Law Model Research Articles

Extraction of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Citrus Maxima Peel Via Pressurized Hot Water Extractor for the Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Using bioactive secondary metabolites (BSM) from Citrus maxima peel extract, this work investigated a green method of synthesizing magnetite iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs). The BSM acts as a reducing cum stabilizing agent in the process. The optimization of the BSM parameters were conducted through response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal condition obtained in this study for pressurized hot water extractor (PHWE) extraction was temperature of 94.96 °C, solvent-to-solid ratio of 29.7 ml/g and extraction time of 27.6 min. BSM Yield of 49.31 % could be obtained based on this condition. The formation of Fe3O4 NPs were detected using the FTIR analysis with the absorption peaks observed at around 590 and 580 cm−1. X-ray diffraction results matched standard magnetite Fe3O4 patterns with planes at (220), (311), (400), (511) and (440). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) results showed that the magnetite Fe3O4 NPs synthesized in this study predominantly appeared in spherical shape. The extraction process's kinetics were examined using various empirical models, including the Elovich’s model, Peleg’s model, Power law and parabolic diffusion model. All applied models were found to be well fitted with the measured data from experiment, with R2 values exceeding 0.9. Notably, the Peleg’s model exhibited the highest R2, the smallest RMSD, and the least significant p-values, indicating its superior performance.

Rheology of automotive adhesives during dispensing: A direct comparison of epoxy and rubber based systems via drag and pressure driven flows

Construction of vehicles requires adhesive dispensing for body-in-white assembly, hemming of closure panels, decking of windshields and the manufacture of battery packs. Knowledge of the rheological properties of adhesives applied using common dispensing systems is important for optimization of dispensing and application conditions. However, flow behavior of adhesives at shear rates used in dispensing is not well understood. Therefore, this study combines parallel plate and capillary rheology techniques to directly compare the rheological properties of an epoxy structural adhesive used in hemming applications and a rubber ‘topical sealer’ used to seal water leak paths across the range of shear rates observed in dispensing. Shear viscosity (η) and complex viscosity (η*) master curves were created from time-temperature-superposition (TTS) of steady shear and dynamic oscillatory data. Both adhesives did not follow the Cox-Merz rule. It was found that the Carreau-Yasuda model fit the steady shear viscosity master curve of the epoxy structural adhesive, while a simpler power law model fit the steady shear viscosity master curve of the rubber topical sealer. An inexpensive capillary rheometer was developed to simulate the adhesive dispensing process. Viscosity data was corrected for entrance pressure losses and a non-Newtonian flow front using Bagley and Weissenberg-Rabinowitsch corrections, respectively. It was observed that complex viscosity master curves better predicted viscosity during dispensing, as compared to steady shear viscosity master curves. Linear stress ramp measurements showed that the adhesives have widely different yield stresses, while the capillary rheometry measurements showed they have similar viscosities during dispensing. Furthermore, the capillary rheometer ‘shot meter’ pressures were related to the apparent and doubly corrected viscosity values through power law functions. A new quality control method based on the capillary rheology data is proposed.

Flexible Permeable-Pavement System Sustainability: A Methodology for Stormwater Management Based on PM Granulometry

Permeable-pavement design methodologies can improve the hydrologic and therefore the environmental benefits of rural and urban roadway systems. By contrast, conventional impervious pavements perturb the hydrologic cycle, altering the relationship between the rainfall loading and runoff response. Impervious pavements create a hydraulically conductive interface for the transport of traffic-generated chemicals and particulate matter (PM), deleteriously impacting their proximate environments. Permeable-pavement systems are countermeasures to mitigate hydrologic, chemical, and PM impacts. However, permeable pavements are not always equally implementable due to costs, PM loadings, and design constraints. A potential solution to facilitate environmental benefits while meeting the traffic load capacity is the combination of two filtration systems placed at the pavement shoulders and/or pedestrian sidewalks: a bituminous-pavement open-graded friction course (BPFC) and an aggregate-filled infiltration trench. This solution is presented in this manuscript together with the methodological framework and the first results of the investigations into designing and validating such a combined system. The research was conducted at the laboratories of the Polytechnic University of Bari and the University of Florida, while an operational and full-scale physical model was constructed in Bari, Italy. The first results presented characterize the PM deposition on public roads based on granulometry (particle size distributions (PSDs) and particle number densities (PNDs)). Samples (n = 16) were collected and analyzed at eight different sites with different land uses, traffic, and pavements from different cities (Bari and Taranto, Italy). The PM analysis showed similar distributions (PSDs and PNDs), except for two samples. The gravimetric-based PSDs of the PM had granulometric distributions in the sand-size range. In contrast, the PNDs, modeled by a Power Law Model (PLM) (R2 ≥ 0.92), illustrated an exponentially increasing number of particles in the fine silt and clay-size range, representing less than 10% of the PSD mass. Moreover, the results indicate that PM sourced from permeable-pavement systems has differing impacts on the pavement service life.

Linguistic Properties of Emojis: A Quantitative Exploration of Emoji Frequency, Category, and Position on Twitter

ABSTRACT Emojis in digital communication have drawn increasing academic attention. Qualitative studies mainly rely on a presumption that emojis share similar properties with units of natural language. It remains to be explored with quantitative methods whether emojis exhibit the same or similar behaviour from linguistic units (like words, morphemes). This study investigates emoji features in relation to language properties based on Zipf’s law and linear regression models. Results show that, firstly, the rank frequency distribution of emojis can be well fitted by Zipf’s law, and the parameters of emoji distribution are closer to those of written language. Secondly, most emoji categories tend to occur in the latter half of the tweet; while in some cases, they can also be at the beginning or in the middle of a tweet. Thirdly, the relative position of the more frequently-used emojis will be further back in the tweet. When emojis’ frequencies are relatively greater, their categories vary more in terms of their positions. In general, our quantitative findings suggest that emojis display linguistic properties to some extent. Our exploratory study demonstrates the value of applying linguistic laws and quantitative methods to investigate emoji features, extending the application of quantitative linguistic methods into emoji studies.

Analysis of the Sorption Properties of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Materials for Potential Monitoring of the Amount of Amoxicillin in an Aqueous Environment

ABSTRACT This work describes a procedure for obtaining molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) toward amoxicillin based on methyl methacrylate. To characterize the polymers synthetized, physicochemical and sorption properties were analyzed. The influence of the main parameters on the adsorption efficiency was investigated (the monomers composition of materials, contact time, initial concentration, and regeneration conditions). The adsorption isotherms were fitted by Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin–Radushkevich models. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and second Fick’s law models were used to fit the kinetic data. Molecularly imprinted polymer which was obtained using 5 wt.% of amoxicillin in relation to the monomers, characterized by the highest sorption value of 4.8 mg/g. This polymer showed selective properties in competition with gentamicin and norfloxacin. Furthermore, in the case of testing imprinted polymers in real samples, materials with an imprint were characterized by higher sorption values compared to those without an imprint (3.27 and 2.02 mg/g, respectively). For the first time, for this type of MIP, we conducted research for regenerating. Water solutions with pH 3 or 9, 1% acetic acid, and ethanol were tested as regeneration solutions. Molecularly imprinted polymer regeneration for the most effective regeneration solution was carried out on SPE columns, allowing a 94% cleaning of the sorption material.

Strong gravitational lensing’s ‘external shear’ is not shear

ABSTRACT The distribution of mass in galaxy-scale strong gravitational lenses is often modelled as an elliptical power-law plus ‘external shear’, which notionally accounts for neighbouring galaxies and cosmic shear along our line of sight. A small amount of external shear could come from these sources, but we show that the vast majority does not. Except in a handful of rare systems, the best-fitting values do not correlate with independent measurements of line-of-sight shear: from weak lensing in 45 Hubble Space Telescope images, or in 50 mock images of lenses with complex distributions of mass. Instead, the best-fit external shear is aligned with the major or minor axis of 88 per cent of lens galaxies; and the amplitude of the external shear increases if that galaxy is discy. We conclude that ‘external shear’ attached to a power-law model is not physically meaningful, but a fudge to compensate for lack of model complexity. Since it biases other model parameters that are interpreted as physically meaningful in several science analyses (e.g. measuring galaxy evolution, dark matter physics or cosmological parameters), we recommend that future studies of galaxy-scale strong lensing should employ more flexible mass models.

Empirical Assessment of African Oil Bean Husk as a Fluid-Loss Control Agent in Oil-Based Drilling Mud

Efficiency of drilling mud is partly determined by filtrate loss. In this article, research on suitability of African oil bean husk (AOBH), as a fluid loss control additive for oil-based drilling mud (OBM) is presented. Dry AOBH of particle sizes 63µm, 125µm and 250µm were used. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) and Phenom Prox model of the Scanning Electron Microscope energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were used to determine morphology and chemical properties of AOBH. OBM samples were prepared using the various sizes of AOBH as fluid-loss control additives and Grel Alphatex as industrial grade additives. Power Law Model and Herschel-Bulkley Models were used to model rheology of samples. Results show that AOBH contains mainly asphaltic compounds, is eco-friendly and biodegradable. Results from mud tests show close values in performances of AOBH and industrial grade. Filter cake thickness was 2.1mm – 2.8mm for AOBH-additives mud, but 2.3mm for industrial-additives mud. Filtrate loss was 2.0ml – 3.4ml for AOBH-additives mud, but 2.3ml for industrial-additives mud. Apparent viscosity for AOBH-additives mud was 77.5 -92.0cp, but 99.0cp for industrial–additives mud. Plastic viscosity for AOBH-additives mud was 73.0 - 81.0cp, but 87.0cp for industrial-additives mud. Yield point for AOBH-additives mud was 9.0 – 22.0, but 24.0 for industrial-additives mud. Both models show that efficiency of the mud containing AOBH in cleaning hole increased as grain size of AOBH reduced.

Indigenous rights and ontological plurality in the institutional arrangements for the Waikato and Waipā Rivers in Aotearoa

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the institutional arrangements for the Waikato and Waipā Rivers in Aotearoa New Zealand to consider how effectively they promote Indigenous rights and the exercise of Māori law and relationships with place. We ask how these arrangements shape power relations and dynamics among different (human and non-human) actors and whether they foster relationality and create the enabling conditions that generate alternatives to modernist ways of governing. After examining the detail of these complex institutional arrangements in a way that exposes their ontological foundations, this paper argues that, despite limitations, particularly in relation to implementation, these arrangements operate to increase Iwi authority and, thus, promote Indigenous rights, and legal and ontological pluralism. This outcome demonstrates a vibrancy and plurality of thinking in relation to new models of law and institutional arrangements in settler-colonial contexts—beyond those grounded in rights of nature—and that there are a variety of pathways towards the realisation of Indigenous rights and authority, and the related promotion of legal and ontological pluralism.

Mathematical modeling of extraction kinetics from black chokeberries enhanced by cold plasma pretreatment

The application of cold plasma as a pretreatment for extraction process is a recent development. This research investigates the impact of cold plasma (CP) treatment on the extraction process of bioactive compounds from black chokeberry samples. Utilizing a 12-h maceration process, various analyses, including total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS+, CUPRAC assays), total monomeric anthocyanin content (TMA), color parameters, and comprehensive mathematical modeling, were employed to assess the effectiveness of CP treatment. The kinetic modeling with Peleg, Power Law, Elovic's, and Two-site Kinetic Models emphasized the critical role of CP treatment duration in the extraction process. This study indicates that the power-law kinetic model provided the best fit for the experimental data from CP-treated samples, suggesting that this model most accurately describes the extraction kinetics under the conditions tested. In summary, this investigation underlines the crucial role of mathematical modeling in understanding the dynamics of bioactive compound extraction under CP treatment.

Evaporation into half-space: Kinetic simulation of Knudsen layer for monatomic gas

Tools for modeling phase change processes in confined spaces are necessary to estimate heat and mass fluxes impacted by micro-level effects. We develop and validate numerical models for the simulation of evaporation processes using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method and the S-model kinetic equation. The numerical results are compared with previous results obtained by Sone and Sugimoto using the Boltzmann–Krook–Welander kinetic equation. The method of moments for the solution of the Boltzmann equation is also applied. The profiles of macroscopic parameters in the Knudsen layer are analyzed in detail. A very good agreement among the results given by all the applied models is found for a Mach number up to 1. As the considered approaches differ only in the collision laws, the evaporation parameters (temperature, pressure ratios, and the evaporation rate) seem relatively insensitive to the collision law models. The analytical solutions for the marcoscopic profiles (temperature, velocity, density, and pressure) are in good agreement with the numerical results. Possible criteria for Knudsen layer thickness estimation are suggested and tested. The provided results could be used as reference data to test evaporation models.

COSMOGLOBE DR1 results

We present the first model of full-sky polarized synchrotron emission that is derived from all WMAP and Planck LFI frequency maps. The basis of this analysis is the set of end-to-end reprocessed COSMOGLOBE Data Release 1 (DR1) sky maps presented in a companion paper, which have significantly lower instrumental systematics than the legacy products from each experiment. We find that the resulting polarized synchrotron amplitude map has an average noise rms per 2° full width at half maximum (FWHM) beam of 3.2 μK at 30 GHz. This is 30% lower than the recently released BEYONDPLANCK model that included only LFI+WMAP Ka–V data, and 29% lower than the WMAP K-band map alone. The mean B-to-E power spectrum ratio is 0.39 ± 0.02, with amplitudes consistent with those measured previously by Planck and QUIJOTE. Assuming a power law model for the synchrotron spectral energy distribution and using the T–T plot method, we find a full-sky inverse noise-variance-weighted mean of the synchrotron polarized spectral index of βs = −3.07 ± 0.07 from the COSMOGLOBE DR1 K band and 30 GHz, in good agreement with previous estimates. In summary, the novel COSMOGLOBE DR1 synchrotron model is both more sensitive and systematically cleaner than similar previous models, and it has a more complete error description that is defined by a set of Monte Carlo posterior samples. We believe that these products are preferable over previous Planck and WMAP products for all synchrotron-related scientific applications, including simulations, forecasting, and component separation.

Bayesian inference methodology for primordial power spectrum reconstructions from Large Scale Structure

We use Bayesian inference to develop a non-parametric method to reconstruct the primordial power spectrum Pℛ (k) from Large Scale Structure (LSS) data. The performance of the method is assessed by testing it against simulations of the clustering of high-z (QSOs) objects. Their clustering is derived from different templates of the primordial power spectrum motivated by models of inflation: the Standard Model power law characterized by the two parameters As and ns ; a local feature template; and a global oscillatory template. The primordial power spectrum is reconstructed using N knots in the log {k, Pℛ (k)} plane while sampling the cosmological parameters {H 0, Ω b , Ω c }. We use two statistical tests to examine the reconstructions for signs of primordial features: a global test comparing the evidences and a novel local test quantifying the power of the hypothesis test between the power law model and the marginalized probability over N model. We also discuss results of an application to low-z (ELGs) objects with two different photometric errors keeping the cosmology fixed. The method shows good performance in all scenarios considered. In particular, the tests show no feature detection for the standard power-law primordial power spectrum; yet, the method is able to detect power spectrum deviations at a percent level for all considered features, combining either the low-z or the high-z redshift bins. In addition, we include a test proof-of-concept application to real data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Luminous Red Galaxy Data Release 4 (SDSS LRG 04), finding no preference for deviations from the primordial power law. The method is flexible, model independent, and suitable for its application to existing and future LSS surveys.

Growth and longevity of the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera): Implications for conservation and management

AbstractKey life‐history data, such as growth and age, are necessary to effectively manage and conserve threatened freshwater mussel species. Traditionally growth and age studies require large yet destructive sample sizes covering all age classes. Such methods pose a risk to populations of conservation concern, and therefore, alternative methods that need only limited sample sizes are necessitated to prevent further threats to such populations. We applied retrospective shell growth at age reconstructions to 98 critically endangered freshwater pearl mussel (FPM) individuals from 34 populations across Finland and Sweden, enabling the use of extremely small sample sizes (n = 1–6 per population). We compared the performance of six different growth models with the reconstructed size‐at‐age data across FPM juvenile (<20 years old) and adult life stages. The growth reconstruction model showed reasonable skill in reconstructing FPM growth patterns. The von Bertalanffy model showed to be a good general descriptor of growth for FPM, but it systematically underestimated the asymptotic size. The power law model was the most accurate in estimating juvenile growth (lowest deviances from the size‐at‐age data). FPM showed great variability in longevity (Amax = 54–254 years) and growth constant k (0.018–0.057 year−1). Our results show that reasonable estimates of growth can be attained even when sample sizes are extremely limited. The results can be further applied to gain knowledge on the population's age structure, size at maturation, and recovery potential. The methodology is applicable to other freshwater mussel species of conservation concern.

Modelling The Relationship Between Cyclical Output and Cyclical Unemployment: Empirical Validation of Okun’s Law - The Case of Morocco.

The aim of this study is to analyse the dynamic relationship between economic growth and unemployment in Morocco. By examining the validity and asymmetry of Okun's law. Based on quarterly data covering the period from 2000 to 2022, we adopt a dynamic modelling of Okun's law, with the aim of estimating its elasticities during recessions and expansions using an ARDL model. The results of the study show the existence of an inverse relationship between GDP and unemployment with a strong persistence of the unemployment rate. The asymmetry study showed that unemployment reacts more strongly to negative deviations in real GDP than to positive deviations. In terms of policy implications, the study recommends the need to reform the structure of the Moroccan economy so as to allow the integration of a greater number of workers, while stimulating economic growth through the promotion of labour-intensive investment. Involving the Moroccan economy in a process of structural transformation is a crucial element, and investment in areas such as innovation, R&D or digital technology can help to increase real gross domestic product and consequently reduce the unemployment rate.

Branching random walk with non‐local competition

AbstractWe study the Bolker–Pacala–Dieckmann–Law (BPDL) model of population dynamics in the regime of large population density. The BPDL model is a particle system in which particles reproduce, move randomly in space and compete with each other locally. We rigorously prove global survival as well as a shape theorem describing the asymptotic spread of the population, when the population density is sufficiently large. In contrast to most previous studies, we allow the competition kernel to have an arbitrary, even infinite range, whence the term non‐local competition. This makes the particle system non‐monotone and of infinite‐range dependence, meaning that the usual comparison arguments break down and have to be replaced by a more hands‐on approach. Some ideas in the proof are inspired by works on the non‐local Fisher‐KPP equation, but the stochasticity of the model creates new difficulties.

Restorative justice and disciplinary administrative law: The case of the Brazilian state

AbstractIn Brazil, conflicts involving public servants are governed by the standards of disciplinary administrative law, which is inspired by the retributive criminal law model. However, new possibilities (for instance, restorative justice [RJ] applications) may positively contribute to the settling of controversies. This article aims to describe the restorative justice approach within the administrative disciplinary context of the Executive Branch of the State of Goiás. The study has a qualitative nature and is characterized by exploratory‐descriptive research. The method consists of a case study carried out in the Comptroller General of the State. The results point to a state move toward the adoption of consensual dispute resolution methods in the public sphere aimed particularly at public servants, with initiatives conducted by the Office of the State Controller General of Goiás (CGE), such as pilot projects consisting of: restorative circles and the institution of Law No. 21.631/2022 (labor mediation). Specifically with respect to disciplinary offenses, RJ is not instituted, but it is one of the motivators for the materialization of RJ measures in the workplace. The present study involving the theme of RJ and Disciplinary Administrative Law is unprecedented in Brazil. Motivators were identified for the implementation of restorative practices in the workplace and the identification of the process needed to change states to implement the characteristics of a restorative paradigm, culminating in the institution of mediation processes and other RJ interventions.

Influence of organic acids on the viscosity and rheological behavior of guar gum solution

The present study aims to determine the influence of four edible organic acids (ascorbic, citric, malic, and tartaric) at two concentrations (0.5, and 1 %) on the viscosity and rheological behavior of guar gum dispersion (0.2 %, w/v). The finding of this study revealed that the apparent viscosity of guar gum dispersions reduced when the shear rate increased. Additionally, the apparent viscosity of the guar gum dispersions reduced as the organic acids concentration increased from 0 to 1 %. The highest decrease in viscosity was related to 1 % ascorbic acid and the lowest was related to 0.5 % malic acid. The rheological behavior of dispersions were successfully modeled using Power law, Bingham, Herschel-Bulkley, and Casson models, and the Power law model was the best one for describing the behavior of guar gum dispersions containing organic acids. The Power law model showed good performance with the maximum r-value (mean = 0.9988) and least sum of squared error (SSE) values (mean = 0.0021) and root mean square error (RMSE) values (mean = 0.0119) for all samples. The consistency coefficient (k-value) values of the samples (Power law and Herschel-Bulkley models) reduced as the acid percent was increased. The sample containing 1 % tartaric acid had the lowest k-value and the sample containing 0.5 % ascorbic acid had the highest k-value. The flow behavior index (n-value) (Power law and Herschel-Bulkley models) of the samples increased when the acid percent was increased. In summary, the use of guar gum in food products containing high concentrations of tartaric and ascorbic acids is not recommended.

Logical Contradictions and Moral-legal Paradoxes at the Intersection of Scientometrics and Ethics of Scientific Publications (Oxymorons “Self-Pillage” and “Self-Theft” in the AI-System Called “Anti-Plagiarism”)

The subject matter of research is contradictions and moral-legal antinomies arising in the philosophy of science, in relation to a set of technologies called “Anti-Plagiarism”. The formal-logical and formal-axiological aspects of the notions “property”, “common property”, “private property”, “theft”, “plundering” and others are considered. The paper argues for the urgent necessity to allow authors unlimited reuse of any fragments of their previously published texts in their new publications actually containing novel scientific results. The condition is that such duplication is indispensable for understanding and rechecking the novel discovers. The scientific novelty: theoretic arguments are exemplified by a hitherto never published new scientific result made within a discrete mathematical model of natural law of private and common ownership.

Application of black tea waste as eco-friendly deflocculant and rheology stabilizer for water-based mud

Maintaining and regulating the rheological properties of the drilling mud at the desired level is essential for successful drilling operations. Bentonite is the key additive used in most water-based drilling mud for enhanced rheological properties. However, the flocculation tendency of bentonite particles poses a significant challenge for the industry due to the undesirable and unpredictable changes in rheological properties of the fluid with downhole increasing temperature. This study aims to develop a low-cost and eco-friendly deflocculant from black tea waste (BTW) that can prevent the aggregation and flocculation of the bentonite and stabilize the rheology of bentonite-polymer muds. Rheological properties were evaluated with different concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%) of BTW at 95 °F and 140 °F. The Bingham Plastic (BP) and Power Law (PL) models were studied to characterize the flow behavior and identify the best-fit model through statistical analysis. Along with rheological properties, thinning efficiency, mud stability, thermal aging effect, thixotropic behavior, and shear thinning behavior were investigated through different shear-temperature-time dependent tests. In addition, the lubricating properties and filtration loss characteristics were assessed at ambient conditions. Finally, the findings were compared with the industrially used deflocculant, lignosulphonate (LS). The results revealed that BTW can effectively prevent bentonite flocculation and stabilize the mud rheology even at a very low concentration of 0.25%. Significant improvements were observed in the lubricating and filtration characteristics. With the addition of 1% BTW, the filtrate loss, mud cake thickness, and friction coefficient were reduced by 22.2%, 50%, and 13.29%, respectively. The multifunctional activities of black tea waste (BTW) are attributed to its polyphenolic compounds, the presence of which was confirmed through UV–visible spectroscopy testing. The TG analysis confirmed that BTW remains thermally stable up to 200 °C. Considering the synergistic performance compared with lignosulphonate, availability, and environmental and economic acceptance, BTW may be effectively utilized as a multifunctional deflocculant and rheology stabilizer for water-based bentonite-polymer muds.

More accurate solution of mixed convection radiative power law fluid flow over a stretching porous surface with presence of Forchheimer and chemical reaction

In hydraulic analysis, one of the most popular viscosity models for non-Newtonian fluids is the Power Law model. In shear-thinning and shear-thickening, the governing system of partial differential equations is transformed into a system of coupled highly non-linear ordinary differential equations. The effects of emerging parameters on velocities, temperature, and concentration as well as the engineering quantities (friction factor, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number) are presented in tables, graphs, and discussed. Most previous studies do not care about studying the effect of different parameters on stream velocity, and this is one of the advantages of our current study, which can be used by researchers in the future to make comparisons and verify the validity of the solutions. The higher accuracy of fifth-order FDM is tested by comparing it (in the Newtonian case) with previously published works and the results are in excellent agreement with these analytical and numerical works.