal's Self-Regulation Model on Dysmenorrhoea in Nursing Students: A Single-Blind Randomised Controlled Study

The use of self-analgesics among women for dysmenorrhoea is common. Non-pharmacological methods can be employed to effectively cope with dysmenorrhoea. Psychoeducation based on Leventhal's Self-Regulation Model (SRM) is an affordable, easy, and non-pharmacological way that clinics can use to cope with dysmenorrhoea. This study aimed to investigate how psychoeducation affected dysmenorrhoea for nursing students using SRM. The sample consisted of 66 female students suffering from moderate-to-severe menstrual pain. A three-session psychoeducation based on SRM was applied to the intervention group. An 'Introductory Information Form', 'Visual Analogue Scale', 'Functional and Emotional Measure of Dysmenorrhoea (FEMD)', and 'Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ)' were used to collect the data. All the measurements were carried out over three consecutive menstrual cycles. A generalised linear model was used to analyse the data. After receiving psychoeducation, the pain and functional and emotional symptoms of dysmenorrhoea mean scores significantly decreased in the intervention group compared to the control group (p < .05), whereas there was no significant difference between the groups' MSQ mean scores (p > .05). The psychoeducation reduced the severity of dysmenorrhoea pain and the functional and emotional impact levels of dysmenorrhoea and it was proved to be effective at helping the subjects cope with pain in the long term.

A three-wave longitudinal study on the underlying metacognitive mechanism between depression and Internet gaming disorder.

Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and depression have negative consequences on individuals' mental health, but their relationships are complex. This three-wave longitudinal study aimed to detect the metacognitive mechanisms underlying the association between IGD tendency and depression based on the self-regulatory executive function model. A total of 1,243 Chinese undergraduate student gamers (57% female, M = 19.77, SD = 1.29) were recruited at the baseline survey (Wave 1 [W1]), with 622 and 574 of them taking part in the two follow-up surveys (Wave 2 [W2] at 6 and Wave 3 [W3] at 12 months later), respectively. The three-wave path model demonstrated, after controlling for the autoregressive effect of each variable, that depression consistently predicted IGD tendency but not vice versa, while negative but not positive metacognitions about online gaming (MOG) significantly predictedboth depression and IGD tendency. Moreover, two statistically significant mediation paths: (i)negative MOG [W1] → depression [W2] → IGD tendency [W3]; and (ii) depression [W1] → negative MOG [W2] → IGD tendency [W3] were identified. These findings extend the understanding of the associations among depression, IGD tendency, and MOG, highlighting how negative MOG has a stronger prospective effect than positive MOG on depression and IGD tendency, and also reveal the mutual mediation effects of depression and negative MOG on IGD tendency. Integrated programmes with both emotional regulation training and Metacognitive Therapy are recommended for IGD treatment.

Understanding How Patients With Lumbar Radiculopathy Make Sense of and Cope With Their Symptoms.

Lumbar radiculopathy, characterized by pain radiating along a nerve root, significantly diminishes the quality of life due to its neuropathic nature. Patients' understanding of their illness and the coping strategies they employ directly influence how they manage their condition. Understanding these illness representations from the patient's perspective is crucial for healthcare providers seeking to optimize treatment outcomes. This study adopted a qualitative interpretive/constructive paradigm to explore this dynamic. A qualitative evidence synthesis approach, utilizing best-fit framework synthesis for data extraction, was applied to analyze primary qualitative studies focused on patient experiences with lumbar radiculopathy. Using SPiDER(Sample, Phenomenon of interest, Design, Evaluation, Research type) to guide the search strategy, extracted data was mapped against the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation (CSM) framework. Sixteen studies, with moderate to minor methodological quality concerns, were included in the analysis. Data mapping across CSM domains generated 14 key review findings. Results suggest that patients with high-threat illness representations often exhibit maladaptive coping behaviors (e.g., activity avoidance) driven by emotional responses. In contrast, problem-solving techniques appear to contribute to positive outcomes (e.g., exercise adherenceand effective self-management) in patients who perceive their condition as less threatening. These findings highlight the potential benefits of interventions designed to reduce perceived threat levels and enhance self-efficacy in patients with lumbar radiculopathy, leading to improved self-management and ultimately better health outcomes.

Shyness and academic procrastination among Chinese adolescents: a moderated mediation model of self-regulation and self-focused attention.

Academic procrastination is a common concern among adolescents, but the correlation between shyness and academic procrastination and the internal mechanisms have not yet been thoroughly investigated. Based on a questionnaire survey with 1,279 Chinese middle school students, this study examined the effect of shyness on academic procrastination and its underlying mechanism of self-regulation and self-focused attention. Results revealed that: (1) shyness significantly predicted academic procrastination. (2) Self-regulation mediated the relationship between shyness and academic procrastination. (3) Self-focused attention played a moderating role in the first half of this mediation process. Specifically, higher level of self-focused attention strengthened the predictive effect of shyness on self-regulation. These results underscored the latent risks and protective factors associated with shyness, self-regulation, and self-focused attention in adolescent academic procrastination. In future research and interventions, attention may be directed towards improving individual internal factors to assist adolescents in effectively addressing issues related to academic procrastination.

The anti-politics of impact investment: Financial self-regulation, market competition and over-indebtedness in Cambodia

Social impact investors claim to promote sustainable development by mobilizing private finance capital to solve pressing global challenges like poverty alleviation. In this paper, I interrogate this claim through an examination of microfinance in Cambodia, a major destination for impact investment. In the past decade, Cambodia has received nearly 10% of global investments from microfinance-specific funds. It now has the largest microfinance-debt per capita ratio of any country in the world. Based on qualitative research between 2021 and 2023, I argue that impact investment functions as an anti-politics of development that reinforces finance as a political technology of neoliberal governance. Over the past two decades, impact investors have poured capital into the country’s microfinance industry to expand access to credit without acknowledging structural political-economic conditions that have produced rising over-indebtedness among microfinance borrowers. Instead, they have argued that the problems created by the microfinance industry are best resolved through a self-regulation model that uses a voluntary code of conduct based on global standards of responsible finance. Thus, impact investors have been integral in broader transformations that have extended financial logics, technologies and accumulation imperatives into people’s daily lives. This paper contributes to economic geography and critical development studies by explaining how impact investment deepens neoliberal financialization.

Predicting Concerns During Pregnancy Based on Marital Quality and Cognitive SelfRegulation with the Mediating Role of Mental Security

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Introduction: During pregnancy, the marital quality and mental security of women are threatened. A woman's physical, mental and psychological health during this period has significant effects on the health of the fetus, success in natural childbirth and breastfeeding, and improving health. Maintaining psychological security, cognitive self-regulation of emotions, and the quality of marital relations during pregnancy can reduce the worries of this period to some extent. The current research aims to predicting design a structural model of marital quality and cognitive self-regulation with the mediating role of psychological security to predict concerns during pregnancy.&#x0D; Methods: The present study was a descriptive-correlation type using the structural equation modeling method. The study population included all the pregnant women of 25 to 40who referred to health centers and clinics in Yazd in 2023. 275 women were randomly selected by cluster sampling method. Data was collected using Aldersey and Lin's (2011) pregnancy anxiety questionnaires, Busby et al.'s marital quality (1995), Maslow's psychological security (2004), and Garnevsky et al.'s (2002) cognitive self-regulation of emotion. Data analysis was done through Pearson correlation methods and structural equation modeling using SPSS-19 and AMOS-20 software.&#x0D; Results: The results of multivariate regression test showed that the variables of cognitive self-regulation of emotion (positive emotion (R=0/49), negative emotion (R=0/056), and marital quality (R=0/089) with the mediation of psychological security on concerns during pregnancy, had a direct and significant effect (P&lt;0/05). Psychological security also had a direct, negative, and significant effect on worries during pregnancy (P&lt;0/05).&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of the present study shows that the structural model of concerns during pregnancy based on cognitive self-regulation of emotion and marital quality with the mediation of psychological security had favorable fit indices, and therefore, the knowledge of these variables can help to reduce worries during pregnancy&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Problematic internet usage: can commitment and progress frameworks help regulate daily personal internet use?

ABSTRACT Objective Problem Internet Usage (PIU) is associated with numerous psychological concerns. The dynamics of self-regulation (DSR) model may provide a useful framework for psychological interventions with PIU, given previous research showing that the framework can be successfully applied to PIU behaviours. Method The authors conducted a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the efficacy of an internet-based intervention to reduce daily personal internet hours, and PIU severity, for university students who reported PIU issues. Assessments were undertaken at baseline, on each day of the 21-day intervention, and 6-week follow-up. Seventy-four participants completed the intervention and 38 completed follow-up assessments. Results The experimental group reduced daily personal internet usage to a greater degree than the active control group at the end of the intervention. Findings also demonstrated a greater reduction in Internet Addiction Test (IAT) scores for the experimental group compared to the active control, with a third of participants in the experimental condition demonstrating clinically significant change in IAT scores. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the DSR framework may provide a promising approach to reducing PIU.

Developing a narrative communication intervention in the context of HPV vaccination

ObjectiveWe outline the development of a narrative intervention guided by the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation (CSM) to promote Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in a diverse college population. MethodsWe adapted the Obesity-Related Behavioral Intervention Trials (ORBIT) model to guide the development, evaluation, and refinement of a CSM-guided narrative video. First, content experts developed a video script containing information on HPV, HPV vaccines, and HPV-related cancers. The script and video contents were evaluated and refined, in succession, utilizing the think-aloud method, open-ended questions, and a brief survey during one-on-one interviews with university students. ResultsScript and video content analyses led to significant revisions that enhanced quality, informativeness, and relevance to the participants. We highlight the critical issues that were revealed and revised in the iterative process ConclusionsWe developed and refined a CSM guided narrative video for diverse university students. This framework serves as a guide for developing health communication interventions for other populations and health behaviors. InnovationThis project is the first to apply the ORBIT framework to HPV vaccination and describe a process to develop, evaluate, and refine comparable CSM guided narrative interventions that are tailored to specific audiences.

Goal pursuit increases more after dietary success than after dietary failure: examining conflicting theories of self-regulation using ecological momentary assessment

BackgroundMaintaining a healthy body weight and reaching long-term dietary goals requires ongoing self-monitoring and behavioral adjustments. How individuals respond to successes and failures is described in models of self-regulation: while cybernetic models propose that failures lead to increased self-regulatory efforts and successes permit a reduction of such efforts, motivational models (e.g., social-cognitive theory) make opposite predictions. Here, we tested these conflicting models in an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) context and explored whether effort adjustments are related to inter-individual differences in perceived self-regulatory success in dieting (i.e., weight management).MethodsUsing linear mixed effects models, we tested in 174 diet-interested individuals whether current day dietary success or failure (e.g., on Monday) was followed by self-regulatory effort adjustment for the next day (e.g., on Tuesday) across 14 days. Success vs. failure was operationalized with two EMA items: first, whether food intake was higher vs. lower than usual and second, whether food intake was perceived as more vs. less goal-congruent than usual. Trait-level perceived self-regulatory success in dieting was measured on a questionnaire.ResultsIntended self-regulatory effort increased more strongly after days with dietary success (i.e., eating less than usual / rating intake as goal-congruent) than after days with dietary failure (i.e., eating more than usual / rating intake as goal-incongruent), especially in those individuals with lower scores on perceived self-regulatory success in dieting.ConclusionsFindings support mechanisms proposed by social-cognitive theory, especially in unsuccessful dieters. Thus, future dietary interventions could focus on preventing the decrease in self-regulatory effort after instances of dietary failures and thereby mitigate the potential risk that a single dietary failure initiates a downward spiral into unhealthy eating.

Adoption of New Oral Health Interventions in Primary Care: Qualitative Findings

Introduction: This is the first study to use the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation (CSM) theory for oral health (OH) interventions in pediatric practices. The objective of this qualitative study was to assess adoption and implementation of theory-based multi-level OH interventions, by clinicians (pediatricians and nurse practitioners) participating in a cluster-randomized clinical trial (cRCT), to create an OH toolkit for widespread dissemination into pediatric practices. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted at the conclusion of the cRCT with 21 clinicians from 9 practices participating in the intervention arm. Clinicians in this arm received CSM theory-based education and resources to deliver OH interventions to parents/caregivers and document in EMR. Semi-structured interview questions were based on the Diffusion of Innovations Theory, assessing adoption and implementation. The interviews were coded using NVivo (QRS International) software. Main themes were identified using a thematic analysis approach. Results: Five themes identified from the interviews included: strengths of theory-based OH training for clinicians, OH resources to improve quality of care, considerations for efficient future implementation, financial considerations, and parent benefits and challenges. Clinicians found that the theory-based training and resources increased knowledge and confidence when addressing OH with parents and required only ≤ 2 minutes in their workflow with no financial consequences. Clinicians reported an increase in OH awareness among parents but suggested an overall need for more pediatric dentists. Conclusions: The CSM theory-based education and resources were well received by clinicians and perceived to be beneficial without adverse impact on workflow or practice finances. An online toolkit is planned, as these OH interventions can be successfully implemented and delivered in medical settings.

An instrument to assess biopsychosocial pain concepts in adults : Development and evaluation by experts

The biopsychosocial model is fundamental for the understanding and treatment of chronic pain; however, little research has focused on whether those affected show a biopsychosocial understanding. The multidimensional questionnaire Biopsychosocial Pain Concept Matrix (BiPS matrix) is presented. The conception of the BiPS matrix is based on the biological, psychological and social areas as well as on the common sense model of self-regulation with five dimensions: (1) type of disorder, (2) assumptions on the causes, (3) consequences, (4) duration of the disease and (5) possibilities for control and treatment. The present study aims to examine the content relevance and comprehension of the areas, dimensions and items, including the use of the BiPS matrix with children by interdisciplinary expert ratings. The questionnaire can be perspectively used by treating professionals for diagnostic purposes. In an online study 17experts were questioned. In addition to descriptive statistics, comments were evaluated using qualitative content analysis according to Mayring. All experts rated the assessment of pain concepts with the BiPS matrix as well as the areas and dimensions as very relevant. With respect to the items, suggestions were made mainly regarding the wording of the items and adjustments for children. From an expert point of view the BiPS matrix represents arelevant instrument. Further research on the psychometric properties of the BiPS matrix in adults and children is indicated. In addition, the BiPS matrix can also be used to investigate pain concepts of medical and psychotherapeutic professional groups to demonstrate the biopsychosocial understanding of pain and the associated treatment options.

Psychosocial factors associated with intention to pursue tertiary education among Malawian students: the moderating effect of mental health

BackgroundIn Sub Saharan Africa (SSA), approximately 9 million students are enrolled in tertiary education (TE), which is 4% of the total TE enrolment globally. Barriers to higher education in SSA are numerous: poverty, food insecurity, gender, and disability, while the COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the situation. Little is known about the psychosocial factors and underlying mechanisms associated with students’ intention to apply for TE. Using a psychological theory of behaviour change, our study investigated the psychosocial and context factors associated with the application to TE.MethodsIn a cross-sectional research study 821 interviews using researcher-administered questionnaires were conducted with secondary school students in rural and urban Blantyre, Malawi. A quantitative questionnaire based on the risks, attitudes, norms, abilities, and self-regulation (RANAS) model was used to assess psychosocial factors underlying application for TE. The Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) and household hunger scale were used to assess mental health and hunger respectively.ResultsMore than half of the youth were at risk to develop depression (66.5%). Girls reported experiencing more depression symptoms than boys. Around 1 in every 5 interviewed youth lived in a home experiencing moderate or severe hunger. A higher intention to apply for TE was related to perceived vulnerability, affective beliefs (joy, happiness, excitement), injunctive (approval of others) and personal norms, self-efficacy, and commitment to apply. Factual knowledge about TE application was very limited. An intention to apply for TE and self-efficacy was positively associated with regular physical exercise, but negatively associated with mental health and hunger. However, mental health moderated the effects of physical exercise on the intention to apply for TE. We found significant differences between poor and good mental health groups on intention to apply for TE in perceived vulnerability, descriptive (behaviour of others) and personal norms, self-efficacy, maintenance self-efficacy and commitment factors. The results informed a behaviour change intervention strategy to increase students’ intention to apply for TE.ConclusionsOur research findings are an important contribution to the long-term strategy of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and contribute to the inclusion of vulnerable students with impaired mental health in higher education in Malawi and beyond.

Autorregúlate, a Methodology to support self-regulated learning in MOOC courses

Global education is facing major challenges, including the lack of strategies and methods to ensure that students are truly engaged in the learning process, self-regulating their learning, and promoting successful completion of the educational process. In this research, we introduce Autorregúlate, a methodology to support self-regulated learning in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), which from the design of the MOOC contributes to maintaining motivation and self-regulation throughout the course. Autorregúlate provides concrete and easy-to-implement guidelines for diverse teams in the creation of MOOCs, based on Zimmerman's self-regulation model. The methodology was validated in real MOOC courses using two evaluation instruments, the Questionnaire OSLQ and the Keller's Motivation Survey. Results show high levels of motivations (M=3,83; SD=0,7). On the other hand, results revel self-regulation strategies adoption by the participants, in particular, Goal setting (M=4,0; SD=0,7), Environmental structuring (M=4,1; SD=0,7), Task strategies (M=3,7; SD=0,7), Time management (M=3,84; SD=0,8), Seeking help (M=4,1; SD=0,8) and Self-evaluation (M=4,0; SD=0,7). Therefore, Autorregúlate support students on self-regulating their learning while achieving a sustained motivation.

Association between illness perception and adherence to inhaler therapy in elderly Chinese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Background: Despite the fact that inhaled medications serve as the foundation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatment, patient adherence to inhaler therapy remains low, significantly impacting health outcomes in disease management. The Common Sense Model of Self-Regulation suggests that illness perception plays a crucial role in individual behavior. Nevertheless, the relationship between illness perception and inhaler adherence, as well as the underlying mechanisms, remains unclear in the elderly Chinese COPD population. Objective: This study aimed to explore the correlation between dimensions of illness perception and adherence to inhaler therapy in elderly Chinese patients with COPD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by recruiting 305 participants (mean age: 70.96 years; 69.8% male) using convenience sampling from a tertiary hospital in Anhui, China. The Chinese versions of the Test of Adherence to Inhalers (TAI) and Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ) were used to evaluate adherence to inhalation and perception of their illness in patients with COPD. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to explore the relationship between inhaler adherence and illness perception in patients with COPD. Results: 84.3% of participants showed poor adherence, and the mean (standard deviation) B-IPQ total score was 44.87 (6.36). The results indicated an essential correlation between illness perception and inhaler adherence. Specifically, personal control (AOR = 2.149, p < 0.001), treatment control (AOR = 1.743, p < 0.001), comprehension (AOR = 5.739, p < 0.001) and emotions (AOR = 1.946, p < 0.001) within illness perception emerged as significant positive predictors for inhaler adherence among patients with COPD. Conclusion: This study suggests that clinical practitioners should monitor the illness perception of patients with COPD and develop targeted intervention measures to improve patient adherence to inhaler therapy.

Parental self-control facilitates adolescent psychological adjustment sequentially through parents' perceived stress/mindful parenting and adolescent self-control.

Adolescence is a unique developmental period marked with significant changes and challenges. As such, maintaining optimal psychological adjustment is crucial for young people, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic when their adjustment became more challenging. Self-control is a vital ability assisting individuals to navigate difficulties and stay well-adjusted during turbulent times. While the associations between adolescent self-control and adjustment have been well-documented, parental self-control has been considered to play a more fundamental role in adolescent adjustment. However, this consideration has received scant research. Drawing on the intergenerational transmission model of self-regulation, we examined an understudied yet plausible idea that parental self-control facilitates adolescent adjustment through parents' lower levels of perceived stress/better mindful parenting and adolescents' improved self-control. A two-wave survey study, spanning 1 year apart, was conducted among 426 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 11.6 years, 53.5% boys) and their parents. Parents rated their self-control, perceived stress, and mindful parenting at T1, while adolescents rated their self-control and adjustment (i.e., psychological difficulties and life satisfaction) at T1 and T2. The results of chain mediation model showed that after controlling for demographic covariates and baseline levels of adolescent self-control and adjustment, T1 paternal self-control facilitated T2 adolescent adjustment through fathers' lower levels of perceived stress and adolescents' improved self-control. By contrast, T1 maternal self-control facilitated T2 adolescent adjustment through mothers' better mindful parenting and adolescents' improved self-control. These findings advance our understanding of how self-control is transmitted from parents to offspring and clarify the processes of how parental self-control facilitates adolescent adjustment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Towards a self-regulation model of career competencies: A systematic review and future research agenda

Owing to the growing emphasis on self-managed career patterns, career competencies as essential personal career resources play a vital role in several work and career outcomes. Despite extensive research on career competencies in the last three decades, it lacks a consistent theorization and often relies on diverse theoretical perspectives. To synthesize our scholarly knowledge of career competencies, we conducted a systematic literature review of 80 peer-reviewed articles from 1985 to November 2022. In doing so, we understand how the construct of career competencies has been conceptualized and measured, review prominent theoretical perspectives adopted, and build a theoretical model based on a self-regulation perspective. This review helped us identify significant research limitations and locate promising research gaps. Building on these insights, we craft a future research agenda highlighting opportunities for conceptual, theoretical, and empirical advancement of career competencies research.

Time consciousness: Silence, mindfulness, and subjective time perception.

Although recent theories of consciousness have emerged to define what consciousness is, an under-represented aspect within this field remains: time consciousness. However, the subjective passage of time is modulated by changing experiences within different situational contexts and by self-awareness. The experience of silence influences our awareness of self, space, and time, and it impacts on psychological well-being. The present review describes how self and time are influenced by different situations of silence (pure silence indoors and outdoors, the "just thinking" situation, and the combination of silence with deep relaxation). Also, the changes in time experience during a "forced" waiting situation due to the COVID-19 lockdown are presented in order to highlight the role of boredom in waiting situations and in situations in which we are alone with "our thoughts." Finally, in the context of the importance of creating silence through meditation practices, the alterations to one's sense of self and time during mindfulness meditation are reviewed. These studies are discussed within the framework of the cognitive models of prospective time perception, such as the attentional-gate model and the model of self-regulation and self-awareness.

Parental Psychological Control and Internet Gaming Disorder Tendency: A Moderated Mediation Model of Core Self-Evaluation and Intentional Self-Regulation

Parental Psychological Control and Internet Gaming Disorder Tendency: A Moderated Mediation Model of Core Self-Evaluation and Intentional Self-Regulation