Models Of Addiction Research Articles

Exploring perceptions of genetic risk and the transmission of substance use disorders

BackgroundSubstance use disorders (SUDs) have been consistently shown to exhibit moderate intergenerational continuity (1–3). While much research has examined genetic and social influences on addiction, less attention has been paid to clients’ and lay persons’ perceptions of genetic influences on the heritability of SUD (4) and implications for treatment.MethodsFor this qualitative study, twenty-six structured Working Model of the Child Interviews (WMCI) were conducted with mothers receiving inpatient SUD treatment. These interviews were thematically analyzed for themes related to maternal perceptions around intergenerational transmission of substance use behaviours.ResultsFindings show that over half of the mothers in this sample were preoccupied with their children’s risk factors for addictions. Among this group, 29% spontaneously expressed concerns about their children’s genetic risk for addiction, 54% shared worries about their children’s propensity for addiction without mentioning the word gene or genetic. Additionally, 37% had challenges in even discussing their children’s future when prompted. These concerns mapped onto internal working models of attachment in unexpected ways, with parents who were coded with balanced working models being more likely to discuss intergenerational risk factors and parents with disengaged working models displaying difficulties in discussing their child’s future.ConclusionThis research suggests that the dominant discourse around the brain-disease model of addictions, in its effort to reduce stigma and self-blame, may have unintended downstream consequences for parents’ mental models about their children’s risks for future addiction. Parents receiving SUD treatment, and the staff who deliver it, may benefit from psychoeducation about the intergenerational transmission of SUD as part of treatment.

Examining the relationship between acceptance of different models of addiction and individual stigma among outpatients with alcohol and opioid use disorders.

Examining the relationship between acceptance of different models of addiction and individual stigma among outpatients with alcohol and opioid use disorders.

Heterogeneity in choice models of addiction: the role of context.

Theories of addiction guide scientific progress, funding priorities, and policy development and ultimately shape how people experiencing or recovering from addiction are perceived and treated. Choice theories of addiction are heterogenous, and different models have divergent implications. This breeds confusion among laypeople, scientists, practitioners, and policymakers and reduces the utility of robust findings that have the potential to reduce the global burden of addiction-associated harms. Here we differentiate classes of choice models and articulate a novel framing for a class of addiction models, called contextual models, which share as a first principle the influence of the environment and other contextual factors on behavior within discrete choice contexts. These models do not assume that all choice behaviors are voluntary, but instead that both proximal and distal characteristics of the choice environment-and particularly the benefits and costs of both drug use and non-drug alternatives-can influence behavior in ways that are outside of the awareness of the individual. From this perspective, addiction is neither the individual's moral failing nor an internal uncontrollable urge but rather is the result of environmental contingencies that reinforce the behavior. Contextual models have implications for guiding research, practice, and policy, including identification of novel target mechanisms while also improving existing interventions.

The ReCoDe addiction research consortium: Losing and regaining control over drug intake-Findings and future perspectives.

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are seen as a continuum ranging from goal-directed and hedonic drug use to loss of control over drug intake with aversive consequences for mental and physical health and social functioning. The main goals of our interdisciplinary German collaborative research centre on Losing and Regaining Control over Drug Intake (ReCoDe) are (i) to study triggers (drug cues, stressors, drug priming) and modifying factors (age, gender, physical activity, cognitive functions, childhood adversity, social factors, such as loneliness and social contact/interaction) that longitudinally modulate the trajectories of losing and regaining control over drug consumption under real-life conditions. (ii) To study underlying behavioural, cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms of disease trajectories and drug-related behaviours and (iii) to provide non-invasive mechanism-based interventions. These goals are achieved by: (A) using innovative mHealth (mobile health) tools to longitudinally monitor the effects of triggers and modifying factors on drug consumption patterns in real life in a cohort of 900 patients with alcohol use disorder. This approach will be complemented by animal models of addiction with 24/7 automated behavioural monitoring across an entire disease trajectory; i.e. from a naïve state to a drug-taking state to an addiction or resilience-like state. (B) The identification and, if applicable, computational modelling of key molecular, neurobiological and psychological mechanisms (e.g., reduced cognitive flexibility) mediating the effects of such triggers and modifying factors on disease trajectories. (C) Developing and testing non-invasive interventions (e.g., Just-In-Time-Adaptive-Interventions (JITAIs), various non-invasive brain stimulations (NIBS), individualized physical activity) that specifically target the underlying mechanisms for regaining control over drug intake. Here, we will report on the most important results of the first funding period and outline our future research strategy.

Применение кибергигиены в качестве эффективной психологической меры профилактики киберзависимостей

<p style="text-align: justify;">Problematic internet use and addiction have grown globally with increased digital access and device usage. Individuals are spending more time online, frequently developing non-adaptive habits and addiction symptoms. This article investigates cyber hygiene’s potential as an effective preventive approach against internet addiction through a cyberpsychology perspective. Cyber hygiene encompasses practices fostering responsible technology use to mitigate risks including internet addiction. A literature review reveals key internet addiction impacts, like mental health issues, social problems, and risky cyberbehaviors. Theoretical analysis evaluates interventions for internet addiction, determining cyber hygiene education has strong potential based on technology addiction models. Results suggest cyber hygiene reduces addiction symptoms by moderating online time, promoting healthy digital habits, and improving self-awareness of technology use. Examined hygiene strategies include monitoring usage, parental controls, and principles like avoiding digital distraction and setting screen time limits. While challenges remain, comprehensive cyber hygiene education combined with multilevel interventions can aid internet addiction prevention and mitigate consequences. The article concludes wide implementation of cyber hygiene education is needed, although additional research on long-term effectiveness is necessary.</p>

Farnesyltransferase inhibition overcomes oncogene-addicted non-small cell lung cancer adaptive resistance to targeted therapies

Drug-tolerance has emerged as one of the major non-genetic adaptive processes driving resistance to targeted therapy (TT) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the kinetics and sequence of molecular events governing this adaptive response remain poorly understood. Here, we combine real-time monitoring of the cell-cycle dynamics and single-cell RNA sequencing in a broad panel of oncogenic addiction such as EGFR-, ALK-, BRAF- and KRAS-mutant NSCLC, treated with their corresponding TT. We identify a common path of drug adaptation, which invariably involves alveolar type 1 (AT1) differentiation and Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK)-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling. We also isolate and characterize a rare population of early escapers, which represent the earliest resistance-initiating cells that emerge in the first hours of treatment from the AT1-like population. A phenotypic drug screen identify farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTI) such as tipifarnib as the most effective drugs in preventing relapse to TT in vitro and in vivo in several models of oncogenic addiction, which is confirmed by genetic depletion of the farnesyltransferase. These findings pave the way for the development of treatments combining TT and FTI to effectively prevent tumor relapse in oncogene-addicted NSCLC patients.

Wanting-liking dissociation and altered dopaminergic functioning: Similarities betweeninternet gaming disorder and tobaccouse disorder.

Although internet gaming disorder (IGD) has been included in the DSM-5 for approximately 10 years, debate remains regarding its existence and classification. The current research incorporated three approaches. First, implicit association tests were used to examine for potential dissociation between wanting and liking in IGD. Second, brain features in wanting and liking circuits were tested and compared with tobacco use disorder (TUD) when performing a cue-craving task to explore the neural features of wanting and liking. Third, dopaminergic systems were investigated in IGD and TUD using neuromelanin-sensitive MRI. The implicit association test results supported a wanting-liking dissociation in IGD participants. Functional MRI data suggested neural correlates underlying wanting-liking dissociation in IGD and TUD participants, with positive correlations suggesting greater dissociation with increasing addiction severity. Neuromelanin results suggest dopaminergic differences in IGD and TUD relative to healthy control participants. A wanting-liking dissociation in IGD participants suggests gaming motivations in IGD relating to incentive sensitization rather than hedonic responses. The neuromelanin-sensitive MRI results suggest dopaminergic involvement in IGD and TUD. The findings suggest similar brain-behaviour mechanisms for IGD and TUD based on an incentive-sensitization model for addiction, having implications for potential therapeutic strategies and policy-based interventions.

Zonisamide Ameliorated the Apoptosis and Inflammation in Cerebellar Tissue of Induced Alcohol Addiction Animal Model.

This study investigated the effects of zonisamide treatment on cerebellar tissues in an experimental alcohol addiction (AA) model and its potential mechanisms of action, particularly regarding apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (APAF-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression. Thirty rats were divided into three groups: sham, ethanol (EtOH), and EtOH + zonisamide. AA was induced by administering 6 cc of EtOH orally every 8 h for 4 days. Zonisamide (100 mg/kg) was given to rats once daily before EtOH administration. Motor defects were evaluated using an open field maze. Serum TNF-α levels were measured from blood samples. Cerebellar sections were processed for histological examination and immunostained for APAF-1 and TNF-α. Protein interaction networks were constructed using Cytoscape, and functional annotations were performed with ShinyGO (version 0.80) software. The traveled area in the EtOH group was significantly reduced compared to the sham group (p = 0.0005). Rats in the EtOH + zonisamide group covered a larger area, with zonisamide treatment significantly improving locomotor ability compared to the EtOH group (p = 0.0463). Serum TNF-α levels were significantly elevated in the EtOH group compared to the sham group (p < 0.0001) and were significantly decreased in the EtOH + zonisamide group compared to the EtOH group (p = 0.0309). Regular cerebellar histological layers were observed in the sham group, while EtOH induction caused loss of cerebellar tissue integrity, neuronal degeneration, vascular dilatation and congestion, reduced myelin density, and neuropils in the EtOH group. Zonisamide treatment improved these pathologies, enhancing myelination and neuropil formation. Negative APAF-1 and TNF-α expressions were observed across cerebellar layers in the sham group. Due to EtOH toxicity, APAF-1 and TNF-α expression were upregulated in the EtOH group compared to the sham group (p < 0.001 for both). Zonisamide treatment downregulated these protein expressions in the EtOH + zonisamide group compared to the EtOH group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.0087, respectively). APAF-1 was primarily associated with AA through antifolate resistance, endopeptidases, and the interleukin-1 pathway, while TNF-α was predominantly enriched in infections and choline-binding, indicating zonisamide's impact on immune and inflammatory pathways. In conclusion, zonisamide treatment significantly mitigated ethanol-induced cerebellar damage and inflammation in an AA model. Zonisamide improved locomotor function and reduced serum TNF-α levels, as well as APAF-1 and TNF-α expression in cerebellar tissues. These findings suggest that zonisamide exerts its protective effects by modulating immune and inflammatory pathways, thereby preserving cerebellar integrity and function.

The Mediation Role of Mobile Phone Addiction to the Relationship between Physical Activity and Autistic Traits among College Students

This study taking physical activity (PA) as the independent variable and autistic traits (AQ) as the dependent variable, we explored the relationship between the three in depth, further verified the mediating role of mobile phone addiction (MPA ) between the two , and constructed a hypothesized mediation model of mobile phone addiction in the relationship between physical activity and autistic traits.Method: This study takes the characteristics and correlations of physical activity (PA), autistic traits (AQ) and mobile phone addiction (MPA) as the research objects, follows the principle of convenience sampling , and uses questionnaire survey method and mathematical statistics method to conduct a survey on Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province. Three universities conducted stratified sampling , and finally conducted a survey and research on 382 college students . The " International Physical Activity Scale -Short (IPAQ -SF)", "Autism Trait Scale(AQ)" and "Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale(MPATS)" were used. An electronic questionnaire produced by "Questionnaire Star" was used to conduct an online survey on college students' physical activity, autistic traits and mobile phone addiction tendencies, etc., and SPSS24.0 was used for statistical processing and analysis.Result:1. The BMI difference between PAand AQ of college students was significant (p &lt; 0.01). 2. There was a significant difference between the PA level and the level of college students with high and low AQ (p &lt; 0.01). 3. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between PA and AQ (r = -0.48**, Sig.000) and MPA (r=-0.22**, Sig.000), and a significant positive correlation between AQ and MPA (r=0.37**, Sig.000). 4. PA had a significant mediating effect on AQ through MPA, and MPA had a significant mediating effect between PA and AQ; the direct effect of PA on AQ was significant; the total effect of PA on AQ was significant.Conclusion:1.Physical activity can significantly and negatively predict autistic traits and mobile phone addiction; 2. Mobile phone addiction significantly and positively predicts autistic traits ;3. Mobile phone addiction ranks between physical activity and autistic traits has a significant mediating effect.

Addiction - A Medical Model of the Disease

The Medical Model of Addiction had many significant implications for how addiction is understood, treated, and addressed at individual, societal, and policy levels. While it shifted a common view of addiction from being social aberration to acceptance of addiction as a medical condition,

A novel delta opioid receptor specific peptide reduces craving in an animal model of cocaine seeking

Substance use disorder, and particularly cocaine use disorder, is a complex disease that affects societal, economic, and psychological factors. Endogenous β-endorphin released after prolonged cocaine withdrawal has been reported to activate the accumbal delta-opioid receptor (DOR), leading to attenuated cocaine seeking. However, using DOR β-endorphin activation to treat cocaine use disorder is impractical since β-endorphin does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Also, only activation of the sub-group DOR1 efficiently attenuates craving, as activation of DOR2 yields an opposite effect. Here, we isolated a specific peptide, PEP1, from a phage display peptide library with similar biological properties to β–endorphin, demonstrating specificity for DOR1 and functioning as full receptor agonists. Our pharmacodynamic results showed fast trafficking incorporation of DOR into the cell membrane, interpreted as superior rehabilitation of the receptor and its bioavailability compared to commercial agonists. We administered PEP1, either intrabrain or intranasal, to rats trained to self-administer cocaine. PEP1 induced a significant decrease in cocaine-craving behavior and reinstatement in three different animal models of addiction. Also, PEP1 did not exhibit rewarding properties and did not interfere with the natural reward system. ICP-OES analysis revealed that at least one hour post-administration, PEP1 was retained in the brain rather than in peripheral organs. These findings render PEP1 a potential novel regulator of cocaine craving, especially for being non-addictive. Hence, PEP1 should be further examined as a possible new therapy for substance use disorder.

Value-based decision-making in regular alcohol consumers following experimental manipulation of alcohol value

BackgroundDevaluation of alcohol leads to reductions in alcohol choice and consumption; however, the cognitive mechanisms that underpin this relationship are not well-understood. In this study we applied a computational model of value-based decision-making (VBDM) to decisions made about alcohol and alcohol-unrelated cues following experimental manipulation of alcohol value. Method: Using a pre-registered within-subject design, thirty-six regular alcohol consumers (≥14 UK units per week) completed a two-alternative forced choice task where they chose between two alcohol images (in one block) or two soft drink images (in a different block) after watching videos that emphasised the positive (alcohol value), and separately, the negative (alcohol devalue) consequences of alcohol. On each block, participants pressed a key to select the image depicting the drink they would rather consume. A drift–diffusion model (DDM) was fitted to reaction time and choice data to estimate evidence accumulation (EA) processes and response thresholds during the different blocks in each experimental condition. Findings: In the alcohol devalue condition, soft drink EA rates were significantly higher compared to alcohol EA rates (p = 0.04, d = 0.31), and compared to soft drink EA rates in the alcohol value condition (p = 0.01, d = 0.38). However, EA rates for alcoholic drinks and response thresholds (for either drink type) were unaffected by the experimental manipulation. Conclusions: In line with behavioural economic models of addiction that emphasise the important role of alternative reinforcement, experimentally manipulating alcohol value is associated with changes in the internal cognitive processes that precede soft drink choice.

L’anorexie mentale : une addiction ? Application du modèle addictologique aux troubles du comportement alimentaire. Une revue narrative commentée

ObjectivesAddiction offers a framework for the understanding of eating disorders, particularly those characterized by hyperphagia, with growing interest in food addiction. However, the application of the addiction model to anorexia nervosa remains more controversial. In this commented narrative review, we examine and discuss the addictive features of anorexia nervosa. MethodsCommented narrative review of the literature. ResultsAnorexia nervosa could be the consequence of the loss of control of several objects of positive reinforcement: food restriction, physical hyperactivity, and food itself. Craving has been little studied in the field of eating disorders. When investigated, studies mainly focus on food cravings and tend to highlight food cravings that are inversely correlated with the restrictive nature of the disorder. This would thus be less found in anorexia nervosa, in which it is nevertheless reported. The existence of a pre-existing food craving, or its appearance secondary to food restriction, is currently under discussion. In the meantime, the question of a craving for food restriction, underpinned by the gratifying effect of fasting, is raised. ConclusionsThe management of eating disorders has its place within the addiction care sectors. An integrative approach should be favored, for anorexia nervosa, combining, on the one hand, classic nutritional care, and, on the other hand, care within the framework of addiction treatment. Finally, in people with an eating disorder, the search for an addiction to food, food restriction and physical activity, including a systematic assessment of craving, should be systematized.

Functions of nonsuicidal self-injury and repeated nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescents: A moderating role of addictive features

ObjectiveThe high prevalence and addictive features of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents have been documented, but the role of addictive features in the process from NSSI functions to behaviour remains unclear. The major aim of this study was to investigate the effect of addictive features on NSSI functions and the severity of repeated NSSI. MethodsA total of 10,781 students from primary and middle schools in Chengdu and Karamay were invited to participate in the online cross-sectional survey, and 10,501 completed the survey. Two self-report questionnaires, the Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory (OSI) and the Adolescent Self-Harm Scale (ASHS), were used to collect data from all participants. ResultsAmong the students, 23.45% and 6.64% reported having engaged in NSSI at least once or at least five times in the past year. Being a girl, being an only child, and being in a single-parent family were significantly associated with more severe NSSI. Addictive features have high value for predicting repeated NSSI. In addition to their significant independent/direct additive effects, addictive features mediated and moderated the relationship between NSSI functions and increased severity of NSSI in adolescents. Discussion and conclusionsThe findings suggest that addictive features play a critical role in the development of repeated NSSI in adolescents, which indicates that addiction models may partially explain the mechanism underlying increased severity of NSSI. This may enhance understanding of the reasons for repeated NSSI and inform interventions for repeated NSSI among adolescents.

ANALISIS MODEL MATEMATIKA SEIRS TERHADAP KECANDUAN GAME ONLINE SISWA SMPN 3 MANDREHE BARAT

This research uses documentation and experimental methods. The documentation method is used to create and develop the SEIRS model in cases of online game addiction. Meanwhile, the experimental method is a research method to find answers or solutions to a case or research object. This research was conducted on students in class VIII UPTD SMP Negeri 3 Mandrehe Barat with a total of 26 students within 14 days. In this study, researchers modeled cases of online game addiction into the SEIRS model using the 5th-order Runge-Kutta method so that its effectiveness was obtained based on the data obtained. The results of this study show that the Runge Kutta method is the most effective in the Seirs mathematical model for online game addiction.

Connexin-36-positive gap junctions in ventral tegmental area GABA neurons sustain opiate dependence.

Drug dependence is characterized by a switch in motivation wherein a positively reinforcing substance can become negatively reinforcing. Put differently, drug use can transform from a form of pleasure-seeking to a form of relief-seeking. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) GABA neurons form an anatomical point of divergence between two double dissociable pathways that have been shown to be functionally implicated and necessary for these respective motivations to seek drugs. The tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus (TPP) is necessary for opiate conditioned place preferences (CPP) in previously drug-naïve rats and mice, whereas dopaminergic (DA) transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is necessary for opiate CPP in opiate-dependent and withdrawn (ODW) rats and mice. Here, we show that this switch in functional anatomy is contingent upon the gap junction-forming protein, connexin-36 (Cx36), in VTA GABA neurons. Intra-VTA infusions of the Cx36 blocker, mefloquine, in ODW rats resulted in a reversion to a drug-naïve-like state wherein the TPP was necessary for opiate CPP and where opiate withdrawal aversions were lost. Consistent with these data, conditional knockout mice lacking Cx36 in GABA neurons (GAD65-Cre;Cx36 fl(CFP)/fl(CFP)) exhibited a perpetual drug-naïve-like state wherein opiate CPP was always DA independent, and opiate withdrawal aversions were absent even in mice subjected to an opiate dependence and withdrawal induction protocol. Further, viral-mediated rescue of Cx36 in VTA GABA neurons was sufficient to restore their susceptibility to an ODW state wherein opiate CPP was DA dependent. Our findings reveal a functional role for VTA gap junctions that has eluded prevailing circuit models of addiction.

Substance use Attitudes, Beliefs, Experience, and Knowledge Among Nursing and Nursing Assistant Students

ABSTRACT Stigma is a public health concern. Stigmatizing attitudes toward persons with substance use disorders (SUDs) can adversely impact clinical care and outcomes. Beliefs about SUD, prior experience and familiarity to persons with SUD, and educational curricula drive attitudes among health-care workers. In 2019, nursing and nursing assistant students were recruited through an online survey platform. Participants completed an SUD knowledge test and a survey assessing education, beliefs, personal experience, and confidence in recognizing the signs and symptoms of SUD. One hundred and ten health-care students (nursing students, n = 67 and nursing assistant students, n = 43) completed the survey. Among nursing assistant students, endorsing a disease model of addiction (F(2, 40) = 5.83, p < .001, R 2 = .23), and personal familiarity with SUD (F(2, 40) = 4.46, p < .001, R 2 = .18), were significantly positively predictive of positive regard toward working with persons with SUD. For nursing students, endorsing a disease model of addiction, educational curricula involving persons with SUD, and personal familiarity were significantly positively predictive of positive regard toward working with persons with SUDs (F(2, 61) = 11.52, p < .001, R2 = .36). Interventions to mitigate drug-related stigma among health-care students should center students with personal familiarity, promote the disease concept of addiction, and incorporate contact-based training.

Is online shopping addiction still a depressive illness? —— the induced consumption and traffic trap in live E-commerce

While immersive shopping has injected new vitality into China's e-commerce, it has also resulted in consumers' over-reliance on online shopping. Psychological studies have linked online shopping addiction with depression, but business practices challenge this conclusion. This study, grounded in addiction theory, developed a theoretical model, and conducted an online survey with 214 live-streaming shoppers using structural equation modeling for validation. The primary focus was on determining whether consumers truly become addicted to online shopping in the four stages of the addiction model. The study unveils the process of consumers becoming addicted to online shopping. It explores the moderating role of perceived risk in the relationship between utilitarian and hedonic purchases and online shopping addiction. The findings suggest that through tactics such as traffic promotion, traffic trapping, anchor feature utilization, and incorporation of consumer aesthetics, merchants may induce utilitarian and hedonic purchases, leading to addiction to live-streaming shopping among consumers. Furthermore, perceived risk significantly and negatively moderates the relationship between utilitarian purchases and online shopping addiction. Our research indicates that merchants intentionally create external stimuli, enticing consumers to indulge in online shopping, suggesting that online shopping addiction is not merely a simple psychological state but may be influenced by external factors. This study provides novel insights into the phenomenon of online shopping addiction while offering valuable recommendations for consumers seeking to avoid succumbing to its allure.

Neonatal brain inflammation enhances methamphetamine-induced reinstated behavioral sensitization in adult rats analyzed with explainable machine learning

Neonatal brain inflammation produced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in long-lasting brain dopaminergic injury and motor disturbances in adult rats. The goal of the present work is to investigate the effect of neonatal systemic LPS exposure (1 or 2 mg/kg, i.p. injection in postnatal day 5, P5, male rats)-induced dopaminergic injury to examine methamphetamine (METH)-induced behavioral sensitization as an indicator of drug addiction. On P70, subjects underwent a treatment schedule of 5 once daily subcutaneous (s.c.) administrations of METH (0.5 mg/kg) (P70–P74) to induce behavioral sensitization. Ninety-six hours following the 5th treatment of METH (P78), the rats received one dose of 0.5 mg/kg METH (s.c.) to reintroduce behavioral sensitization. Hyperlocomotion is a critical index caused by drug abuse, and METH administration has been shown to produce remarkable locomotor-enhancing effects. Therefore, a random forest model was used as the detector to extract the feature interaction patterns among the collected high-dimensional locomotor data. Our approaches identified neonatal systemic LPS exposure dose and METH-treated dates as features significantly associated with METH-induced behavioral sensitization, reinstated behavioral sensitization, and perinatal inflammation in this experimental model of drug addiction. Overall, the analysis suggests that the implementation of machine learning strategies is sensitive enough to detect interaction patterns in locomotor activity. Neonatal LPS exposure also enhanced METH-induced reduction of dopamine transporter expression and [3H]dopamine uptake, reduced mitochondrial complex I activity, and elevated interleukin-1β and cyclooxygenase-2 concentrations in the P78 rat striatum. These results indicate that neonatal systemic LPS exposure produces a persistent dopaminergic lesion leading to a long-lasting change in the brain reward system as indicated by the enhanced METH-induced behavioral sensitization and reinstated behavioral sensitization later in life. These findings indicate that early-life brain inflammation may enhance susceptibility to drug addiction development later in life, which provides new insights for developing potential therapeutic treatments for drug addiction.

Mathematical insights of social media addiction: fractal-fractional perspectives

The excessive use of social media has become a growing concern in the current century, with dependence on these platforms developing into a complex behavioral addiction. Addressing this issue requires the employment of well-directed and inclusive efforts. In pursuit of continuous development in existent strategies, this article presents a non-linear deterministic mathematical model that encapsulates the dynamics of social media addiction within a population. The proposed model incorporates the fractal-fractional order derivative in the sense of the Caputo operator. The objectives of this research are attained by groping the dynamics of the social media addiction model through the stratification of the population into five compartments: susceptible individuals, exposed individuals, addicted individuals, recovery individuals, and those who have quit using social media. The validity of the devised model is established by proving the existence and uniqueness of the solution within the framework of the fixed-point theory. The Ulam-Hyer’s stability is established through nonlinear functional analysis, perturbing the problem with a small factor. Utilizing the Adam Bashforth numerical scheme, we obtain numerical solutions, which we validate through MATLAB simulations. Additionally, we explore the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to approximate solutions, presenting a significant innovation in this domain. We propose the adoption of this novel method for solving integral equations that elucidate the dynamics of social media addiction, surpassing traditional numerical methods. Numerical results are illustrated across various fractional orders and fractal dimensions, with comparisons made against integer orders. Our study indicates that ANN outperforms the Adams-Bashforth algorithm, offering a dependable approach to problem-solving. Throughout the article, we underscore the competitive advantage of our proposed strategy, providing a more nuanced understanding of the complex dynamics outlined in the model.