Secular Model Research Articles

Caciques and repression facing the secular model of the schools founded from America by the Galician emigration (1923-1936)

RESUMEN Entre el último tercio del siglo XIX y las primeras décadas del XX, en un contexto de intensa emigración europea, cientos de miles de gallegos y gallegas se trasladaron masivamente a diversas regiones de América. Pese a las duras condiciones de partida, la nueva situación ofreció elementos positivos como fue, entre otros, la concienciación política, su influencia en el asociacionismo mutualista y la solidaridad étnica en el lugar de origen mediante proyectos de escolarización destinados a las clases populares; en algunos casos, inspirados en las modernas corrientes pedagógicas reformistas que propugnaban una escuela laica y democrática. Esto generó situaciones de conflicto con los poderes conservadores locales, derivando en campañas de persecución durante la dictadura de Primo de Rivera (1923-1930) y de represión más intensa a partir de la rebelión militar y durante el período de la guerra española (1936-1939). Este trabajo se centra en la labor de las sociedades de instrucción afiliadas a la Federación de Sociedades Gallegas, Agrarias y Culturales de Buenos Aires (Argentina). La consulta de diversa documentación de archivo, bibliográfica y de prensa periódica de la época nos permite reconstruir ese escenario de persecución y represión en su área de influencia, como ejemplo del perpetrado de modo general en otros lugares del resto del país, y del que fueron víctimas tanto los promotores de los proyectos escolares como sus profesores, el alumnado y sus respectivas familias.

India’s Relations with Muslim Countries during the Implementation of CAA/NRC

In 2005, Imtiaz Ahmad wrote an article on the relations between India and the Muslim World. Ahmad argued that the ties between India and the Muslim World would be determined mainly by two factors: (1) the diverse and multiple identities of Indian Muslims and (2) the “relative moderation” driven by the Indian model of secularism. In the wake of the current Indian government led by the Hindu nationalist BJP, it is essential to review Ahmad’s argument. Although BJP is known as a party that strives to strengthen the Hindu nationalists’ agenda in Indian polity, it is vital to note that BJP maintains good relations with most Muslim countries. As BJP furthers its plan to scrap the special status of Kashmir and amend the Citizenship Act, there are worries that India’s stature in the Muslim World will worsen. This article would like to investigate whether the Hindu nationalist outlook in contemporary Indian politics and the standing of the current government towards Indian Muslims will eventually affect India’s relations with the Muslim World, especially in the case of India-Indonesia and India-Malaysia Relations.

Исламское государство Индонезия (1949–1962 гг.) как параллельная и альтернативная форма развития индонезийской государственности

The purpose of the article is to analyze the history of the Islamic State of Indonesia. It is as-sumed that ideological contradictions stimulated the proclamation of the Islamic State in 1949. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of the attempts of radical political Islam to institutionalize the state alternative to the secular model of modernization. The author analises 1) the features and main directions of the political history of the Islamic State, 2) the features of its social structure and politics, 3) the historical significance and the role of the Islamic State in the context of the devel-opment of Indonesian society in the conditions of institutional instability of the late 1940s – early 1960s. The author presumes that historically the Islamic State project stems from the previous histo-ry of Indonesian nationalism and the Ummah. The results of the study suggest that radical Islam had a consolidating value for the Islamic State as an alternative to the growth of political authoritar-ianism. It is assumed that Islam, as the basis of the state model of the Islamic State, developed as a systemic and institutional alternative to the secular model, subjected to erosion and transformation in authoritarianism. The author analyzes the attempts of radicalized Muslims to synthesize the val-ues of the Ummah and actualize the democratic values of both Indonesian nationalism and Islam in the conditions of the crisis of the democratic model of development.

The dominant and defeated theory for sociology of acculturation in clothing, food, color by Ibn Khaldun, judge of Mamlukids, dialogue or clash

By studying extensive and rapid changes in acculturation between Jew, Islamic,Christian societies of western and eastern of Mediterranean,Ibn Khaldun succeeded to presenting a secular model for justify behavior of states, individuals and societies in tight conflict of power circulation in open Mediterranean societies, which has existed for several centuries since his time. It is important for human sciences and it is based on the natural necessity of society. Ibn Khaldoun's theory has its roots in Qur'an that dominant people are not satisfied with defeated people unless they see them in color of their culture and nations.The theory of dominant and defeated has deep and wider roots in Islamic world, and before Ibn Khaldun and his descendants, it reaches use of word "dominance" in Farabi's social theory, but Ibn Khaldun was in course of a concrete event that was taking place in two section of Islamic worlds and this situation challenged Mamlukids of Egypt and Bani Ahmar kingdom of Andalusia. Based on these daily observations, he presented theory of dominant and defeated which shaped and related upon power and natural necessary spread of culture, which is called social necessity in modern science of sociology.Just as dying Islamic states had succumbed to autograph of their fall, the people of societies were also subject to dominant power in their outward behavior of covering, food, smells and appearances. Contemporary studies of Ibn Khaldun and after him about alienation of women and following the dominant culture in food and clothing, entertainment, doing all the things similar to actions of dominant people that showed in medieval texts, which include specialized terms in field of theory of dominant and subjugated. It is like "the word “Tahrosh" and its direct effect on instability of West of Islamic societies, which was created in same period and some time before Ibn Khaldun. The continuous stability and instability of Cairo from the Fatimids to the Mamlukids period is a direct process of invasion in open Mediterranean societies and continuation of Mongols battles and Crusaders of in Levant (Shamat) that is developing in east from eastern Mediterranean to Indian Ocean.It seems that theories that believe in necessity of civilization and culture and end of history are victorious and there is no place for any kind of cultural fusion. In modern sociology, this phenomenon is referred to as " َ Acculturation”. Is there some kind of convergence between contemporary theories about relationship between civilizations &cultures and Ibn Khaldun's theory that was presented earlier?

«Бог в тундре», «Бог в чуме» и «Бог в душе»: как советская секуляризация влияла на религиозность ненцев (НАО)

The modern processes of national revival of the minor indigenous people of Russia include not only a return to the origins of national culture, they also have a religious component. Attempts are being made everywhere to reproduce ancient religious traditions and cult practices. However, the transformation of the religious state that took place during the XX century has not been studied enough, in particular, we have little reliable data on how the active introduction of Soviet ideology influenced this. This article examines the secularization processes that took place during the Soviet period on the territory of the Nenets Autonomous District, reveals the peculiarities of their influence on the life of the minor indigenous people of Russia – the Nenets. The Nenets are heterogeneous due to their wide area of settlement; therefore, various factors influenced the formation of their religious worldview. The Nenets of the NAO differ from the Nenets living in the Yamalo-Nenets and Taimyr Autonomous Districts not only in their linguistic dialect, but also in their cultural traditions. When considering the Nenets of the NAO, it was revealed that the Soviet secularization influenced them to a greater extent than the Nenets of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District and the Taimyr Autonomous District. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to find out how the Soviet secularization influenced the worldview of the Nenets of the NAO. The methodology of this study is based on the K. Dobbelere’s concept of the three-level model of secularization. The materials of the State Archive of the Nenets Autonomous District, the local newspaper “Naryana Vynder” and the results of the field research on the territory of the Nenets Autonomous District from 2014 to 2019 were used as sources.

A New Schism: Church Diplomacy and the Ukrainian Crisis

Introduction. This article analyzes the behavior of religious actors during the Russian Federation's special military operation in Ukraine. Ecclesiastical (church) diplomacy has gained a lot of attention from the media because of its attempts to resolve the situation. The Ukrainian crisis demonstrates that the relationship between religious actors and states is evolving from a secular model to a post-secular model, the general outline of which, however, has not yet been clearly formed. One way or another, the religious factor has become one of the key factors in the formula for analyzing and solving the Ukrainian crisis.Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study, in addition to general scientific methods, were special political science research tools - actor and institutional approaches, comparative method, case study method.Results of the research. The study revealed the key importance of Christian religious organizations, which more than others seek to participate in the resolution of the Ukrainian crisis and offer a variety of measures. At the same time, there is a commonality of positions between the official authorities of most states and the higher church hierarchs, based on their location. Such political interdependance of church and secular authorities has mixed consequences. Religious actors everywhere reduce the potential of their international political subjectivity. This is particularly noticeable in the case of the Russian Orthodox Church, which is substantially strengthening its position inside Russia but is becoming less influential outside it.Discussions and conclusions. We argue that the world political system will continue to drift away from the ideals of the Modernity and its secular principle. At the same time it is hardly possible to talk about archaization in the form of desecularization. Rather the Ukrainian crisis promotes a post-secular model, a new balance between religion, state power and society. Meanwhile, the confrontational nature of interaction between Christian churches during the Russian special military operation in Ukraine further weakens the ecumenical movement and generates new schisms between Orthodox churches. This also affects the identitarian profile of the societies of the Euro-Atlantic and Eastern European states, which is becoming more flattened.

The conceptions of state policy in the sphere of religion (experiences of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan)

  The article examines the conceptual basis of governmental policy in the sphere of religion Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan within the framework of legislative and religious education; experience against religious extremism and terrorism, as well as cooperation between the state and religious organizations. Taking into account the historical experience and using the method of comparative studies, the author analyzes the distinctive features of two Central Asian states in terms of state and religions interaction, as well as their secular models. This study provides valuable scientific findings that comprehends various religious aspects in connection with the governmental policy of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. And also, it sums up the dynamics of state–religion relations within legislative and religious education, and institutional development stages in the modern context and helps to assess the governmental policy in the sphere of religion in two countries. Keywords: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Сentral Asia, SADUM, Religion, State Policy, Sphere of Relig

On the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of secular and confessional education

The article analyzes the qualitative and temporal configuration of secular and confessional education with the allocation of positive aspects and critical points. According to the authors, a comparative analysis of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the educational models under consideration acts as a platform for understanding the pedagogical experience as a whole, and provides for the selection of a wide variety of options analyzed in close relationship with the genesis of culture, science, and social thought. Carrying out a study of the particular specifics of the functioning of models of secular and confessional education implemented in various world educational practices, the authors came to the conclusion that there is a kind of “coordinate system” that determines the nature of existing models. This coordinate system includes the historical specifics of the existing relationships between state institutions and religious associations; the peculiarities of national and cultural traditions of modern European countries and Kazakhstan; the role and place of religious values in the life of the people; the nature of legal regulation in the field of educational practices of secular and religious institutions. Keywords: education, secular model of education, confessional model of education, dialogue of cultures.

Dynamics of co-orbital exoplanets in a first-order resonance chain with tidal dissipation

Co-orbital planets (in a 1: 1 mean motion resonance) can be formed within a Laplace resonance chain. We develop a secular model tc study the dynamics of the resonance chain p: p : p + 1, where the co-orbital pair is in a first-order mean motion resonance with the outermost third planet. Our model takes into account tidal dissipation through the use of a Hamiltonian version of the constant time-lag model, which extends the Hamiltonian formalism of the point-mass case. We show the existence of several families of equilibria, anc how these equilibria extend to the complete system. In one family, which we call the main branch, a secular resonance between the libration frequency of the co-orbitals and the precession frequency of the pericentres has unexpected dynamical consequences when tidal dissipation is added. We report the existence of two distinct mechanisms that make co-orbital planets much more stable within the p : p : p + 1 resonance chain rather than outside it. The first is due to negative real parts of the eigenvalues of the linearised system with tides, in the region of the secular resonance mentioned above. The second comes from non-linear contributions of the vector fielt and is due to eccentricity damping. These two stabilising mechanisms increase the chances of a future detection of exoplanets in the co-orbital configuration.

The activism of young muslims in Italy: Citizens ‘crossing borders’ in search of recognition

The article investigates how young Muslims born and/or raised in Italy perform ‘acts of citizenship’ combining religious belief and civic engagement. We present the results of 40 in-depth interviews carried out with young Muslims active in two associations: Giovani Musulmani d’Italia and Islamic Relief. The aim is to explore how the tactics of visibility, the strategies of recognition ‘from below’ and the forms of transnational mobilisation of Western Muslim activists may trigger processes to ‘denationalize’ the meaning of citizenship, challenging original autochthony as the primordial ‘right’ of belonging. Furthermore, in the Italian model of imperfect secularism, young Muslims’ acts of citizenship can shed light on the limits of the fictitious principle of public ‘neutrality’ as tolerance and the need to redefine the public sphere as a common and heterogeneous space affirming cultural pluralism and the right to difference as integral elements of the foundation of civil society.

Building a More Inclusive Workplace for Religious Minorities

The current secular models are putting strain on religious diversity in the context of the workplace. With religious diversity growing in European societies and the visible expression of religious beliefs and behaviors, tensions have arisen linked to the rise of xenophobia. The scientific literature shows that religious minorities are discriminated in the workplace, especially Muslim women that wear Islamic veils. Nonetheless, the people pertaining to these religious minorities have agency, and they can overcome this discrimination. This paper presents the results of a systematic literature review of scientific articles published in SCOPUS and Web of Science using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). The review focuses on the management of religious diversity in labor contexts, especially regarding Muslim women wearing Islamic veils. The results identify some successfully implemented actions that contribute to more inclusive workplaces for religious minorities, especially for Muslim women wearing Islamic veils. Some of these actions are implemented from the employee perspective and include networking and mentoring, while others are implemented from a company perspective and are related to the creation of management styles that place people in the center. The crucial role that politics plays is also briefly discussed.

Was Aśoka really a secularist avant-la-lettre? Ancient Indian pluralism and toleration in historical perspective

AbstractFocusing on Rajeev Bhargava's claim that Aśoka was a secularist avant-la-lettre, I dispute the common understanding of secularism as the separation of religion and politics, and argue instead that such separation, to the extent that it existed, was characteristic of traditional religious societies. I then offer an alternative history of secularism as the demise of the traditional balance of power between church and state, and the rise of a unitary state which incorporated a civil religion that excluded competing forms of religiosity within its domain. This model of secularism, exemplified by the seventeenth-century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, fits Aśoka's Dhamma better than the separationist model does.

Institutional Arrangements for Religion in Kosovo

Given the experience of war, the major challenge for post-war Kosovo has been to create an environment where different religious and ethnic groups can re-negotiate their differences and live in harmony with each other. Religion has been central to public discussion and contestation over the past decade. To minimize the role of religion and so fend off potential incidents, the international community put in place a strong secular system. This secular model has not been satisfied with the separation of state and religion, however, seeking rather a separation of society from religion to the point of marginalizing the latter and relegating it to purely private matters.

Church, State and Human in the Process of Secularization

This article examines the processes of socio-cultural change under conditions of secularization. The conditions for the appearance of several secularization areas are considered, and the features of their formation and their current state are revealed. Analysis of the anthropological factor in the processes of secularization is carried out and its role in the process of desecularization is shown. Within the framework of secularization, there has been an expansion of the possibilities for a person to determine his or her understanding of the connection with God. As a result, a new socio-religious population stratum has formed: those who consider themselves believers, but do not affiliate with any existing religion. The research indicates that the formation of the “state-church-human” relationship in the process of secularization was directly dependent on the way church property was confiscated. In the Soviet Union, the economic base of the Church was destroyed in a short time. With the help of repressions against the clergy, the Church was also destroyed as a social entity of a new socialist society. The rapid and violent process characterizes a distinctly socialist model of secularization, different from the Western one. Depending on the secularization model, the formation of the public consciousness regarding religion has different results.

Theory and Data in a Computational Model of Secularization

This article illustrates the value of computer modeling and simulation (CMS) for linking theory and data in the academic study of religion, focusing on ways in which scholars in religious studies and the humanities can benefit by collaboratively engaging in this relatively new and radically transdisciplinary methodology. I begin by briefly introducing CMS and describing some of its recent uses in analyses of religious phenomena. The second part provides a case study – an agent-based model (ABM) designed to simulate and forecast changes in religiosity and existential security in Europe (Gore et al. 2018). The main research question guiding the construction and validation of this model was: What are some of the conditions under which – and mechanisms by which – religiosity declines in contemporary European populations? I highlight one of the main research findings from the simulation experiments on the model. Finally, I briefly explore some of the material and methodological implications of the development and deployment of such models for the academic study of religion.

Mapping the Motion of Highly-inclined Triple System into a Secular Perturbation Model

Mapping the Motion of Highly-inclined Triple System into a Secular Perturbation Model

Librational KAM tori in the secular dynamics of the υ Andromedæ planetary system

ABSTRACT The υ Andromedæ system is the first extrasolar system where the mutual inclination between exoplanets has been determined using astrometric methods. We study a model of the υ Andromedæ planetary system considering the three-body problem formed by the central star and the two largest planets, υ And c and υ And d. We adopt a secular, three-dimensional model and initial conditions within the range of the observed values. The numerical integrations highlight that the system is orbiting around a one-dimensional elliptic torus (i.e. a periodic orbit that is linearly stable). This invariant object is used as a seed for an algorithm based on a sequence of canonical transformations. The algorithm determines the normal form related to a KAM torus, whose shape is in excellent agreement with the orbits of the secular model. We rigorously prove that the algorithm constructing the final KAM invariant torus is convergent, by adopting a suitable technique based on a computer-assisted proof. Thus, we are able to prove the stability of the secular dynamics for a set of values of the orbital elements that are in agreement with the observed ones. As a by-product, we can also extract a numerical indicator of robustness for the constructed invariant KAM tori. This allows us to identify ranges of the inclinations that are the most likely candidates according to the KAM stability prescription. In this context, we conclude that the most robust orbital configurations are those with large values of υ And c’s mass, that is about 16 time bigger than Jupiter’s one.

Russia: The Path to Secularism or the Clericalization of Society and the State?

Modern Russia shows an increasing interest in religion not just as an individual psychological phenomenon, but as a social institution that occupies a prominent place and actively participates in the life of the state and society. Against the background of the spiritual revival of the country, anticlerical trends appear, speculating on the constitutional principle of secularism and seeing its violation in almost any contacts of the state with religious associations. The main thesis of the paper is that the secular model of the state does not accept the interference of religious associations and authorities in each other’s affairs, but at the same time assumes their interaction, which should be outlined by the legislative framework.The author examines the semantics of the term “clericalization” and concludes that it means not just the rapprochement of the state with the most influential confessions in society, but also the process of promoting the church’s interests with the help of state power. Based on an analysis of the current legislation, the historical experience of Russia’s development, the current state of state-confessional relations, it is concluded that it is premature to talk about clericalization in our country. This is supported by the existence of strict legal prohibitions and restrictions on the direct participation of religious associations and their representatives in politics, as well as the formal distancing of the church and the state from each other in solving political issues. The state and church interaction in the field of education is quite clearly regulated. However, in other areas of public life, the boundaries of such interaction are conditional, so the author believes that certain prerequisites are emerging for the development of clerical tendencies. Legal, historical and ideological prerequisites are highlighted. The author proposes to improve the legal regulation of some problematic aspects of state-confessional relations.

The Idea of Religious Minorities and Social Cohesion in India’s Constitution: Reflections on the Indian Experience

India has many religious groups, of which Hindus are a majority, and Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains are minorities. India’s Constitution, adopted in 1950, departed from the existing norms of secularism in Europe and elsewhere, which suggested a strict separation of religion and state. Moreover, freedom of religion is a Fundamental Right guaranteed under the Indian Constitution. With its distinct model of secularism and special provisions for religious minorities, India’s social cohesion arrangement needs special attention. On one hand, the distinct understanding of secularism in the Indian context has led to the advancement of religious pluralism. At the same time, it has invited criticism for selective intervention in the affairs of religious communities from governments in power. The selective intervention has challenged the exclusivity of Indian secularism. This article evaluates the constitutional and theoretical ideas underlying provisions on religious minorities and freedom of religion enshrined in the Indian Constitution. It appraises the idea of religious minorities enshrined in the constitution through a discussion of the process that shaped the idea. The article reflects on the Indian experience of managing the rights of religious minorities and freedom of religion. By analysing a landmark judgement related to freedom of religion and the rights of religious minorities, the article evaluates whether the Indian Constitution advances a model of social cohesion by balancing freedom of religion and the rights of religious minorities or remains ineffective in achieving the same.

Chaotic diffusion of the fundamental frequencies in the Solar System

The long-term variations in the orbit of the Earth govern the insolation on its surface and hence its climate. The use of the astronomical signal, whose imprint has been recovered in the geological records, has revolutionized the determination of the geological timescales. However, the orbital variations beyond 60 Myr cannot be reliably predicted because of the chaotic dynamics of the planetary orbits in the Solar System. Taking this dynamical uncertainty to account is necessary for a complete astronomical calibration of geological records. Our work addresses this problem with a statistical analysis of 120 000 orbital solutions of the secular model of the Solar System ranging from 500 Myr to 5 Gyr. We obtain the marginal probability density functions of the fundamental secular frequencies using kernel density estimation. The uncertainty of the density estimation is also obtained here in the form of confidence intervals determined by the moving block bootstrap method. The results of the secular model are shown to be in good agreement with those of the direct integrations of a comprehensive model of the Solar System. Application of our work is illustrated on two geological data sets: the Newark-Hartford records and the Libsack core.