PurposeTo investigate dose deformation-invariance in adaptive prostate radiation treatment. MethodsA 19 patient prostate cancer-cohort with 8–13 CTs/patient is used. The 79.2Gy plans are developed on the reference image using seven 6 and 18MV intensity-modulated beams with identical RTOG 0126 objectives. Dose on the subsequent images is evaluated in two ways: (A1) Dose is recalculated on each image. (A2) The initially planned dose distribution is copied to each image. A2 assumes dose-invariance in the accelerator-coordinate-system. Effects of patient miss-alignment are simulated by 27 per-patient image shifts; 0 and ±10mm in left–right, anterior–posterior and superior–inferior directions. The per-voxel dose differences for each patient image, total accumulated patient dose, and dose–volume metrics (CTV-D98 and -D90, bladder- and rectum-D50, -D35, -D25 and -D15) are used to compare A1 and A2. ResultsThe per-voxel mean percent difference in A1 and A2 dose over all patient images at 6MV is (0.01±1.56)% and at 18MV is (0.00±0.96)%. For 6MV and 18MV plans, the root-mean-square-percentage-error (RMSPE) in A2 over all patient image shifts are CTV-D98=0.94 and 0.55, CTV-D90=0.92 and 0.55, rectum-D50, -D35, -D25 and -D15=1.00, 0.96, 0.86, 0.80 and 0.84, 0.96, 0.92, 1.05; and bladder-D50, -D35, -D25, -D15=1.07, 0.88, 0.78, 0.72 and 1.61, 0.93, 0.67, 0.51. The dose differences are not correlated to the dice-similarity coefficients; with respective correlation-coefficients for CTV, rectum and bladder being −0.17, −0.17 and 0.081. ConclusionsAssumption of shift- and deformation-invariant dose distributions on an average introduces <2% error in evaluated dose–volume metrics for 6 and 18MV IMRT prostate plans. Use of invariant dose distributions has a potential to reduce online re-planning time and permit pre-planning based on tissue deformation models.