Cellular Network Model Research Articles

Exponential Quasi-Synchronization of Fractional-Order Fuzzy Cellular Neural Networks via Impulsive Control

This paper investigates the exponential quasi-synchronization of fractional-order fuzzy cellular neural networks with parameters mismatch via impulsive control. Firstly, under the framework of the generalized Caputo fractional-order derivative, a new fractional-order impulsive differential inequality is established. Secondly, based on this fractional-order impulsive differential inequality, a general criterion for the quasi-synchronization of fractional-order systems is obtained. Then, specific to the fractional-order fuzzy cellular neural network model in this paper, the criteria and error estimation of the exponential quasi-synchronization of fractional-order fuzzy cellular neural networks can be obtained. Finally, two numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained results.

Optimizing data transmission in 6G software defined networks using deep reinforcement learning for next generation of virtual environments

Data transmission of Virtual Reality (VR) plays an important role in delivering a powerful VR experience. This increasing demand on both high bandwidth and low latency. 6G emerging technologies like Software Defined Network (SDN) and resource slicing are acting as promising technologies for addressing the transmission requirements of VR users. Efficient resource management becomes dominant to ensure a satisfactory user experience. The integration of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) allows for dynamic network resource balancing, minimizing communication latency and maximizing data transmission rates wirelessly. Employing slicing techniques further aids in managing distributed resources across the network for different services as enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) and Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC). The proposed VR-based SDN system model for 6G cellular networks facilitates centralized administration of resources, enhancing communication between VR users. This innovative solution seeks to contribute to the effective and streamlined resource management essential for VR video transmission in 6G cellular networks. The utilization of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) approaches, is presented as an alternative solution, showcasing significant performance and feature distinctions through comparative results. Our results show that implementing strategies based on DRL leads to a considerable improvement in the resource management process as well as in the achievable data rate and a reduction in the necessary latency in dynamic and large scale networks.

Urban Spatial Dynamics and Geo-informatics Prediction of Karachi from 1990–2050 Using Remote Sensing and CA-ANN Simulation

Rapid urbanization significantly impacts land use and land cover (LULC), leading to various socioeconomic and environmental challenges. Effective monitoring and detection of spatial discrepancies are crucial for urban planners and authorities to manage these changes. This study aims to analyze the spatial dynamics of LULC changes and predict future land use patterns. The specific objectives are to classify historical land use from 1990 to 2020, simulate future land use from 2020 to 2050, and interpret the spatial and temporal results. The study utilized remotely sensed images with the semi-automatic classification plugin (SCP) approach for land use classification from 1990 to 2020. Future land use patterns were simulated using the Modules of Land Use Change Evaluation (MOLUSCE)-based Cellular Automata-Artificial Neural Network (CA-ANN) model. The results were then interpreted to comprehend the dynamics of urban expansion. The conclusions direct a significant increase in built-up and grasslands, with a consistent decline in other land use types. From 1990 to 2020, approximately 423.75 km² and 856.97 km² of land were converted into built-up areas and grasslands, respectively. This was accompanied by a decline in rocky bare and bare soil areas, while the proportions of water bodies and mangroves remained steady. Predictions for 2020 to 2050 suggest an additional increase of 561.93 km² in built-up areas, with a progressive decline in other land use classes. The study emphasizes the critical need for spatial planning policies to address challenges arising from rapid urbanization. By analyzing historical land use changes and predicting future patterns this research offers a comprehensive view of urban growth dynamics. The novel application of these techniques provides valuable insights for urban planners to develop informed strategies for managing expansion and mitigating associated socioeconomic and environmental impacts.

Identifying Bayesian optimal experiments for uncertain biochemical pathway models

Pharmacodynamic (PD) models are mathematical models of cellular reaction networks that include drug mechanisms of action. These models are useful for studying predictive therapeutic outcomes of novel drug therapies in silico. However, PD models are known to possess significant uncertainty with respect to constituent parameter data, leading to uncertainty in the model predictions. Furthermore, experimental data to calibrate these models is often limited or unavailable for novel pathways. In this study, we present a Bayesian optimal experimental design approach for improving PD model prediction accuracy. We then apply our method using simulated experimental data to account for uncertainty in hypothetical laboratory measurements. This leads to a probabilistic prediction of drug performance and a quantitative measure of which prospective laboratory experiment will optimally reduce prediction uncertainty in the PD model. The methods proposed here provide a way forward for uncertainty quantification and guided experimental design for models of novel biological pathways.

Retransmission performance in a stochastic geometric cellular network model

Suppose sender–receiver transmission links in a downlink network at a given data rate are subject to fading, path loss, and inter-cell interference, and that transmissions either pass, suffer loss, or incur retransmission delay. We introduce a method to obtain the average activity level of the system required for handling the buffered work and from this derive the resulting coverage probability and key performance measures. The technique involves a family of stationary buffer distributions which is used to solve iteratively a nonlinear balance equation for the unknown busy-link probability and then identify throughput, loss probability, and delay. The results allow for a straightforward numerical investigation of performance indicators, are in special cases explicit and may be easily used to study the trade-off between reliability, latency, and data rate.

Modeling and performance analysis of UAV-aided millimeter wave cellular networks with stochastic geometry

Modeling and performance analysis of UAV-aided millimeter wave cellular networks with stochastic geometry

5G Wireless Technology: Spectrum Sharing and Heterogeneous Networks

Abstract: This paper addresses the critical challenge of 5G network cell planning, emphasizing the essential role of estimating the number of cells or base stations required for a given area and user bandwidth. The proposed model explores four scenarios with varying network parameters to determine the optimal base station deployment. The increasing demand for 5G networks necessitates a focus on small cells or femtocells, offering advantages such as consistent coverage, power adjustment, energy efficiency, and higher data rates. However, deploying excessive femtocells may lead to unnecessary handovers, requiring optimization strategies. The study introduces an analytical model for heterogeneous cellular networks, integrating fourth and fifth-generation systems. The model, represented by a two dimensional Markov Chain, employs a novel decomposition approach for analyzing system performance measures. Validation is conducted through simulation and simultaneous equation systems. The proliferation of mobile devices and data traffic necessitates dense 5G network deployments, with small cells gaining traction due to their versatile coverage, power adaptability, energy efficiency, and higher data rates. However, an excessive deployment of small cells can lead to frequent handovers, prompting the need for enhanced handover strategies and coexistence with other technologies in the 5G landscape. The paper concludes by highlighting the impending need for practical implementation testing of 5G systems, emphasizing the significant role of small cell deployments. It discusses an initiative focusing on testing small cellenabled operator business models in real-world scenarios, anticipating the pivotal role of small cells in future 5G systems.

Power-exponential and fixed-time consensus of conformable fractional-order quantum cellular neural networks via event-triggered control

Quantum neural networks (QNNs) are considered to be superior to classical ANNs in machine learning, memory capacity, information processing, and quantum system simulation. However, In a practical and complex system, the dynamic behavior of an open quantum system could not be accurately described by an integer-ordered Schrödinger equation. In this paper, the conformable time-fractional-order Schrödinger equation is proposed, and accordingly, the model of conformable fractional-order quantum cellular neural networks (CFOQCNNs) is established and derived from the as-proposed equation. The properties of the conformable fractional-order derivative are studied and several new inequalities regarding the power-exponential and fixed-time convergence of conformable fractional-order systems are obtained. To save the communication resource, we introduce the event-triggered mechanism to construct the controllers and then the power-exponential and fixed-time synchronizations of the master-slave systems derived from the above CFOQCNNs are studied. We also prove the absence of Zeno behaviors regarding the event-triggered strategies. According to the numerical simulation, the dynamic behavior of the CFOQCNNs is discussed and the dissipativity of the CFOQCNNs is briefly revealed. Then the synchronization behaviors of the master and slave CFOQCNNs under power-exponential and fixed-time event-triggered control are demonstrated, where the effectiveness of the event-triggered control strategy is verified. Control behaviors with different fractional orders are also presented. We also discuss the hybrid of power-exponential control and fixed-time control and illustrate the advantages of the hybrid strategy. In the last, we conclude our studies, analyze the drawbacks of this work, and briefly introduce our future research.

Mean-squared exponential stability of distributed almost periodic sequence for nonlocal space-time discrete shunting inhibitory cellular neural networks with Brownian motions

The discrete-time and discrete-space model for stochastic nonlocal shunting inhibitory cellular neural networks with reaction diffusions are modelled in the first time. Owing to the consideration of spatial variables, the discrete model derived in this article is more complex than the traditional ordinary difference model. In accordance with the constant-variation-formula for discrete-time and discrete-space model, Banach contracting mapping principle, the method of proof by contradiction and stochastic calculus, we also obtain the existence of a unique bounded almost periodic sequence for the discrete model, which is exponentially stable in the mean-square sense. Noting that it is the first time to consider the dynamics of almost periodicity in distribution of time-space discrete neural network models. The practicability of the present results is demonstrated by means of an illustration.

Computational models as catalysts for investigating redoxin systems.

Thioredoxin, glutaredoxin and peroxiredoxin systems play central roles in redox regulation, signaling and metabolism in cells. In these systems, reducing equivalents from NAD(P)H are transferred by coupled thiol-disulfide exchange reactions to redoxins which then reduce a wide array of targets. However, the characterization of redoxin activity has been unclear, with redoxins regarded as enzymes in some studies and redox metabolites in others. Consequently, redoxin activities have been quantified by enzyme kinetic parameters in vitro, and redox potentials or redox ratios within cells. By analyzing all the reactions within these systems, computational models showed that many kinetic properties attributed to redoxins were due to system-level effects. Models of cellular redoxin networks have also been used to estimate intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels, analyze redox signaling and couple omic and kinetic data to understand the regulation of these networks in disease. Computational modeling has emerged as a powerful complementary tool to traditional redoxin enzyme kinetic and cellular assays that integrates data from a number of sources into a single quantitative framework to accelerate the analysis of redoxin systems.

Carbon efficiency modeling and optimization of solar-powered cellular networks

Carbon efficiency modeling and optimization of solar-powered cellular networks

Predicting land cover driven ecosystem service value using artificial neural network model

Understanding the synergies and trade-offs of major cities' ecosystem services is vital to mitigating regional ecological and environmental risks and enhancing human well-being in this era of rapid urbanization and global climate change. This study aimed to assess and predict the land use- and land cover (LULC)-driven ecosystem service value (ESV) dynamics in Arkansas’s capital city, Little Rock. Historical LULC data were derived by applying support vector machine learning algorithms to Landsat satellite imagery. The benefit transfer method was utilized to identify nine types of ecosystem services and their corresponding economic values. A cellular automata artificial neural network model was used to simulate future potential LULC and ESV patterns. Vegetation accounted for more than 94% of total ESV over the past two decades. However, a 38.40% expansion of built-up areas resulted in a 45.28% decrease in vegetated areas, which reduced total ESV from $3619.73 × 106 to $2563.81 × 106 during 2003–2023. By 2033, the city’s urban area will expand to 72.75% of the total area and will witness further declines of 30.35 km2 in vegetation, 19.30 km2 in barren soil, and 1.69 km2 in waterbody areas. Consequently, the ESVs of these natural landscapes will decline by $708.58 × 106, $44.87 × 106, and $15.69 × 106, respectively. Provisioning services will be most affected, followed by supporting, regulating, and cultural services. The study findings provide reference information to policymakers and the local government for use in adopting sustainable land management policies, thereby promoting the ecological value of Little Rock.

Assessment of the future environmental carrying capacity using machine learning algorithms

Globally, ecological overshoot has become more prevalent. Enhancing biocapacity has become critical to resolving ecological demand overshoot in sustainable urban development. However, most of the prior research has focused on minimizing environmental carrying capacity (ECC) while ignoring the potential of carbon footprint, population growth, and land cover (LULC). This research assessed the past and projected changes in bio-capacity and bio-productivity dynamics in Khulna City due to land use and land cover (LULC) transformations spanning from 2000 to 2035. Support Vector Machine algorithms were utilized for the classification of LULC, and LULC, bio-capacity and bio-productivity predictions were made using Cellular Automata-Artificial Neural Network models. Results revealed that built-up and cropland area expansion led to an increase in carbon emissions by 43,000 tons/year and bio-productive land by 1100 gha, while a decrease in bio-capacity from 0.09 gha to 0.06 gha occurred during 2000–2020. The prediction shows that by 2021, population growth and urban growth will exceed Khulna City's bio-capacity, and by 2035, bio-capacity (without built-up cover) will decrease to 0.00 gha. The R2 values (–0.67 and –0.91) indicate the strong negative influence of population growth and urbanization on the optimization capacity of soil surfaces. The study demonstrates that Khulna's present urban growth and population growth will result in irreversible ecological collapse, with dire consequences for humans in thenear future.However, the findings facilitate the potential for the decision makers including policymakers, planners, and environmentalists to enhance local land use practices, thereby addressing CO2 emissions and their associated consequences meriting further study.

Prediction of soil erosion and sediment yield in an ungauged basin based on land use land cover changes.

Soil erosion is a significant problem in the agriculture sector and the environment globally. Susceptible soil erosion zones must be identified and erosion rates evaluated to decrease land degradation problems and increase crop productivity by protecting soil fertility. Therefore, a research study has been carried out in the Ponnaniyar River basin, an ungauged tributary of the Cauvery basin in India, primarily used for agriculture. The main purpose of this study is to assess soil erosion (SE) and sediment yield (SY) for the future in an ungauged basin by utilizing the projected land use/land cover (LULC) map of the study area. Additionally, Landsat 8 satellite dataset was only used for the classification and prediction of LULC to eliminate the variation between the resolution, bands and its wavelength of different satellites datasets. To achieve the goals of this study, three phases were followed. First, the LULC of the study area was classified using a Random Trees Classifier (RTC), a machine learning technique, followed by the projection of land cover using a Cellular Automata-based Artificial Neural Network (CA-ANN) model. The driving factors for this model include digital elevation model (DEM), slope, distance to roads, settlements, and water bodies. The accuracy level of the projected LULC map was determined by comparing it with the classified LULC map of the study area, and the results showed an overall accuracy (OA) of 85.35 percentage and a kappa coefficient (K) of 0.74, respectively. Second, the projected LULC map was used in the land management factor (C) and conversation practice factor (P) of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to assess soil erosion. The model was integrated with the sediment delivery ratio (SDR) to estimate sediment yield within the study area. The accuracy of the generated erosion map based on the classified and projected LULC for the year 2022 was determined using the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve, and it was found to be in satisfactory agreement. Finally, for effective soil and water conservation measures, the basin was divided into 13 sub-watersheds (SWs) using terrain analysis in geographical information system (GIS). The SWs were prioritized based on the mean soil loss in the 4-year interval from 2014 to 2030 and integrated using the weighted average method to determine the final prioritization. From these findings, SW 11, SW 9, SW 12, and SW 1 are extremely affected by soil erosion, and immediate implementation of water harvesting structures is required for soil conservation. Also, this research might be useful for decision-makers and policymakers in land management.

Boundary stabilisation of fractional reaction-diffusion systems with time-varying delays

This paper examines the boundary stabilisation results for time fractional-order reaction-diffusion systems involving with time-varying delays. The main goal is to design the boundary control for the system by proving the well-posedness of the kernel function using the backstepping method. An invertible Volterra integral transformation is used to convert the considered system into a stable target system. Different from the existing results, the stability results for fractional RDEs are discussed in the sense of the Lyapunov–Krasovskii theory and sufficient conditions are derived with the help of the linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach. Finally, to show the application of the results, the proposed conditions are numerically validated over a time fractional-order reaction-diffusion cellular neural network model.

Dynamics analysis and cryptographic implementation of a fractional-order memristive cellular neural network model

Due to the fact that a memristor with memory properties is an ideal electronic component for implementation of the artificial neural synaptic function, a brand-new tristable locally active memristor model is first proposed in this paper. Here, a novel four-dimensional fractional-order memristive cellular neural network (FO-MCNN) model with hidden attractors is constructed to enhance the engineering feasibility of the original CNN model and its performance. Then, its hardware circuit implementation and complicated dynamic properties are investigated on multi-simulation platforms. Subsequently, it is used toward secure communication application scenarios. Taking it as the pseudo-random number generator (PRNG), a new privacy image security scheme is designed based on the adaptive sampling rate compressive sensing (ASR-CS) model. Eventually, the simulation analysis and comparative experiments manifest that the proposed data encryption scheme possesses strong immunity against various security attack models and satisfactory compression performance.

Exponential synchronization of 2D cellular neural networks with boundary feedback

In this work we propose a new mathematical model of 2D cellular neural networks (CNN) in terms of the lattice FitzHugh-Nagumo equations with boundary feedback. The model features discrete Laplacian operators and periodic boundary feedback instead of the interior-clamped or mean-field feedback. We first prove the globally dissipative dynamics of the solutions through a priori uniform estimates. In the main result we show that the 2D cellular neural networks are exponentially synchronized if the computable threshold condition is satisfied by the synaptic gap signals of pairwise boundary cells of the grid and the system parameters with a linear feedback coupling coefficient tunable in applications.

LULC change detection using support vector machines and cellular automata-based ANN models in Guna Tana watershed of Abay basin, Ethiopia.

Recurrent changes recorded in LULC in Guna Tana watershed are a long-standing problem due to the increase in urbanization and agricultural lands. This research aims at identifying and predicting frequent changes observed using support vector machines (SVM) for supervised classification and cellular automata-based artificial neural network (CA-ANN) models for prediction in the quantum geographic information systems (QGIS) plugin MOLUSCE. Multi-temporal spatial Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) imageries, Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus 7 (ETM+), and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images were used to find the acute problem the watershed is facing. Accuracy was assessed using the confusion matrix in ArcGIS 10.4 produced from ground truth data and Google Earth Pro. The results acquired from kappa statistics for 1991, 2007, and 2021 were 0.78, 0.83, and 0.88 respectively. The change detection trend indicates that urban land cover has an increasing trend throughout the entire period. In the future trend, agriculture land may shoot up to 86.79% and 86.78% of land use class in 2035 and 2049. Grassland may attenuate by 0.03% but the forest land will substantially diminish by 0.01% from 2035 to 2049. The increase of land specifically was observed in agriculture from 3128.4 to 3130 km2. Judicious planning and proper execution may resolve the water management issues incurred in the basin to secure the watershed.

A fractional-order quantum neural network: dynamics, finite-time synchronization

A model of fractional-order quantum cellular neural network (FoQCNN) by using fractional-order quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is constructed and its dynamics are analyzed. Then, a robust finite-time synchronization scheme using terminal sliding mode control (SMC) technique is proposed. And then, taking the perturbed FoQCNN model with uncertainties and external disturbances as an example, the results are simulated which present the proposed scheme is effective. It has robust synchronization performance and good anti-interference ability, which provides a theoretical basis for the application of neural network in security.

Assessing the Influence of Land Cover and Climate Change Impacts on Runoff Patterns Using CA-ANN Model and CMIP6 Data

Dhaka city is experiencing rapid land cover changes, and the effects of climate change are highly visible. Investigating their combined influence on runoff patterns is vital for sustainable urban planning and water resources management. In this work, multi-date land cover classification was performed using a random forest (RF) algorithm. To validate accuracy of land cover classification, an assessment was conducted by employing kappa coefficient, which ranged from 85 to 96%, indicating a high agreement between classified images and the reference dataset. Future land cover changes were forecasted with cellular automata-artificial neural network (CA-ANN) model. Further, soil conservation service -curve number (SCS-CN) rainfall-runoff model combined with CMIP6 climate data was employed to assess how changes in land cover impact runoff within Dhaka metropolitan development plan (DMDP) area. Over the study period (2020–2100), substantial transformations of land cover were observed, i.e., built-up areas expanded to 1146.47 km2 at the end of 2100, while agricultural areas and bare land diminished considerably. Consequently, monsoon runoff increased from 350.14 to 368.24 mm, indicating elevated hydrological responses. These findings emphasized an intricate interplay between urban dynamics and climatic shifts in shaping runoff patterns, underscoring urgency of incorporating these factors into urban planning strategies for sustainable water resources management in a rapidly growing city such as Dhaka.