Public-private Partnership Model Research Articles

Issues and Challenges of the Digitisation of the Capital Market in India

Governance involves the use of political, economic, and administrative power to manage a nation's affairs and ensure citizens' rights. E-governance utilizes electronic means for efficient, transparent public service delivery. India's National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) aims to enhance governance through a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, establishing over 100,000 Common Service Centres (CSCs). These CSCs act as delivery hubs for public and private services, addressing regional development while fostering private sector and community participation for sustainable livelihoods. Mitigating the challenges of digitization requires raising user awareness and advancing the regulatory system through the use of cybersecurity practices

Public–Private Partnership Model in Delivering Quality Health Care and Medical Education - An Enduring Success Story for the Past Seven Decades

Public–private partnerships (PPPs) are integral to the National Health Mission (NHM). Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Mangalore, was the first private institution in India to embrace the PPP model way back in 1953. The then Government of Madras permitted KMC Mangalore to partner with the 2 district hospitals – the Government Wenlock and the Lady Goschen Hospitals. For almost seven decades, KMC Mangalore has been using the clinical facilities at District Wenlock and Lady Goschen hospitals to provide quality health care and also train the Undergraduate and Postgraduate students of KMC. The Manipal experiment is a shining example of public–private collaboration to provide quality accessible health care to everyone, which is in line with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 and its targets.

Analysis of Mapping the Private Sector Involvement in Correctional Institution Development and Operation Based on Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Model

This study integrates various views on the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model in correctional institution based on the experiences of various countries (United States, United Kingdom, Australia, France, Japan, Canada). Referring to the terminology of PPP in a broad sense, the correctional institution PPP models according to this study are: 1) the “private governance” model; 2) the “hybrid management” model; 3) the “service infrastructure” model; and 4) the “contracting out certain limited functions” model. The characteristics of the four correctional institution PPP models are mapped in the task specifications in correctional institution, both in the development and operation stages of correctional institution. In the correctional institution development stage, there are design, construction and financing. In the correctional institution operation stage, there are accommodation services or building maintenance; management and administration; and correction services. Only the “private governance” model regulates the involvement of the private sector in all stages of correctional institution development and operation. Through an analysis of the terminology of “correctional institution” and correction function, this study elaborates on the characteristics of the four correctional institution PPP models by mapping private sector involvement in correctional services (order, amenity and service) which show the specific functional characteristics of correctional institution. The “private governance” model allows private sector involvement in all three aspects of correctional services, while the “service infrastructure” model does not allow the private sector to be involved in all aspects of the correctional services in question. The “hybrid management” model and the “contracting out certain limited functions” model allow private sector involvement in the amenity and service aspects, but not in the order or custody aspects. Keywords: correctional institution, correctional service, order-amenity-service, Public-Private Partnership (PPP)

COLLABORATIVE BASED TOURISM GOVERNANCE MODEL IN SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Tourism has great potential to improve the economy, create jobs, and support the development of various regions. However, improper tourism management can cause problems such as environmental degradation, excessive tourism and unequal economic benefits. Therefore, it is essential that collaborative-based tourism management can be effective in developing sustainable tourism. This research aims to identify collaborative-based tourism governance research in tourism development. The output of this research is to provide recommendations for a collaborative-based tourism governance model to impact tourism development in the Tenjolaya sub-district, Bogor Regency. The research method used was descriptive qualitative with 28 informants from the sub-district government and the Tenjolaya tourism awareness group. After the data was collected using data collection techniques through observation, interviews, field notes, analytical memos, and document elicitation, the researcher continued the analysis of the data obtained and then confirmed it using data validity techniques. The research results show that tourism governance in Tenjolaya has implemented collaborative governance even though it is still local, so every indicator still needs to be optimally fulfilled using the good tourism governance model and the public-private partnership model. Thus, tourism governance in Tenjolaya must focus on good tourism collaboration so that tourism goals in Tenjolaya can be achieved based on fulfilling indicators that support good tourism governance, good tourism development and good tourism sustainability.

Public-Private Partnership Model of Correctional Institution: A Comparison Study in Various Countries

Public-Private Partnership Model of Correctional Institution: A Comparison Study in Various Countries

Perceptions of Public and Private Sector Stakeholders on the Benefits and Challenges of Public-Private-Partnerships in Nigeria

Nigeria’s infrastructure deficit has become acute because of the country’s burgeoning population. The Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, under labels such as Private-Finance Initiative (PFI) and Build Operate-Transfer (BOT), has been touted as the solution to the funding and other challenges confronting the country with regard to infrastructure development. This research sought to examine stakeholder experiences and perceptions on the benefits, abuse and challenges of deploying PPP for infrastructure procurement. The stakeholders investigated were in Lagos and Ogun States of Nigeria, although some of the experiences transcended the two states. Copies of the questionnaire were purposively administered to 115 professionals drawn from the built environment as well as from the legal and financial sectors of the Nigerian economy; the professionals were from the private and public sectors. Eighty-six (86) copies of the questionnaire were returned, with the data subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Ranking highest among the list of thirteen identified challenges investigated was ‘political interference outside the agreed rules of running the PPP framework’, while ‘inability to initiate or package PPP projects’ ranked least. The most significant form of abuse or disadvantage was ‘embezzling of public funds and reinvesting in PPP as private sector investor’, while the least significant form of abuse was determination of the concession period. The inferential statistical analyses found no significant difference between both sectors in the assessment factors except in the matter of ‘more careful approach in investing funds in infrastructure’. It is therefore recommended that there should be a continuous audit of stakeholder perceptions on various PPP issues that can form the baseline for impactful improvement and intervention in PPP projects.

Risk assessment of public-private partnership water projects in Indonesia

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are vital for infrastructure development in developing countries, integrating private efficiency with public oversight. However, PPP models often face risks, particularly in Indonesia’s water sector, due to its unique geographical and regulatory challenges. This study aims to identify and evaluate risk factors specific to drinking water PPP projects in Indonesia. Using a quantitative approach, structured questionnaires were distributed to experts in the sector, and the data was analyzed using a fuzzy evaluation method. Risks were categorized into location, design and construction, financial, operational, revenue, and political. The study emphasizes that effective risk management, including identification, analysis, and mitigation, is essential for project success. It highlights the importance of stakeholder involvement and flexible risk management strategies. Comprehensive and proactive risk management is key to the success of drinking water infrastructure projects. The research suggests that an integrated and collaborative approach among stakeholders can enhance risk management effectiveness. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, project managers, investors, and other stakeholders, underscoring the necessity for adaptable regulatory frameworks and robust policy guidelines to improve the sustainability and efficacy of future water-related PPPs.

Introduction of Heat-Stable Carbetocin through a Public-Private Partnership Model in India: A Retrospective Study to Determine Feasibility and Its Optimal Use in Public Health Settings

Background and Objective The optimal use of oxytocin for preventing postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) faces challenges in many low-middle income countries (LMICs) owing to its storage and transportation prerequisites. We demonstrated Heat-Stable Carbetocin (HSC) for PPH prevention through an innovative Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model in 15 public health facilities of the Dewas District of Madhya Pradesh (MP) state in India. This study evaluates the feasibility and appropriate utilization of HSC in public health settings. Methods We analyzed facility-level data collected between August 2022 and July 2023 from selected 15 health facilities, where HSC was introduced. Prior to the introduction of HSC, all healthcare providers received training on Active Management of the Third Stage of Labor (AMTSL), use of HSC, and recording and reporting procedures. The supply of HSC in health facilities was ensured, and a robust mechanism was set up to monitor the progress. Results A total of 18,497 women were admitted for delivery in the 15 selected facilities. Uterotonic administration within one minute of delivery was almost universal (99.9%). No instance was recorded of using HSC either for induction of labor or management of PPH. In 636 cases (3.43%), HSC was not given for PPH prevention. Pearson’s chi-square test was conducted to assess the relationship between HSC usage and the health facility’s level. The HSC use was significantly higher in First Referral Unit (FRU) facilities compared to non-FRUs (p < 0.001). Moreover, the administration of HSC within one minute of delivery was also more prevalent in FRU facilities compared to non-FRUs (p < 0.001). The PPH incidence and case referral rates noted in this study were 0.7% and 16.7%, respectively, with no reported adverse drug events or deaths. Conclusion and Global Health Implications Our study suggests the safe and appropriate use of HSC within India’s public health system.

Developing a suitability assessment model for Public Private Partnerships: a case in urban China

Spatial heterogeneity is a fundamental aspect of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). The appropriateness of PPPs applications varies across regions. While the assessment of suitability for PPPs is crucial, it has received limited scholarly attention. This study, using China as s representative case, developed a suitability assessment model and evaluated it across 287 prefecture-level cities in China. The results reveal considerable spatial variation in the suitability of PPPs within the country. Utilizing the natural breakpoint method, this study categorized Chinese cities into four distinct levels of PPP suitability: high, medium, low, and unsuitable. 219 cities were identified as either unsuitable or having low suitability for PPPs, suggesting that PPPs may not be broadly applicable in the current Chinese context. This study not only lays the groundwork for sustainable PPP application in China but also significantly contributes to shaping strategies for successful PPP implementation globally.

Sustainable development through the balancing of photovoltaic charging facilities and agriculture for energy harvesting

Photovoltaics (PV) and electric vehicles (EVs) provide viable alternatives for powering rural areas and promoting sustainable development. However, solar energy and agricultural land compete with each other, necessitating a balance between energy needs and land preservation. Despite the potential of agricultural PV charging stations, there is a lack of research on their operational models, policies, stakeholder interactions, and feasibility of development. This study combines renewable energy and charging infrastructure subsidy policies, utilizes a public-private partnership model, and employs evolutionary game theory to establish a theoretical framework exploring strategic interactions among energy operators, EV users, and farmers. The model considers the impacts of generation, charging, and agricultural elements, conducting techno-economic research. A case study conducted in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA, revealed subsequent findings: (1) The players' evolutionary stable approach ultimately converges to (1,1,1). When renewable energy subsidies are decreased by 50 %, the likelihood of active engagement for energy operators drops to 0, and for farmers, it falls to 0.8. (2) As the usage duration of charging facilities grows by 50 %, energy operators and EVUs make steady progress before reaching 0.2 cycles, but farmers encounter a delay after 0.4 cycles. (3) It is feasible to fulfil the yearly charging requirements for EVs in Sioux Falls and South Dakota using only 7.4 ha and less than 22 ha of agricultural land area, respectively. Investors in Sioux Falls have the potential to earn an annual income of $1.1085 million, generate 7906.07 MWh of electricity, and reduce GHG emissions by 6525.91 tons of CO2-equivalent. Although farmers generate higher annual revenue, it typically takes them over a decade to reach the point of breaking even, and their return on investment is comparatively lower than that of energy operators.

A Roadmap to Industry Based Curriculum in Higher Education Through Public-Private Partnership Model

Higher education in any country plays an important role in nation building. Education system has a social agenda to develop its human resource in a better way to meet the requirements of society. Several reforms were introduced to promote quality in higher education and make education accessible to every society. The continuous amendments in education policies are required to meet the present expectations of industry. The traditional approach of rote learning and memory level teaching shall not work out in the modern times where the requirements of industry are changing frequently. There is a need of an hour for the higher institutions to shift their approach from academic based curriculum to industry-based curriculum. Many higher education institutions are struggling to provide quality, affordable education and research to its end users. Thus, a collaborative approach needs to be followed in the form of public-private partnership model for facilitating practical learning in higher institutions and preparing the future budding managers to bridge the gap between skills required to meet industry expectations and the skills they possess. The aim of this paper is to explore about the PPP model for promoting industry-based curriculum in academics. The study is purely secondary in nature followed with exploratory research-design for giving a broader view on implementation of PPP model in higher institutions. The present study provides an integrated process through which the effectiveness and working of PPP model is well-explained.

Analysis of Public Health Care Management in Dealing with Covid 19 Situations in India

The COVID-19 pandemic will continue to have an impact on foundation projects worldwide in all sectors, as disruptions to supply chains, a decline in customer demand, and changes to health regulations force a reevaluation of how business is conducted. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) communicate foundation initiatives, which are more difficult to govern due to the long-term authoritative obligations imposed between counterparties, such as outside loan specialists and financial supporters. In addition to determining how the targeted population generally feels about the quality of services they receive, the study aims to gain a deeper understanding of Ayushmann Bharat, a program that falls under the public-private partnership model in the healthcare sector and is necessary to support public-private partnership. The study aims to present recommendations to the government that explicitly encourage the expansion of public-private partnerships and the involvement of private and public firms in the development of healthcare. Nevertheless, there are few state-level studies that address the COVID-19 scenario. The studies on public opinion of the PPP model in the health sector have a gap that the researcher has identified. Therefore, this study aims to investigate practitioners' opinions regarding the implementation of the PPP model in the health sector as well as the public's perspective of the model's many aspects.

Colonial Project Finance Initiative: to what extent did the UK export its public-private partnership model to Caribbean British Overseas Territories?

ABSTRACT Public–Private Partnerships (PPP) are long-term agreements for procuring public projects that bundle up design, build, finance, operation and management. The UK’s version, Project Finance Initiative, was a policy-based framework, now defunct. Instead, PPPs in Caribbean British Overseas Territories (BOTs) are based on rigid models, with early stopovers focused on ensuring financial sustainability. A comparative analysis among Caribbean BOTs concludes that they show common models, and that those BOTs that need PPPs the most have set up the biggest hurdles to get them started. The analysis comprises four features: legal sources, administrative safeguards, scope restrictions for sector and value, and accountability.

Reactivation of public–private partnership (PPP) models for rural water supplies in Rwanda: strengthening operation and maintenance systems

ABSTRACT The responsibility for operation and maintenance (O&M) in rural piped water supply systems in Rwanda has been transferred from the community to private operators (POs) during 2004. However, water supply services were suspended in many cases because of a lack of proper rehabilitation and regular maintenance due to technical and institutional capacity gaps of POs and other key stakeholders. As countermeasures, this project used the following six approaches: elaborating the O&M framework including the adoption of a licensing system for POs, establishing a drinking water quality monitoring framework, developing stakeholder capacity, developing inventory data and facility mapping, strengthening data management systems, and installing the necessary equipment for water supply management. As a result, the annual downtime of water supply services in the model districts was reduced by 41%. The result was inferred to be mainly related to the establishment of a licensing system for POs, improved reporting mechanism and royalty payment strategy, dedicated bank accounts for water, and the development of an asset inventory. To reactivate the public–private partnership models, it was important to identify specific issues from the national guidelines and contents of the contract between asset owners and POs to activities in the field and to work on improving them realistically.

Public-Private partnership frameworks for financing affordable housing: Lessons and models

The pressing need for affordable housing in both developed and developing countries has prompted governments to explore innovative financing mechanisms, with Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) emerging as a viable solution. This paper examines the frameworks, lessons, and models of PPPs for financing affordable housing, aiming to provide insights into their effectiveness and scalability. PPPs combine the resources, expertise, and efficiencies of both the public and private sectors to address the housing affordability crisis. By leveraging the strengths of each sector, PPPs aim to reduce financial burdens on governments while ensuring the delivery of quality housing solutions. This review outlines the various PPP models, including build-operate-transfer (BOT), design-build-finance-operate (DBFO), and lease-develop-operate (LDO), highlighting their structural differences and application contexts. Key components of successful PPP frameworks include clear regulatory environments, transparent procurement processes, risk-sharing mechanisms, and robust stakeholder engagement. Regulatory frameworks that support PPPs play a critical role in providing legal certainty and fostering investor confidence. Transparent procurement processes ensure fairness and competitiveness, while effective risk-sharing mechanisms distribute financial, construction, and operational risks appropriately between public and private partners. Engaging stakeholders, including communities and civil society, is essential for aligning project objectives with local needs and ensuring social acceptance. Case studies from various regions illustrate the practical application and outcomes of PPP frameworks. In the United Kingdom, the Affordable Homes Programme (AHP) has effectively utilized PPPs to deliver thousands of affordable housing units, demonstrating the benefits of strong regulatory support and private sector participation. Singapore's Housing and Development Board (HDB) employs PPP models to maintain high housing standards while ensuring affordability through extensive government subsidies and private sector involvement. In South Africa, the Social Housing Regulatory Authority (SHRA) leverages PPPs to develop rental housing for low- and moderate-income households, highlighting the importance of government incentives and capacity-building initiatives. The review concludes that PPP frameworks, when effectively designed and implemented, can significantly enhance the availability of affordable housing. Lessons learned from successful models emphasize the need for supportive policies, transparent processes, and inclusive stakeholder engagement. Policymakers and practitioners can draw on these insights to develop tailored PPP approaches that address specific housing challenges and contribute to sustainable urban development. Keywords: Public-Private Partnership: Frameworks, Financing, Affordable Housing, Models.

Analysis of the Current Situation and Influencing Factors of the Satisfaction of the Elderly Living in Social Welfare Institutions in Lhasa City

Elderly is an important livelihood issue, and the aging of China is becoming more and more serious, accompanied by the miniaturization of family structure and empty nest. In order to cope with these problems, the development of institutionalized elderly care has been urgent. At present, China's nursing homes introduced public-private partnership, medical care, embedded and other pension models, but by geography, natural environment and historical development and other factors, the level of nursing homes around the world to start a different level of nursing service satisfaction is one of the important indicators to measure its level. In this paper, we conducted a research on Lhasa Social Welfare Institutions that practiced the public-private partnership and medical-nursing integration model, and the results showed that their satisfaction score was 81.9%, which was high. Multiple linear regression analysis found that gender, age, and education level significantly affect satisfaction. This paper reveals the operation of nursing homes in border ethnic areas, adds information to related studies, and provides suggestions for the development of nursing homes and the supply-side reform of nursing services.

The implementation of Public-Private Partnership in China: A sustainable pathway?

The organizational forms of infrastructure in China are divided into two categories, the traditional Public Procurement Model (PUB) model and Public-Private Partnership(PPP) model. The main difference is the separation or binding of the construction and operation phases. A systematic understanding is needed of how Chinese local governments choose between these two models. In this paper, we take public capital congestion and local government objectives as the entry point to study the effects of both on PPP choice. Firstly, by constructing an endogenous economic growth model under the PPP model, and comparing it with the model under the PUB model, this paper initially explains how the rise in public capital congestion affects the choice of the PPP by growth-oriented local governments. Then the data from prefecture-level cities from 2009-2018 are utilized to conduct empirical tests. We find that urban economic growth pressures have a positive effect on the choice of PPP when the congestion of public capital increases. Furthermore, the implementation of PPP is indeed conducive to economic performance, and its core mechanism is to provide more infrastructure (like roads) rather than tax competition. The PPP model is more sustainable. We are the first to employ both modeling approach and the empirical research to address the implementation of Public-Private Partnership in China. And we have systematically analyzed the conditions and results of PPP selection by local governments. It formulates the Chinese PPP theory.

Road Traffic Enforcement: Using Technology Through Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)

The past two decades have seen a wide - ranging wave of privatizations in formerly government owned or - controlled activities. A government task or service which is funded and operated through a partnership between a public sector authority and private sector company based on guidelines and performance standards set by a public party is typically referred to as a Public Private Partnership (PPP). In most countries traffic enforcement cameras and other equipment are purchased, owned, and operated by government organisations. Back - offices, where violation data are processed, citations issued, and traffic fines collected, have traditionally been government - run activities. In a PPP model, a private party invests and installs enforcement equipment (e. g. speed or red - light cameras) and conducts back office processing, such as sending out violation notices and managing and confirming fine collection. The investment in equipment and related processing and support activities are funded by fine revenues collected from the motoring public over the contract term. Gaining public support, and ultimately acceptance, for the PPP model is crucial, which is why transparency, publicity and continuous communication are key factors for successful and sustainable implementation. Full service PPPs are often organised on a municipal level in close consultation with the local administration and police. Due to the high initial investment and gradual repayment, such PPPs are typically based on longer term contracts. Moreover, the regulatory environment may require some changes to allow involvement of a private party. One process that is difficult to outsource is the formal confirmation of a violation by a review of the photo or video evidence. Generally, this can only be validly performed by an authorised government official, such as a police officer. Depending on laws and regulations applicable to specific jurisdictions, there could be more issues that may limit the extent of the private party’s involvement in these PPPs. When properly implemented, PPP’s in traffic enforcement can considerably contribute to the reduction of casualties, injuries and crashes, as well as improve traffic flow, and increase quality of life with more safety, lower emissions and less noise pollution. Speed reduction also significantly benefits the safety of vulnerable road users such as pedestrians, and two - wheelers Personal injury and death on roadways also have a significant impact on the economy through medical costs, lost resources and wages and disability pay outs. These costs are significant and are estimated by the WHO to amount to an average of around 3% of a country’s GNP. This figure rises to 5% in some low - and middle - income countries

A critical analysis of public private partnership model in energy from waste projects

The Public Private Partnerships (PPP) and the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) have been significantly adopted over the last three decades as a mechanism for the delivery and financing of projects. Various infrastructure project types in the energy and the transport sectors have adopted this procurement system for their ‘anticipated’ effectiveness in risk distribution and value for money. Yet, their acclaimed benefits, particularly in ensuring value for money in the waste to energy – or energy-from-wastes (EfW) – sector are under significant scrutiny. Governments and investors are increasingly questioning their fiscal efficiency and overall benefit to taxpayers. Despite these concerns, studies investigating whether PFI provides value of money of PFI in EfW are lacking. This study addresses this gap by comparing the PFI models used in the UK and Canada in currently operative EfW projects using mixed risk epistemology approach combining methods that provide both a real and objective evaluation of issues and risks and a subjective (or opinion-based) evaluation. The former is achieved through a quantitative probabilistic model for simulating EfW feasibility at the operation phase. The quantitative probabilistic model is capable to model and capture how operational phase costs and profitability are affected by lifecycle risks (such as quality of service driven by contractual requirements that are usually passed on to the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) contractor) and a range of technical, payment and incentive dynamic variables and their fluctuations. If the impact of these variables is not considered and modelled accurately, the O&M contractor could incur significant losses undermining the viability of the EfW project. The latter employs a psychometric methodology to delve into the primary concerns of professionals involved in EfW projects regarding associated risks. The results show that common O&M risks identified in EfW PPP projects in UK and Canada prevail around unplanned maintenance, infeed waste reduction, market price, unsustainable debts, and policy changes.

Sustainable production and dissemination of genetically improved farmed tilapia seed in smallholder farming systems: A case study from Timor-Leste

CONTEXTTimor-Leste's National Aquaculture Development Strategy (NADS) 2012–30 aims to achieve an annual aquaculture production of 12,000 tons by 2030 to raise per capita fish consumption from 6.1 kg in 2010 to 15 kg. Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) is identified as the most suitable species under Timor-Leste's existing farming systems and agro-ecological context. It is expected to account for two-thirds of total aquaculture production, requiring over 30 million fingerlings annually, necessitating a strong role of public and private sectors to develop a sustainable hatchery model for producing and supplying high quality GIFT fingerlings to fish farmers on a mass-scale. OBJECTIVEThe major objective was to conceptualize and apply a public-private partnership (PPP) model to produce and disseminate high-quality monosex GIFT seed by public and private hatcheries across Timor-Leste. METHODSModel GIFT hatcheries were established and monitored using a standard protocol developed by the R&D team. Data on total eggs, clutch size, incubation survival rate, swim-up fry, and monosex fry produced were recorded on a weekly basis. The performance of hatcheries was compared using descriptive statistics at a 5% level of significance. Economic analysis was conducted to compare production costs, gross profits, and net profits among hatcheries and nurseries. Enabling conditions and factors for effective PPP were identified. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSThe WorldFish, in collaboration with Timor-Leste's Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, upgraded an existing public hatchery in Gleno, Ermera, introduced GIFT in 2015, and developed it as a GIFT broodstock centre to supply quality brood fry to other hatcheries. To produce monosex seed on a mass-scale, four PPP model GIFT hatcheries were established between 2019 and 2023. Results from a public hatchery and two initially established PPP model hatcheries showed that the hatchery in Parlamento had significantly higher (P < 0.05) monthly production of eggs, swim-up fry, monosex fry, and clutch sizes. On average, over 177,000 monosex fry per month were produced by those three hatcheries. Local service providers (LSPs), self-employed youths who have been recruited and trained to facilitate input supply and output marketing, purchase GIFT fry from the hatcheries, nurse them to fingerling size, and supply them to farmers. To achieve high seed production and supply targets, scaling of PPP model hatcheries, nurseries, and LSPs along with effective training and technical back-up, favourable policies, institutional environments, and governance mechanisms, is necessary. SIGNIFICANCEThe PPP model GIFT hatcheries are scalable across inland farming systems in Timor-Leste and other countries with similar agro-ecological, socio-economic, and climatic contexts.