Model For Different States Research Articles

Compensation of friction and stick-slip uncertainties in trajectory tracking control of servo DC machines considering actuation constraints

Nowadays, electric motors are common in many precision instrument industries that require high-precision control. If a suitable model of a servo system is available, accurate results can be obtained using a model-based control algorithm. The DC motor is one of the most widely used systems in precision industries, for which a high-precision controller can be designed using its mathematical model with feedback on position and velocity. In such systems and other rotating systems, it is necessary to consider friction in the control system design. Friction enters the system in the form of resistant force or torque in both static and kinetic states, which causes uncertainty in the dynamic modeling of the system, the stick-slip phenomenon, and creates a deadzone in the actuation system. In this article, considering a switching dynamic model for different states of a system subject to friction which has a saturation limit on the control input and an actuation system dependent on the angular velocity feedback, first, the stable reaching laws in two modes of position control and velocity control for different dynamic model switch modes are defined. Then, the control input that forces the tracking error to follow the corresponding reaching law for each control mode is calculated. In the next step, according to the limitations of the actuation system, such as saturation and deadzone, using the filtering mechanism and optimal search for each control mode, the desired values are filtered and it is guaranteed that the control input will be chosen within the allowed range. Finally, using the optimal switching mode selection mechanism, the optimal control mode is selected and the voltage is calculated as the next step input.

水稻种芽损伤离散元仿真参数标定与试验

Rice buds are easily bruised or broken during sowing, which affects the seedling rate, and the discrete element simulation of rice buds lacks an accurate model in this process. The EDEM simulation software was used to calibrate the parameters of the discrete element simulation model for different states of rice bud seeds damage. The Hertz-Mindlin model was used to simulate the accumulation of rice bud seeds. Through a series of tests, the interspecific static friction factor was 0.644, and the rolling friction factor was 0.062. The normal contact stiffness and tangential contact stiffness were determined for the broken chest state and the 1-3 mm shoot length state, respectively, by using the meta-particle function to build rice seed sprouts and applying the bonding model to conduct Box - Behnken response surface tests for shear damage of rice seed sprouts. Finally, experiments were carried out with a hole-belt-type seed meter. The results showed that under different belt speeds, the relative error between the measured value and the simulated value of the rice bud damage rate was not more than 0.9%, indicating that the calibration parameters were accurate and reliable.

High-Resolution Imaging of Human Cancer Proteins Using Microprocessor Materials.

Mutations in tumor suppressor genes, such as Tumor Protein 53 (TP53), are heavily implicated in aggressive cancers giving rise to gain- and loss-of-function phenotypes. While individual domains of the p53 protein have been studied extensively, structural information for full-length p53 remains incomplete. Functionalized microprocessor chips (microchips) with properties amenable to electron microscopy permitted us to visualize complete p53 assemblies for the first time. The new structures revealed p53 in an inactive dimeric state independent of DNA binding. Residues located at the protein-protein interface corresponded with modification sites in cancer-related hot spots. Changes in these regions may amplify the toxic effects of clinical mutations. Taken together, these results contribute advances in technology and imaging approaches to decode native protein models in different states of activation.

Reconstruction of Colored Soft Deformable Objects Based on Self-Generated Template

In reconstructing soft objects under different deformation states with RGB-D sensors, the results usually suffer from incomplete geometries and textures due to self-occlusion, such as dynamic wrinkles on a garment. A priori template is usually used for addressing this issue, but it requires complex scanning and an elaborate setup. This paper proposes a new framework to reconstruct a deformable soft object with complete geometry and consistent texture by introducing an incremental-completion self-generated template (SGT). By building a non-rigid registration that combines geometry and optical flow features, the SGT is dynamically updated and completed by supplementing the information from each initial state model. Then the updated SGT is reversely deformed to each state to obtain a sequence of dynamic reconstructed results with consistent geometry. Furthermore, a consistent Markov random field is also proposed to constrain mesh models in different states to generate consistent texture and guide non-rigid deformation. Experimental results show that our method achieves multi-state high-quality reconstruction effects, which provides a new solution for dynamically reconstructing colored soft objects.

PROBLEMS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF GENDER EQUALITY (COMPARATIVE LEGAL ASPECT)

The purpose of the study is to identify the problems in the implementation of the principle of gender equality in Ukraine and European states.
 This goal was achieved through the application of a system of methods, including comparative method, formal law method and statistical method.
 The study has identified that the principle of gender equality prohibits discriminatory treatment on the basis of gender in different spheres of social relations. However, there is no single approach to understanding the concept of gender equality, which is described as: equality between the rights of men and women; fair treatment of men and women; equal access to resources and their fair distribution between men and women.
 It is substantiated that the principle of gender equality is a sub-principle of the principle of equality and means guaranteeing equal rights and opportunities regardless of gender.
 The principle of gender equality is examined in international law, including the provisions of the Council of Europe's Gender Equality Strategy for 2018-2023 and their implementation in Ukraine. The European Court of Human Rights' (ECtHR) practice of interpreting the content of the principle of gender equality and its scope is analyzed. The ECtHR has established that gender-based violence is the form of discrimination against women.
 The Court of Justice of the European Union has established the elimination of discrimination on grounds of sex as a general principle of EU law which should be guaranteed by a court.
 Family policy models in different states have been studied through the prism of gender equality, in particular: the pronatalist model (formed in France); the traditional model (historically originated in Germany); a pro-egalitarian model (Sweden is a typical representative); family model (mainly applied in the UK, the US and Canada). It is justified that nowadays, mixed models of family policy prevail, which combine traditional models in different proportions. In Ukraine, there is a similarly mixed model of family policy model that can be characterised as more pro-natalist model.
 The study concludes that real gender equality can be achieved in the case of an effective gender-based public policy, which should: stimulate gender expertise; introduce quotas for representation of women in all areas of employment, except those that may harm their health; ensure that gender components are taken into account in all economic and social development programs; introduce a gender component through the educational process in the secondary, vocational and higher education system; ensure gender mainstreaming in teacher training programs and public officials; promote the elimination of gender stereotypes and counteract discrimination; contribute to reducing the remuneration gap; to promote the activities of public associations in the field of gender equality and combating domestic violence, etc.

Dynamic Auto Reconfiguration of Operator Placement in Wireless Distributed Stream Processing Systems

The data is generated at significant speed and volume by devices in real-time. The data generation and the growth of fog and edge computing infrastructure have led to the noteworthy development of the corresponding distributed stream processing systems (DSPS). A DSPS application has Quality of Service (QoS) restrictions in terms of resource cost and time. The physical resources are distributed and heterogeneous. The resource-constrained scheduling problem has considerable implications on the performance of the system and QoS violations. The static deployment of applications in fog or edge scenario has to be monitored continuously for runtime issues, and actions have to be taken accordingly. In this paper, we propose an adaptation capability with reinforcement learning techniques to an existing stream processing framework scheduler. This functionality enables the scheduler to make decisions on its own when the system model or knowledge of the environment is not known upfront. The reinforcement learning methods adapt to the system when the system model for different states is not available. We consider applications whose workload cannot be characterized or predicted. In such applications, predictions of input load are not helpful for online scheduling. The Q-Learning based online scheduler learns to make dynamic scaling decisions at runtime when there is performance degradation. We validated the proposed approach with real-time and benchmark applications on a DSPS cluster. We obtained an average of 6% reduction in the response time and a 15% increase in the throughput when the Q Learning module is employed in the scheduler.

Adaptive quasi-Monte Carlo method for uncertainty evaluation in centroid measurement of planetary rovers

The measurement of the centroid is of great significance to improve the control performance and reduce the energy consumption of the planetary rover (PR). The uncertainty is an essential indicator of the reliability of centroid measurement results. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the uncertainty of centroid measurement in the multi-configuration rover. For the measurement of the centroid, the model with 37 parameters of two measurements as the input and the centroid coordinates as the output is derived. Further, the mechanical and electrical integrated system is developed, which can measure the centroid of PRs in different configurations and sizes. Moreover, to overcome the shortcomings of the Monte Carlo method (MCM) in uncertainty evaluation, an adaptive algorithm that automatically determines the number of input sequences is proposed. On this basis, an adaptive quasi-Monte Carlo method (AQMCM) is presented in order to accelerate the uncertainty evaluation, which is characterized by the randomized Sobol sequence. Besides, experiments are performed to compare the uncertainty evaluation process and results of the AQMCM and the adaptive Monte Carlo method (AMCM) in multiple configurations. The result shows that the standard uncertainty of the AQMCM is almost the same as that of the AMCM, but the sequence size of AQMCM is evidently smaller than that of AMCM. Taken together, we identify that the AQMCM evaluates the uncertainty of CM for the multi-configuration rover in an efficient and fast way. Furthermore, the AQMCM provides a new method for uncertainty evaluation, particularly for nonlinear models in different states.

Sensor Fault-Tolerant Control Design for Magnetic Brake System

The purpose of the paper is to develop an efficient approach to fault-tolerant control for nonlinear systems of magnetic brakes. The challenging problems of accurate modeling, reliable fault detection and a control design able to compensate for potential sensor faults are addressed. The main idea here is to make use of the repetitive character of the control task and apply iterative learning control based on the observational data to accurately tune the system models for different states of the system. The proposed control scheme uses a learning controller built on a mixture of neural networks that estimate system responses for various operating points; it is then able to adapt to changing working conditions of the device. Then, using the tracking error norm as a sufficient statistic for detection of sensor fault, a simple thresholding technique is provided for verification of the hypothesis on abnormal sensor states. This also makes it possible to start the reconstruction of faulty sensor signals to properly compensate for the control of the system. The paper highlights the components of the complete iterative learning procedure including the system identification, fault detection and fault-tolerant control. Additionally, a series of experiments was conducted for the developed control strategy applied to a magnetic brake system to track the desired reference with the acceptable accuracy level, taking into account various fault scenarios.

A Corona Recognition Method Based on Visible Light Color and Machine Learning

Can we detect electric discharge states in gases based on the information on visual images? This article proposes a new kind of method where we build several detection models for different states of corona discharge by applying four kinds of machine learning algorithms to extract color, brightness, and shape information characteristics of visible images taken by a digital camera. Every model is then tested on a new set of images to measure its performance. The four different machine learning algorithms are support vector machine (SVM), ${K}$ -nearest neighbor regression (KNN), single layer perceptron (SLP), and decision tree (DT) algorithms. The prediction results show that the color features perform best among all three types of features and the KNN algorithm performs best among all four algorithms. This article also presents a discussion on how to choose the optimal detection areas of images for better detection performance. Our approach shows consistent results across different cameras and camera settings. The results demonstrate that even if only the visible light spectrum emitted from a plasma is captured, the color method can provide sufficient discharge information for economic and convenient use in discharge state detection because the species producing visible radiation are affected by radiation in all bands.

Alteration and curing of framework defects by heating different as-made silica zeolites of the MFI framework type

Abstract Zeolite materials of the MFI-structure type have been synthesized with tetrapropylammonium (TPA+) as organic structure directing agent, (i) applying the all-silica route ((TPA)[Si-MFI-type]), (ii) with fluoride as mineralizer ((TPA,F)[Si-MFI-type]) and (iii) including a boron source ((TPA)[B,Si-MFI-type]). These three materials served as models for different states of defect and perfect framework zeolites in their as-made and calcined states. The materials themselves and their silanol/siloxy type defects were characterized using PXRD, TG/DTA, SS-NMR and IR spectroscopy, i.e. techniques probing long range order and local structure. The combination of these analytical techniques proved to be very helpful for a most complete understanding of their local structure as well as the changes that occur upon heating. If defects were detected, the curability was analysed by performing calcination. Whereas the as-made (TPA,F)[Si-MFI-type] already exhibits a perfect, defect-free silica framework, (TPA)[B,Si-MFI-type] and (TPA)[Si-MFI-type] both show a substantial concentration of defects after synthesis. (TPA)[Si-MFI-type] contains predominantly a complex local defect structure, which is completely curable during calcination. The defects for (TPA)[B,Si-MFI-type]-calc but remained, to a small degree, after calcination and deboronation in (TPA)[B,Si-MFI-type]-deb, where silanol nests had formed intermediately. An IR band at 3730 cm−1 characteristic for isolated Si–OH indicates that some silanol defects remained due to imperfect condensation of the silanol nests.

Examining the Schelling Model Simulation through an Estimation of Its Entropy.

The Schelling model of segregation allows for a general description of residential movements in an environment modeled by a lattice. The key factor is that occupants change positions until they are surrounded by a designated minimum number of similarly labeled residents. An analogy to the Ising model has been made in previous research, primarily due the assumption of state changes being dependent upon the adjacent cell positions. This allows for concepts produced in statistical mechanics to be applied to the Schelling model. Here is presented a methodology to estimate the entropy of the model for different states of the simulation. A Monte Carlo estimate is obtained for the set of macrostates defined as the different aggregate homogeneity satisfaction values across all residents, which allows for the entropy value to be produced for each state. This produces a trace of the estimated entropy value for the states of the lattice configurations to be displayed with each iteration. The results show that the initial random placements of residents have larger entropy values than the final states of the simulation when the overall homogeneity of the residential locality is increased.

A model to predict creep compliance of asphalt mixtures containing recycled materials

Thermal cracking is one of the major distresses in flexible pavements, especially in the northern part of the U.S. and Canada. With the increasing use of recycled materials like reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingle (RAS), asphalt pavements have become more susceptible to thermal distresses. Therefore, such asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures should be carefully investigated to ensure that performance is not compromised in the pursuit of an economical solution. The Pavement ME Design uses the empirically developed model for the prediction of creep compliance as an input for Level 3 analysis, which uses the mix and binder properties. However, this prediction model cannot be applied for every climatic and mix design conditions; therefore, different researchers came up with modified models for different states within the U.S. The impact of recycled materials was not captured in the MEPDG as well as in the modified models. This research proposes a new model that captures the effect of recycled materials. It was observed that softer binder and higher asphalt content results in more compliant, while recycled materials tend to decrease the compliance. Hence, softer binder and recycled materials tend to counterbalance each other’s impact. From model analysis, it was found that the existing MEPDG model significantly overestimates creep compliance compared with actual measured values. The proposed model can capture the effect of asphalt binder replacement (ABR) and has been validated with randomly selected data and found to exhibit good correlation with lab testing data.

Reconstruction of Intima and Adventitia Models into a State Undeformed by a Catheter by Using CT, IVUS, and Biplane X-Ray Angiogram Images.

The number of studies on blood flow analysis using fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis is increasing. Though a 3D blood vessel model that includes intima and adventitia is required for FSI analysis, there are difficulties in generating it using only one type of medical imaging. In this paper, we propose a 3D modeling method for accurate FSI analysis. An intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) image is used with biplane X-ray angiogram images to calculate the position and orientation of the blood vessel. However, these images show that the blood vessel is deformed by the catheter inserted into the blood vessel for IVUS imaging. To eliminate such deformation, a CT image was added and the two models were registered. First, a 3D model of the undeformed intima was generated using a CT image. In the second stage, a model of intima and adventitia deformed by the catheter was generated by combining the IVUS image and the X-ray angiogram images. A 3D model of intima and adventitia with the deformation caused by insertion of the catheter eliminated was generated by matching these 3D blood vessel models in different states. In addition, a 3D blood vessel model including bifurcation was generated using the proposed method.

Reviews on Physically Based Controllable Fluid Animation

In computer graphics animation, animation tools are required for fluid-like motions which are controllable by users or animator, since applying the techniques to commercial animations such as advertisement and film. Many developments have been proposed to model controllable fluid simulation with the need in realistic motion, robustness, adaptation, and support more required control model. Physically based models for different states of substances have been applied in general in order to permit animators to almost effortlessly create interesting, realistic, and sensible animation of natural phenomena such as water flow, smoke spread, etc. In this paper, we introduce the methods for simulation based on physical model and the techniques for control the flow of fluid, especially focus on particle based method. We then discuss the existing control methods within three performances; control ability, realism, and computation time. Finally, we give a brief of the current and trend of the research areas.

Lateral Pressure Profile and Curvature Frustration in Mechanosensitive Channel Gating

Experimental evidence of a link between the function and the lipid environment of a membrane protein is increasingly available. While some of the experimental data can be explained by specific lipid-protein interactions, others can only be understood through protein induced perturbations in the membrane shape [1].In the latter case, the free-energy of a protein state is connected to membrane thickness (hydrophobic mismatch), membrane elasticity and curvature energy [1]. Connection to membrane elasticity and curvature energy can also be formulated using the so-called lateral pressure profile. A conformational change of a membrane protein has to do work against a non-uniform pressure distribution, i.e lateral pressure profile, inside a membrane [2]. Previously it has been shown that this work might be significantly larger than thermal energy by assuming simple conformation changes [3].Here we analyze the work done against the lateral pressure profile in mechanosensitive channel gating using a recently developed method to calculate a full 3D pressure field from molecular dynamics simulations [4]. For this purpose we have simulated closed and open states of a Mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL) embedded in a DOPC bilayer using the MARTINI force field [5]. To analyze the effect of curvature frustration we have also performed simulations with symmetric and asymmetric lipid distributions. The advantage compared to previous analyzes [3] is that instead of a simple cone model, we have a more realistic model for different states of a mechanosensitive channel.[1] R. Phillips et al., Nature 495, 379-385 (2009).[2] R. Cantor, J. Phys Chem. B 101, 1723-1725 (1997).[3] P. S. Niemela et al., PLoS Comput Biol 3, 304-312 (2007).[4] O. H. S. Ollila et al., PRL 102, 078101 (2009).[5] S. J. Marrink et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 111, 7812-7824 (2007).

Design and Analysis of Robust Binary Filters in the Context of a Prior Distribution for the States of Nature

An optimal binary-image filter estimates an ideal random set by means of an observed random set. A fundamental and practically important question regards the robustness of a designed filter: to what extent does performance degrade when the filter is applied to a different model than the one for which it has been designed? By parameterizing the ideal and observation random sets, one can analyze the robustness of filter design relative to parameter states. Based on a prior distribution for the states, a robustness mesure is defined for each state in terms of how well its optimal filter performs on models for different states. Not only is filter performance on other states taken into account, but so too is the contribution of other states in terms of their mass relative to the prior state distribution. This paper characterizes maximally robust states, derives performance bounds, treats mean robustness (as opposed to robustness by state), introduces a global filter that is applied across all states, particularizes the entire analysis to a sparse noise model for which there are analytic robustness expressions, and proposes a simplified model for determination of robust states from data. Sufficient conditions are given under which the global filter is uniformly more robust than all state-specific optimal filters.

Contraction of information in systems far from equilibrium

The relationship between a physical model and a time series model (or an innovation model) is discussed from the viewpoint of contraction of information due to the way of observation. In this framework, measurable correlation functions are expressed in terms of both models. By using the Riccati type equation and the singular value decomposition of the Hankel matrix, a data-oriented model is derived from measurable correlation functions. There occurs the contraction in a noise source space (or random forces). From the mechanism of contraction, random forces of systems can be identified by using two innovation models in different states.

The influence of chromatin compactness on the stoichiometry of the Feulgen-Schiff procedure studied in model films. II. Investigations on films containing condensed or swollen chicken erythrocyte nuclei.

As models for different states of chromatin compactness, nuclei from chicken erythrocytes were isolated and either osmotically swollen or kept as condensed as possible. Both types of nuclei were then fixed and incorporated into polyacrylamide films. Hydrolysis with 5 N HCl and staining with Schiff's reagent of these model films were studied using several parameters. The phosphate content of the films was analyzed as a parameter for the depolymerization losses and the staining with Schiff's reagent as a parameter for the apurinic acid (APA) content. The loss of ultraviolet absorbance from the films and the accumulation of ultraviolet absorbing substances in the hydrolyzing acid were monitored as parameters for the progress of hydrolysis. Conversion of the generated aldehyde groups to APA-Schiff chromophore is shown to take place with the same stoichiometry for both types of nuclei as well as for DNA in model films. It is further shown that the nuclei- and DNA-films are suitable models for investigating the influence of chromatin compactness on the course of the Feulgen-Schiff reaction. For the most compact form of chromatin studied, a very high reduction in staining intensity of up to 40% could be demonstrated after certain normally applied hydrolysis times. This is due primarily to a decrease with a factor of 2.3 of the depurination rate constants of these models (from 0.030/min to 0.013/min). Therefore prolonged hydrolysis periods are required to obtain the same APA concentrations, but then depolymerization processes cause losses of nuclear material. The differences in depurination rates could be explained by a decrease in [H3O]+ in the neighborhood of the purine-sugar linkages, caused by the presence of fixed positive charges form the protein components of the chromatin. These findings may explain the cytophotometrically determined differences in chromophore yield of 10-20% found in the nuclei of cells with different states of compactness of their chromatin. The descending part of the Feulgen hydrolysis curve represents the depolymerization of APA and loss by diffusion of the reaction products. In the Appendix, cytophotometric data of cells have been analyzed to show that this part of the hydrolysis curve may be used to estimate the acid stability of chromatin complexes. The depurination and depolymerization rates found closely correspond with the data obtained from the model films.

A suggested control function for the animal tissue ribonuclease-ribonuclease inhibitor system, based on studies of isolated cells and phytohaemagglutinin-transformed lymphocytes

1. 1. A study was made of the balance between cytoplasmic ribonuclease inhibitor and alkaline ribonuclease and its relationship to the state of cellular RNA metabolism. Isolated purified cells were used to overcome the problems associated with the heterogeneity of animal tissue cell populations. The individual cell types were used as models of different states of RNA metabolism. 2. 2. Phagocytes, representing cells with high catabolic activity, were found to have very low levels of inhibitor and very high levels of ribonuclease activity. Small lymphocytes from different sources (rat thymus, lymph nodes and blood) differed markedly in their ribonuclease and inhibitor contents, perhaps reflecting a variety of biological functions or metabolic states. The inhibitor activity of rat blood lymphocytes declined markedly with the age of the animal. Adult human peripheral blood lymphocytes resembled blood lymphocytes from old rats in that they had high free ribonuclease and low inhibitor activities. 3. 3. When a cell low in synthetic activity, the human blood lymphocyte, was stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin to transform into an active, dividing blast-like cell in tissue culture, a striking increase in inhibitor content was noted, from zero to the highest levels recorded. This increase commenced prior to cytoplasmic RNA accumulation. 4. 4. The results provide stronger evidence for the generalisation, originally based on whole tissue studies, that high inhibitor/ribonuclease ratios are associated with states of cytoplasmic RNA accumulation while low ratios are associated with states of RNA catabolism. The inhibitor may well have a role in controlling the level of cytoplasmic RNA in general, and messenger RNA stability in particular.