Model Of Emotion Regulation Research Articles

Systematic review and meta-analysis of age-related differences in instructed emotion regulation success.

The process model of emotion regulation (ER) is based on stages in the emotion generative process at which regulation may occur. This meta-analysis examines age-related differences in the subjective, behavioral, and physiological outcomes of instructed ER strategies that may be initiated after an emotional event has occurred; attentional deployment, cognitive change, and response modulation. Within-process strategy, stimulus type, and valence were also tested as potential moderators of the effect of age on ER. A systematic search of the literature identified 156 relevant comparisons from 11 studies. Few age-related differences were found. In our analysis of the subjective outcome of response modulation strategies, young adults used expressive enhancement successfully (g = 0.48), but not expressive suppression (g = 0.04). Response modulation strategies had a small positive effect among older adults, and enhancement vs suppression did not moderate this success (g = 0.31 and g = 0.10, respectively). Young adults effectively used response modulation to regulate subjective emotion in response to pictures (g = 0.41) but not films (g = 0.01). Older adults were able to regulate in response to both pictures (g = 0.26) and films (g = 0.11). Interestingly, both age groups effectively used detached reappraisal, but not positive reappraisal to regulate emotional behavior. We conclude that, in line with well-established theories of socioemotional aging, there is a lack of evidence for age differences in the effects of instructed ER strategies, with some moderators suggesting more consistent effectiveness for older compared to younger adults.

Regulating for a reason: Emotion regulation goals are linked to spontaneous strategy use.

We investigated how individual differences in emotion regulation goals predict emotion regulation strategy use in daily life. Across three studies, we assessed two common types of emotion regulation goals (hedonic, social) and strategies spanning the entire process model of emotion regulation. We conducted two studies using global measures with undergraduates (N=394; 18-25years; 69% female; 56% European American) and community members (N=302; 19-74years; 50% female; 75% European American), and a nine-day daily diary study with another community sample (N=272; 23-85years; 50% female; 84% European American). Globally and in daily life, pro-hedonic goals were positively associated with all antecedent-focused strategies (situation selection, situation modification, distraction, and reappraisal), pro-social goals were positively linked to reappraisal, and impression management goals positively predicted suppression. Contra-hedonic goals were negatively associated with reappraisal and positively associated with suppression in some studies. The reasons why people regulate their emotions are predictive of the strategies they use in daily life. These links may be functional, such that people typically use strategies that are suitable for their goals. These findings demonstrate the value of an individual difference approach and highlight the motivational component of emotion regulation.

Intervención Conductual-Contextual para paciente con problema de fase de vida: ruptura de relación de pareja

Behavioral-contextual therapy, based on the Integrative Model of Emotional Regulation of Reyes and Tena (2016), is effective and efficient in dealing with the problem of phase of life: breakup romantic relationship, because it adapts its techniques to improve the quality of life of patients with chronic affective and emotional problems. This work presents an intervention with a male patient 24 years old, who concluded a romantic relationship with whom was his partner for five years. He experienced sadness, pain, anguish and anger, alcohol consumption and changes in appetite. The methodology used is a unique case study design, and a therapeutic intervention consisting of 15 sessions, with the aim of achieving emotional regulation, ability to solve problems, reduce physical manifestations and promote full awareness. Results show that therapy with the Integrative Model of Emotional Regulation achieves a reduction of the symptomatology present in the Life phase problem, so that the effectiveness of the Behavioral-Contextual approach is concluded.

The contributions of affective traits and emotion regulation to internalizing disorders: Current state of the literature and measurement challenges.

Dysfunctional affective processes are central to the experience of internalizing disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, and related disorders). Specifically, extreme positive affect and elevated negative affect each have unique and robust patterns of associations with internalizing symptoms. This article examines affect as both an individual difference and a within-person dynamic process that unfolds over time. Recent research is reviewed that clarifies the hierarchical structure of affect and facet-level associations with symptoms, affect-laden traits that confer risk for internalizing psychopathology, models of emotion regulation, and how emotion regulation abilities and strategies contribute to or detract from psychological well-being. Several measurement challenges in this literature are identified and discussed, including possible conceptual and content overlap, mood-state distortion, naturalistic assessment in daily life, and the benefits and limitations of self-reported affective experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

The five factor model of personality and emotion regulation: A meta-analysis

ObjectiveThe aim of the present meta-analysis was to examine the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and emotion regulation strategies. MethodStudies were identified in PsycArticles, Medline, and Eric databases. Only empirical studies were included. ResultsOut of 32,656 identified articles, 132 studies (156 independent samples, 46,345 participants, and 753 effect sizes) met the inclusion criteria. The effect sizes of the r-type were obtained from all studies. The data were analyzed with random effects model. Lower level of neuroticism and higher levels of extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness were associated with greater typically adaptive emotion regulation strategies (reappraisal, problem solving and mindfulness) and lower typically maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (avoidance and suppression). Additionally, in a few cases, the associations were stronger in clinical samples than in nonclinical samples, in females than males, and in samples reporting dispositional emotion regulation compared to samples reporting situational emotion regulation. ConclusionThese results were discussed in terms of their importance for possible intervention strategies.

Using emotion regulation strategies after sleep deprivation: ERP and behavioral findings.

Sleep deprivation is suggested to impact emotion regulation, but few studies have directly examined it. This study investigated the influence of sleep deprivation on three commonly used emotion regulation strategies (distraction, reappraisal, suppression) in Gross's (1998) process model of emotion regulation. Young healthy adults were randomly assigned to a sleep deprivation group (SD; n = 26, 13 males, age = 20.0 ± 1.7) or a sleep control group (SC; n = 25, 13 males, age = 20.2 ± 1.7). Following 24-h sleep deprivation or normal nighttime sleep, participants completed an emotion regulation task, in which they naturally viewed or applied a given emotion regulation strategy towards negative pictures, with electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. A reduction in the centroparietal late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes towards negative pictures from the naturally viewing condition to a regulated condition was calculated as an index of regulatory effects. Comparisons between the two groups indicated that sleep deprivation significantly impaired the regulatory effects of distraction and reappraisal on LPP amplitudes. Suppression did not reduce LPP amplitudes in either group. In addition, habitual sleep quality moderated the effect of sleep deprivation on subjective perception of emotional stimuli, such that sleep deprivation only made good sleepers perceive negative pictures as more unpleasant and more arousing, but it had no significant effect on poor sleepers' perception of negative pictures. Altogether, this study provides the first evidence that sleep deprivation may impair the effectiveness of applying adaptive emotion regulation strategies (distraction and reappraisal), creating potentially undesirable consequences to emotional well-being.

Putting 'Emotional Intelligences' in Their Place: Introducing the Integrated Model of Affect-Related Individual Differences.

Numerous individual differences, models, and measures have been associated with the ‘emotional intelligence’ (EI) label. This paper discusses one of the most pervasive problems regarding EI-related individual differences, namely, the lack of a meaningful theoretical framework. First, drawing upon existing theoretical frameworks, we argue that EI-related characteristics can be considered constituents of existing models of cognitive ability (ability EI), personality (trait EI), and emotion regulation (EI competencies). Second, having differentiated between these perspectives (ability, personality, and emotion regulation), we draw upon existing theory and research to build the Integrated Model of Affect-related Individual Differences (IMAID), which provides an initial mechanistic representation that explains how the different EI-related constructs are likely to interrelate and coalesce to influence affective outcomes. In essence, the IMAID is an integrated mediation model in which emotion regulation mediates the effects of ability EI and affect-related personality traits upon outcomes. Viewing EI-related constructs as interrelated extensions of well-established individual difference frameworks clarifies some pervasive misconceptions regarding EI-related characteristics and provides scholars and practitioners with a clear and useful theoretical framework ripe for exploration. We conclude by using the IMAID to suggest a theoretically driven agenda for future research.

Dysregulated Anxiety and Dysregulating Defenses: Toward an Emotion Regulation Informed Dynamic Psychotherapy.

One of the main objectives of psychotherapy is to address emotion dysregulation that causes pathological symptoms and distress in patients. Following psychodynamic theory, we propose that in humans, the combination of emotions plus conditioned anxiety due to traumatic attachment can lead to dysregulated affects. Likewise, defenses can generate and maintain dysregulated affects (altogether Dysregulated Affective States, DAS). We propose the Experiential-Dynamic Emotion Regulation methodology, a framework to understand emotion dysregulation by integrating scientific evidence coming from the fields of affective neuroscience and Experiential-Dynamic Psychotherapy aimed at resolving DAS. This method and the techniques proposed can be integrated within other approaches. Similarities and differences with the Cognitive model of emotion regulation and cognitive-behavioral approaches are discussed within the paper.

AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN EMOTION REGULATION STRATEGIES AT WORK: DIFFERENTIAL TRIGGERS, DIFFERENTIAL CONSEQUENCES?

Emerging evidence suggests that older workers, on average, enjoy higher affective well-being than young workers, which has been attributed to higher emotion-regulation competence. Models of emotion regulation emphasize that contextual factors (e.g. emotion intensity) modulate the implementation and adaptiveness of emotion-regulation strategies. We examined age differences in contextual triggers and affective consequences of four common emotion-regulation strategies at work (reappraisal, distraction, suppression, emotion acceptance). In a diary study across 3 weeks, 192 employees reported daily negative work events and their regulatory responses. Per event, we assessed interpersonal nature, intensity, and controllability. Results suggest that older workers respond differently to highly intense events, using less suppression and more acceptance than young workers. Older workers also reported using distraction less often than young workers, irrespective of context. Relationships with affect point at the adaptive nature of such shifts in strategy use. Through better emotional functioning, older workers likely contribute to organizational effectiveness.

Relationships between eating disorder-specific and transdiagnostic risk factors for binge eating: An integrative moderated mediation model of emotion regulation, anticipatory reward, and expectancy

Although relationships between negative affect, emotion dysregulation, and binge eating have been well-established, the mechanisms and individual risk factors that account for this relationship have yet to be elucidated. In addition to emotion dysregulation, altered reward functioning and negative affect eating expectancies (i.e., the expectancy that eating will relieve negative affect) are factors that have been previously linked to binge eating, though theoretical frameworks have not provided an integrated conceptualization of relationships between these domains. Therefore, the present study examined an integrative moderated mediation model among a sample of 101 adults with self-reported eating disorder (ED) symptoms who completed a battery of online questionnaires. Results supported the hypothesized model, which demonstrated that eating expectancies mediated the relationship between emotion dysregulation and binge eating frequency, and there was a positive association between emotion dysregulation and eating expectancies among individuals high in anticipatory reward. These findings provide preliminary support for an integrated approach to understanding transdiagnostic and ED-specific risk factors that potentiate binge eating.

Emotion Regulation Strategies in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Panic Disorder

Emotion regulation (ER) has been incorporated into many models of psychopathology, but it has not been examined directly in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PD/A). In this study, a preliminary model of ER in CBT for PD/A is proposed based on existing theories, and several propositions of the model are tested. We hypothesized that increases in cognitive reappraisal would precede decreases in biased cognitions, decreases in expressive suppression would follow decreases in biased cognitions, and a reduction in symptom severity would follow decreases in expressive suppression. Twenty-nine patients who received CBT for PD/A completed weekly self-report measures of symptom severity, anxiety sensitivity, reappraisal and expressive suppression. In addition, patients were compared to a matched normal sample. Cross-lagged analyses partially supported the hypotheses. Reappraisal did not change until late stages of therapy and was generally not associated with treatment outcome. Suppression decreased significantly and exhibited a reciprocal relationship with biased cognitions. Symptom reduction followed decreases in suppression as hypothesized. However, patients did not differ in ER from matched controls at either pre- or posttreatment. Results suggest the important distinction between reappraisal and appraisal, and stress the role of session-by-session decreases in suppression as a predictor of symptom reduction.

Applying a cognitive-emotional model to nonsuicidal self-injury.

The recently proposed cognitive-emotional model of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) draws on emotion regulation models and social cognitive theory to understand the onset, maintenance, and cessation of NSSI. We tested the prediction of the model that the relationship between emotional reactivity and NSSI is moderated by specific cognitions about self-injury (i.e., self-efficacy to resist NSSI, NSSI outcome expectancies), emotion regulation, and rumination. A sample of 647 university students aged 17-25years (M=19.92, SD=1.78) completed self-report measures of the constructs of interest. As expected, we found that emotional reactivity was positively related to NSSI, particularly for people who had weak self-efficacy to resist NSSI. However, emotional reactivity was negatively related to NSSI for people who were more likely to use expressive suppression to regulate emotion. Implications for the theoretical understanding of NSSI are discussed.

Differences in Large-scale and Sliding-window-based Functional Networks of Reappraisal and Suppression

The process model of emotion regulation suggests that cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression engage at different time points in the regulation process. Although multiple brain regions and networks have been identified for each strategy, no articles have explored changes in network characteristics or network connectivity over time. The present study examined (a) the whole-brain network and six other resting-state networks, (b) their modularity and global efficiency, which is an index of the efficiency of information exchange across the network, (c) the degree and betweenness centrality for 160 brain regions to identify the hub nodes with the most control over the entire network, and (d) the intra-network and inter-network functional connectivity (FC). Such investigations were performed using a traditional large-scale FC analysis and a relatively recent sliding window correlation analysis. The results showed that the right inferior orbitofrontal cortex was the hub region of the whole-brain network for both strategies. The present findings of temporally altering functional activity of the networks revealed that the default mode network (DMN) activated at the early stage of reappraisal, followed by the task-positive networks (cingulo-opercular network and fronto-parietal network), emotion-processing networks (the cerebellar network and DMN), and sensorimotor network (SMN) that activated at the early stage of suppression, followed by the greater recruitment of task-positive networks and their functional connection with the emotional response-related networks (SMN and occipital network). This is the first study that provides neuroimaging evidence supporting the process model of emotion regulation by revealing the temporally varying network efficiency and intra- and inter-network functional connections of reappraisal and suppression.

Emotion regulation and job stress: The mediating effect of relationship quality in the US and Korean samples

The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the association between emotion regulation and job stress is mediated by workplace relationship quality, and to understand the influence of culture in such a relationship. Structural equation modeling was conducted using the data collected from 271 employees in the United States (N = 156) and South Korea (N = 115). Our results demonstrate that relationship quality fully mediated the relationship between reappraisal and job stress. We found that the models of emotion regulation affecting job stress through the relationship quality are invariant across the US and Korea, indicating the possibility that the identified emotion regulation-job stress model can be generalized across cultures. The findings provide information to practitioners regarding how employees cope with stress and allow for the improvement of psychological well-being through application of the integrative mediation model related to emotion regulation and job stress. This study also extends extant psychological theories to explain how emotion regulation is associated with job stress, by demonstrating the mediating role of workplace relationship quality.

Thriving on challenges: how immigrant academics regulate emotional experiences during acculturation

ABSTRACTTransnational academic mobility is of growing importance in higher education. Yet, the acculturation for individual academics is challenging. Taking a phenomenological approach, we interviewed twenty foreign-born academics, who had been living and working in the UK for at least one year, and analysed their emotional experiences of acculturation by chronological stages. Then, using Gross's (Gross, J. J. 1998. “Antecedent-and Response-Focused Emotion Regulation: Divergent Consequences for Experience, Expression, and Physiology.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1): 224–237; Gross, J. J. 2014. “Emotion Regulation: Conceptual and Empirical Foundations.” In Handbook of Emotion Regulation, 2nd ed., edited by J. J. Gross, 3–20. New York: Guilford) model of emotion regulation, we analysed how participants used emotion regulation processes throughout their adaptation to their new environments. The study makes an original contribution firstly by applying a model of emotion regulation not previously used in researching academic life. Secondly, this study shows that, unlike stage theories, acculturation is not experienced primarily in linear stages, but as an ongoing process during which immigrant academics actively work on changing the things that challenge them. Thirdly, the findings emphasise the contributions rather than deficits of immigrant academics. Implications for supporting immigrant academics’ acculturation are discussed.

Better together: a unified perspective on appraisal and emotion regulation

ABSTRACTAdvances in our understanding of appraisal processes and emotion regulation have been two of the most important contributions of research on cognition and emotion in recent decades. Interestingly, however, progress in these two areas has been less mutually informative than one might expect or desire. To help remedy this situation, we provide an integration of appraisal theory and the process model of emotion regulation by describing parallel, interacting and iterative systems for emotion generation and emotion regulation. Outputs of the emotion generation system are perceived by the emotion regulation system, and emotion regulation strategies then modulate emotion by intervening at specific stages of the emotion generation system, ultimately changing appraisal dimensions. We hope that our unified perspective will encourage and guide future research at the interface of cognition and emotion.

Measuring emotion regulation ability across negative and positive emotions: The Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory (PERCI)

Emotion regulation problems underlie the abnormal levels of negative or positive emotion that characterise many forms of psychopathology. Several self-report measures of emotion regulation ability exist, but many are inconsistent with contemporary emotion regulation theory, and none comprehensively assess this construct across both negative and positive emotions. In this paper, we report our attempt to remedy these measurement limitations by developing and validating the Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory (PERCI), a 32 item self-report questionnaire that measures emotion regulation ability as it is defined by the extended process model of emotion regulation. In Study 1, our confirmatory factor analyses in a sample of adults (N = 231) suggested that the PERCI had a factor structure consistent with its theoretical basis and could separately measure people's ability to regulate their negative and positive emotions. All subscale and composite scores had high internal consistency reliability. Study 2 (N = 1175) replicated these findings with respect to factor structure and internal consistency reliability, and correlational or regression analyses with measures of psychopathology, emotion regulation processes, alexithymia, and interpersonal attachment style also supported the validity of the PERCI. We conclude that the PERCI appears to have strong psychometric properties. Clinical and research implications are discussed.

Conceptualizing gambling disorder with the process model of emotion regulation.

IntroductionNowadays, gambling disorder (GD) is a worldwide health issue and there is a growing need to both improve our understanding of this disorder and to tailor specific interventions for its treatment. Moreover, theoretical models and preliminary empirical results suggest that difficulty in regulating emotional states might be involved in GD. However, literature describing clinical and theoretical aspects of emotional dysregulation among pathological gamblers (PGs) shows a lack of systematic description.ObjectivesWe aimed to provide, within an exhaustive theoretical framework of emotion regulation (ER) processing, empirical evidence supporting a conceptual model of GD as an ER affliction.MethodsWe commented on empirical evidence on the relationship between ER and GD in the light of two main conceptual models of emotion (dys)regulation.ResultsThe results suggest there are actual deficits of ER processing among PGs, manifesting themselves through different ways and in different steps of the ER timeline. In addition, dysregulation of positive emotions may play a central role in GD. From a clinical point of view, we pointed out that deficits in ER might be multiple in nature and an assessment for GD should be accurate to identify the specific components accounting for the development and maintenance of the disorder. It should also orientate the clinician in selecting therapeutic objectives.ConclusionsThe nature of emotional states that are difficult to regulate might account for the GD severity and indicate the subtype of PGs the patient belongs to. Treatment programs should be tailored on the specificity of PGs.

Emotion regulation in teachers: The “why” and “how”

We used the process model of emotion regulation to gain a deeper understanding of teachers' emotion regulation goals and strategies. Fifty-six teachers reported why and how they regulate emotions while in the classroom. Findings indicated that teachers have instrumental and hedonic emotion regulation goals, are focused on regulating both their own and their students' emotions, and are typically attempting to decrease negative emotions. Findings showed that teachers use a variety of strategies to regulate emotions; however, the response modulation strategy of suppression was the most frequently reported strategy. Implications for teachers, teacher education programs, and future research are discussed.

Conflict modification: predictable production of congruent situations facilitates responding in a stroop task.

Humans cope with cognitive conflict in various ways, such as focusing on task-relevant instead of task-irrelevant information or avoiding situations where conflict is likely. These adaptations to conflict resemble those used to cope with negative affect. We examined whether situation modification, a strategy derived from the extended process model of emotion regulation, may influence responding in cognitive conflict tasks. This should be evident by a facilitation of actions that consistently modify situations towards congruent (positive) situations rather than to incongruent (negative) situations. In four experiments, participants modified stimuli in a color-word Stroop task towards congruent or incongruent stimuli of (un)predictable identity. A modification effect emerged insofar as participants were faster when they foreseeably produced congruent stimuli of predictable identity than when they produced incongruent stimuli or stimuli of unpredictable identity. Our results add to the body of evidence connecting affect and cognitive conflict, and reveal a constraint when using situation modification as a means to regulate cognitive conflict.