Metaphorical Models Research Articles

Play Time: Gender, Anti-Semitism and Temporality in Medieval Biblical Drama

Play Time: Gender, Anti-Semitism and Temporality in Medieval Biblical Drama

Метафора вируса в маркетинговой коммуникации

The aim of the study is to identify the semantic and pragmatic grounds of the virus metaphor of marketing communication. Basing on a conceptual and contextual analysis, the axiological characteristics of such a metaphor and its correlation with anthropocentric, morbial and militaristic metaphors are traced. The scientific novelty is that for the first time the positive potential of virality in marketing communication is substantiated, which is not correlated with the negative connotations of the source area, and alternative metaphorical models that are free from negative connotations are analysed. As a result, the structure and linguo-pragmatic status of a metaphor representing large audience coverage in marketing operations are determined.

The Black Sea Region as a Conflict Space in the Discourse of Foreign Think Tanks of 2018–2021

Introduction. The strengthening of Russia’s subjectivity in the Black Sea region makes it the center of the Western media and expert-analytical agenda. The authors of the study aim to define the mechanisms of metaphorical construction of the Black Sea region as a space of conflict in the discourse of the Western think tanks. Materials and Methods. The reports of the leading Western think tanks developing the region concept are used as research materials. The methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach that combines the methods of political linguistics and geopolitical analysis and synthesis. The authors use the methods of discourse analysis to interpret the materials of foreign think tanks devoted to the study of the region, and based on the definition of dominant metaphorical models in the discourse of the Black Sea region, consider possible scenarios for the leading actors in the region. Results. The narratives of the leading American, European and British think tanks are considered and the main metaphorical models characterizing the geopolitical processes in the region are highlighted. The American discourse is dominated by the sports metaphor and its subspecies associated with gambling: the region is perceived as a space of competition, but not war, as evidenced by the lack of military metaphor, which, however, appears in the narratives of the European experts. The Black Sea region is a platform, a springboard for the projection of Russian power in the Mediterranean, which is realized through metaphors with the component “aggressive”. For the British, the Black Sea region is metaphorized as a space of information warfare. Discussion and Conclusion. There are two main types of perception of the Black Sea region as a geopolitical unit by the Western think tanks: the American think tanks see it as a space of global competition of the great powers; the Great Britain has made the Black Sea region a platform for a return to the global arena of Global Britain by drawing on the rhetoric of universal values. The materials of the article and the methodology may be useful for information and analytical support of the foreign policy of the Western countries and for design of response from part of Russia under the condition of intensification of contest of the main Black Sea region actors

FOLD AS A MODEL OF EKPHRASIS IN CONTEMPORARY ESSAYS ON THE VISUAL ARTS (BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH ESSAYS)

The article addresses the complex nature of ekphrasis as the verbal representation of the works of the visual arts and discusses its explications through the prism of various metaphorical models. With the metaphors of the paragone and the sister arts acknowledged as the two powerful models of ekphrasis, a recently introduced metaphor of ekphrasis as a fold is given a close look. The roots of the fold as a metaphorical model are traced back to works of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and further philosophical elaboration of this model in Gilles Deleuze’s writings is discussed. It is argued that viewing ekphrasis as a fold makes it possible to capture the nature of ekphrasis in contemporary essays on the visual arts as a means of producing meanings through interpretation of the existing meanings and thus as a means of perpetuating culture. This argument is supported with the cognitive poetic analysis of ekphrasis in John Berger’s essays on the visual arts.

Атрибутивная лексика в творчестве М. Цветаевой

This article describes the results of the research on the formation and functioning of attributive vocabulary in Marina Tsvetaeva’s texts (poems and narrative poems). Her collected works were used as the material. The paper aimed to identify the potential of this type of vocabulary in the metaphorical modelling of meanings and actualization of attributes. The relevance of this study is explained by the need for a holistic and systematic analysis of Tsvetaeva’s idiolect. The key methods applied here are descriptive, interpretive, and conceptual, as well as the componential analysis of words. The research established that the attributive vocabulary abundant in Tsvetaeva’s texts reflects her work with language: constant reflection on semantics and perception of creativity as a process where meaning is generated here and now. The structural types of attributive constructions found in Tsvetaeva’s texts are associated with the author’s intention, i.e. to convey the necessary meaning, as words with attributive semantics are flexible and plastic in expressing usual and occasional meanings. Tsvetaeva surrounds the modified word with epithets and uses prepositive or postpositive chains of attributes, making the attributive vocabulary central in the sentence. Clarifications, antonymy and synonymy of attributive words, their occasional use – all these methods of working with epithets are applied to actualize generation of meaning. The research revealed such a feature

Kognitywne modele metafory wizualnej: teoria, metodologia, analizy

COGNITIVE MODELS OF VISUAL METAPHOR: THEORY, METHODOLOGY, ANALYSES The aim of the article is to present cognitive studies on visual metaphor: selected theories, methods and analyses. An overview of literature shows a growing interest in this area of research worldwide, especially in the light of the “visual turn”. Compared to the scholarly output of foreign researchers, publications of Polish authors are scarce and their results are not systematized. The discussion of the current state of research on visual metaphor is therefore motivated, on the one hand, by knowledge gap, and on the other, by the need to popularize and systematize this area of study in Poland.

Beyond Literal Idolatry: Expectations and Hope in the Field of Narrative Theology

This article examines the role of hope relative to the unexplored potential of narrative theology as a particular mode of thinking. The first section provides a brief introduction. The second section begins by discussing the world of experience as postulated by Alfred North Whitehead: I argue that literal idolatry forms as a specific technology based around the use of symbols. The third section explores the resources of narrative as a centrifugal model of metaphor that serves as a robust alternative literal idolatry: I argue that narratives develop the intellect through pattern recognition and the imagination through empathetic recognition, and then describe how narrative theory’s emphasis on focalized perspectives opens hopeful expectations of the future. The fourth section explores Ricoeur’s work in narrative theology, defining it as a “field” whose dynamic emphasis on tension provides an alternative to the static, “closed circuit” of religious symbols. The final section looks at Colson Whitehead’s The Intuitionist as a contemporary novel that seems to fit with Ricoeur’s stipulations for what generates a field of narrative theology.

Visual means of artistic expression of Italian social advertising

This article is devoted to the consideration of visual means of artistic expression in visual and cinematic social advertising in Italy. The research material was videos from the Internet archives of non-profit organizations and advertising agencies. The relevance of the research is due to the high significance of social advertising in modern society, and the novelty is due to the lack of works devoted to the study of visual means of artistic expression within the socio—advertising discourse of Italy. Within the framework of the study, methods of analyzing visual artistic images used in Italian social advertising were applied. An analogy was drawn between stylistic figures related to the field of philology and artistic and pictorial forms of the material under study. As the analysis has shown, the most popular visual means of artistic expression is metaphor; the author has identified a number of models of metaphorical transfers, on which most of the plots of social advertising are based, among which a special place is occupied by models of color and zoonymic metaphors. In a significant part of the videos, such means of visual artistic expression as allegory, personification, depersonification, hyperbole, allusion are also involved. Important conclusions are drawn about the cultural peculiarities of the use of these visual stylistic figures. A special contribution of the author is the development of a classification of metaphorical models of Italian social advertising, some of which may be applicable in Russia due to their universality.

Кластер МУСОР: родо-видовая организация когнитивного сегмента базовой метафоры ГРЯЗЬ в политическом дискурсе

The aim of the study is to identify the hierarchical organization of the GARBAGE cluster, one of the segments of the metaphorical model of dirt in the political discourse. The article shows that the GARBAGE cluster is singled out on the basis of the feature of cognitive deviation from the norm and includes useless and unnecessary remnants of human life, which, projected onto the sphere of politics, serve for a negative moral and ethical assessment of political actors. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the approach to the study of the metaphorical cognitive segment GARBAGE from the point of view of the conceptual and semantic continuity of the metaphor “politics is dirt”. As a result, a synonymic-gradual group of lexemes has been identified and characterized, which verbalizes the nuclear cognitive meanings of the concept GARBAGE; lexical representatives of specific varieties of garbage have been determined, their axiological potential has been described.

Семантические модификации англоязычных языковых единиц пространственной семантики

The aim of this study is to identify the patterns of metaphorical modeling of non-spatial objects based on the rethinking of spatial features in the English language. The article characterizes the basic spheres of human life through metaphorical meanings created by polysemantic nouns representing space. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that a scientific idea that reveals the linguo-mental mechanism of a metaphor formation by the example of the spatial nouns paradigm in the English language has been developed. As a result of the study, we have determined that there are regularities in the formation of secondary designations of non-spatial objects based on a spatial metaphor for defining the social sphere of human activity.

Проблема межъязыковой эквивалентности русских и китайских соматических фразеологизмов с компонентами «глаз», «рука», «нога» и

The article is dedicated to the comparative analysis of Russian and Chinese somatic idioms with components eye, hand, foot («глаз», «рука», «нога»; 眼/目,手,脚/足). Somatic idioms are the core of any phraseological system and are studied in various aspects, both in monolingual and comparative works. The choice of the lexemes eye, hand, foot can be justified with their high frequency in idioms and vast system of symbolic meanings. The goal of the analysis is to compare formal and semantic features of the idioms based on the classification developed by E. F. Arsentieva, thus describing the level of the interlingual equivalency between said items. As a result, we have divided somatic idioms in 4 groups: equivalents (total and partial), analogues (total and partial), idioms with similar form but different meaning and idioms without equivalents. The biggest group is phraseological analogues (118 pairs, of which 82 pairs are partial analogues). Apart from that, we have discovered several similarities and differences between Russian and Chinese idioms. First of all, idioms often contain 2 somatic components, e.g. ears and eyes, heart and hands, etc. (though the combinations of them in compared languages don’t always match). This tendency is especially prominent in idioms with foot that usually include lexemes feet and hands. Secondly, idioms with elements eye and hand demonstrate considerably high level of interlingual equivalency, while idioms with element foot are both less frequent in these two languages and have lower level of equivalency. Thirdly, idioms with somatic lexemes have similar metaphorical meanings: eyes – vision, planning, understanding, reading, intellect, expression of emotions, sleep; hands – work, power, mastery, solving problems, possession, protection, violence, expression of emotions, measurement; feet – movement, direction, fuss, close relationship, obstacle, wealth. As for unique metaphorical models, Russian idioms have the following: eyes – attention, physical condition, measurement, source of information, hands – make and accept proposal, help, freedom, feet – confidence, stability, physical condition, measurement. Chinese somatic lexemes have developed several unique metaphors as well: eyes – appearance, order, hands – appearance, speech genre, feet – expression of emotions, characteristics of a person, critique. The results we have obtained can be used in the methodics of teaching Russian and Chinese as foreign languages, as well as applied for solving translation problems regarding somatic idioms and intercultural communication issues.

Метафорический метод в подготовке субъектов профилактики девиантного поведения подростков

The article discusses problem of coordination of subjects of preventive work with minors. The analysis shows the inefficiency of the subjects of prevention of delinquency among adolescents, including the low activity of the subjects themselves, the lack of real mechanisms of interaction, the lack of strategies to respond to actions of destructive groups on young people. The solution of the problem is seen in the development of practices of group interaction of subjects of prevention, allowing to form a complete and consistent image of the teenager in a difficult life situation. The absence of methods providing the decision of this problem became a starting point for carrying out research. The theory of conceptual metaphor became the methodological basis of the study. 
 The empirical research is carried out by a method of group training. The technique of gathering of representations of subjects of prevention about deviant teenagers is used. Sample of this research included 70 employees of state and public organizations. Metaphorical models formed by the participants of the training in the process of making «maps of the world of deviant adolescents» were the empirical material. The result of the research was the testing of the method of constructing a metaphorical model. The possibilities and limitations of its use for identifying the causes and conditions of deviant behavior of adolescents were determined. The prospects of the research are further development of methods of coordination of interdepartmental interaction of subjects of prevention of deviant behavior of adolescents.

Green Technology: Color Metaphor in Professional Discourse

The transition to the paradigm of sustainable development and safe production has provoked an exponential increase in the number of scientific papers on the topic of green technology. This article deals with the linguacognitive approach to the metaphor of green technology and the modeling potential of this color metaphor. The research was based on ten scientific articles on green technology published in 2011–2020 in different countries. The analysis involved traditional linguistic methods in combination with a discursive-cognitive approach, as well as a corpus and contextual analysis supplemented by statistical and bibliometric methods. The author identified the conceptual core of the green technology discourse and organized the conceptual domain into a framework structure. The cognitive approach facilitated the identification of non-semantic elements of meaning, e.g. emotional and sensory reactions, psychological associations, positive attitude, etc., i.e. the total aura of meanings around the color green which are superimposed on the professional context and determine the vector of its interpretation. The article introduces this metaphorical model as a lexical manifestation of professional discourse of sustainable production and development.

Metaphorical Representation of Coronavirus in Medical Myths

This paper focuses on metaphorical representation of coronavirus in medical myths on the example of the British media. To attain this goal, the descriptive metaphor theory is used for the analysis of metaphorical models for the conceptualization of coronavirus. The information about the virus transmitted by the media correlates with background knowledge of the recipient, acquires new conceptual characteristics. Our hypothesis is that metaphorical actualization of coronavirus in medical myths is represented by the descriptive metaphor, the content of which changes depending on the specifics of the spread of the virus over the country as well as the political situation in the country. The research is based on the assumption that metaphorical implications in medical myths influence the representation of the disease, which reflects not only general beliefs about this disease, but also molds the public opinion on political situation in the linguocultural society. The objective of this research is to analyze the titles and leads of the British press about coronavirus and interpret the metaphorical models for the conceptualization of coronavirus, used in medical myths. The objective of the research determined the choice of research methods: content analysis of titles and leads that contain metaphorical models for the conceptualization of coronavirus in medical myths; sampling analysis aimed at identifying and describing the functions of metaphorical models in the representation of the disease in medical myths. The notions of metalanguage such as the signification descriptor and the denotation descriptor are used to describe the functioning of metaphors. The research findings reveal that for the conceptualization of coronavirus in medical myths the following metaphorical models are used: Coronavirus-military rival, Coronavirus-natural disaster and Coronavirus-silver lining.

Metaphor Recognition of English Learners Based on Machine Learning Algorithm

The advantage of machine learning algorithm lies in predicting the semantic category of new language features according to the joint probability distribution of existing language features and their semantic categories. Based on a machine learning algorithm, this paper studies the metaphor recognition of English learners. The process of metaphor recognition is described as the classification of metaphorical meaning and literal meaning. Metaphor modeling is carried out by maximum entropy and naive Bayes. Check whether the sentences in the verification set contain the language rules in the knowledge base, and semantically identify the words in the sentences according to the annotations of the knowledge base. For sentences that do not meet the language rules of the knowledge base, the machine learning module is used for further verification and identification. Based on the comprehensive features of context words and parts of speech, the ideal window of maximum entropy recognition is determined, and then the left and right position features are introduced to improve the experimental effect. In the comparative experiments of the three models, this model has obvious advantages in English learners’ metaphor recognition. Its recognition accuracy is high, and it has certain practical value.

Виртуализация языковой картины мира в поэтическом произведении Дж. Китса «Sleep and Poetry»

The article deals with the linguistic picture of the world of one of the most romantic poets of England of the 19th century, J. Keats, represented in the poem «Sleep and Poetry». The study of the picture of the world reflected in the language consciousness of an individual and the analysis of the linguistic means used to represent it seems very relevant, because it can be considered as a way to identify its conceptual dominant and mental models that store cognitive structures of experience allowing you to get an idea of the perception, interpretation of the surrounding world and historical epoch, about the worldview of the individual, his views and emotional state. The aim of the article is to find out the way of virtualization of the language picture of the world in J. Keats’s poem «Sleep and Poetry». To describe the linguistic picture of the world the author attracts the special potential of stylistically colored linguistic means, expressing his own unique way of conceptualizing reality and organizing the literary and semantic space. In the poem «Sleep and Poetry» by J. Keats in order to achieve the set goal we identified and investigated the mental models, which form a complex information system, the so-called basic model, incorporating the structures of knowledge about the surrounding world and personal experience of the poet and characterized by semantic parameters. This model, based on the principle of analogy and allowing to comprehend objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, includes the metaphorical models: «dream», «life», «poetry», which model spatial and temporal relations in the poem discourse. The study of mental models in the poetic work of J. Keats «Sleep and Poetry», gave reason to argue that the association of metaphorical models in a single system «sleep - life – poetry», forms an integral structure of discourse and is a way of virtualization of the poet’s language picture of the world.

Conventional and Innovative Metaphors with Source Sphere “Liquidity” in English Investment Discourse

The results of the metaphorical model study “investment phenomenon is a liquid” in the investment English discourse are presented. The relevance of the study is due, on the one hand, to the most important epistemological role of metaphor as a mechanism that categorizes, interprets and forms knowledge about the world and its phenomena, and on the other hand, the fact that the study of the metaphorical model is carried out on the basis of scientific discourse. The methodological basis of the study is the frame-slot analysis of the metaphorical model, which includes contextual, component and definitional types of analysis of the metaphorically used lexical units. A review of works devoted to various aspects of the study of conventional and innovative metaphors is given. The work develops a frame-slot structure of the metaphorical model under study, which is represented by such frames as “Movement of a liquid” (slots: “Vessels”, “Reservoirs”), “Disasters” and “Procedural properties of a liquid”. Particular attention is paid to the role of conventional and innovative metaphors in the conceptualization of investment phenomena. The derivative nature of innovative metaphors from conventional ones is shown, the first ones represent a further expansion of the conceptual links between the target sphere and the source sphere by occasional lexical filling of the target slots.

Transcendence between Expression and Secrecy: A Critical Cognitive Perspective on the Metaphorical Discourse of Yārsān Religion

AbstractThis paper seeks to shed light on the metaphorical discourse of the secretive minority religion of Yārsān. Metaphor is demonstrated as a central rhetorical device, applied as a linguistic apparatus that serves the ideology of concealment. To express heterodox concepts, Yārsān texts principally employ two rhetorical devices, metaphor and lexical substitution. The metaphorical models objectively conceptualize highly abstract religious notions and serve to obscure heretical concepts that strongly vary from established orthodox beliefs. As for lexical substitution, the most frequent metaphorical models are verbalized using foreign loanwords that are not common in Kurdish dialects. Together, these strategies construct a highly puzzling and mysterious discourse that is too difficult for outsiders to unravel. It can be argued that the metaphorical discourse of Yārsān functions as an anti-language that effectively challenges the limitations of expression imposed by the orthodox mainstream in the medieval era. Yārsān followers are able to express non-expressible ideas and disguise them within complicated imageries.

ОЦЕНОЧНАЯ СЕМАНТИКА МЕТАФОРИЧЕСКИХ МОДЕЛЕЙ «ЧЕЛОВЕК – ЭТО МЕХАНИЗМ» И «МЕХАНИЗМ – ЭТО ЧЕЛОВЕК» В РУССКОЙ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ КАРТИНЕ МИРА

Statement of the problem. This article analyzes the anthropomorphic image of a mechanism and the mechanistic image of a person in the aspect of evaluative semantics, reveals the axiological orientation of conceptual models, and presents the characteristics of the reversible correlation of the analyzed concepts in terms of their evaluative orientation. The purpose of the article is to analyze the metaphorical models “MAN – MECHANISM” and “MECHANISM – MAN” in terms of evaluative semantics, to identify the nature and axiological potential of conceptual metaphorical models. The study was carried out on the methodological basis of cognitive linguistics and was carried out on the material of the texts of the National Corpus of the Russian Language, Internet forums representing the semantics of the mechanism both as a target sphere and as a source sphere for the metaphorical interpretation of the image of a person. Research results confirm the functional-semantic asymmetry of metaphorical models, which appears in different evaluative orientations of the metaphors of the compared models. Thus, most of the lexical representatives of the “MAN is a MECHANISM” model is characterized by a negative evaluative connotation: a person in the image of a mechanism is characterized negatively or ironically. While the evaluative semantics of the metaphors of the correlated MM “MECHANISM is a MAN” is characterized by neutrality.

Time Metaphors in Film: Understanding the Representation of Time in Cinema

According to conceptual (cognitive) metaphor theory (CMT), there are two basic metaphorical models for conceptualising time in terms of space: the ego-moving model maps our movement through space onto our imagined movement through time, while the time-moving model represents time as an entity moving through spatial locations, the ego being just a passive observer. The aim of this article is to investigate how time is conceptualized in film where ego (character), movement, time and space also play basic roles. I compare the two linguistic models to Gilles Deleuze’s conceptualization of filmic time: the movement-image and the time-image. While the movement-image and the moving-ego metaphor directly map spatial structures onto the domain of time, the time-image and the moving-time metaphor correlate only in their basic structures and involve different levels of conceptual integrations and conversions. Due to film techniques such as a mobile camera, montage and image manipulation, the time-image seems to transcend the constraints of natural perception and maps onto mental rather than external space, thus giving rise to a new reverse metaphor where space acquires characteristics of the time domain.