Developed Model Research Articles

A novel Taguchi-based approach for optimizing neural network architectures: application to elastic short fiber composites

This study presents an innovative application of the Taguchi design of experiment method to optimize the structure of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model for the prediction of elastic properties of short fiber reinforced composites. The main goal is to minimize the computational effort required for hyperparameter optimization while enhancing the prediction accuracy. By utilizing a robust experimental design framework, the structure of an ANN model is optimized. This approach involves identifying a combination of hyperparameters that provides optimal predictive accuracy with the fewest algorithmic runs, thereby significantly reducing the required computational effort. The results suggested that the Taguchi-based developed ANN model with three hidden layers, 20 neurons in each hidden layer, elu activation function, Adam optimizer, and a learning rate of 0.001 can predict the anisotropic elastic properties of short fiber reinforced composites with a prediction accuracy of 97.71%. Then, external validation of the proposed ANN model was done using experimental data, and differences of less than 10% were obtained, indicating an appropriate predictive performance of the proposed ANN algorithm. Our findings demonstrate that the Taguchi method not only streamlines the hyperparameter tuning process but also substantially improves the algorithm's performance. These results highlight the potential of the Taguchi method as a powerful tool for optimizing machine learning algorithms, especially in scenarios where computational resources are limited. The implications of this study are far-reaching, offering insights for future research in the optimization of different algorithms for improved accuracies and computational efficiencies.

Establishment of a 3D organoid culture model for the investigation of adult slow-cycling putative intestinal stem cells.

The study of intestinal stem cells is a prerequisite for the development of therapies aimed at regenerating the gut. To enable investigation of adult slow-cycling H2B-GFP-retaining putative small intestinal (SI) stem cells in vitro, we have developed a three-dimensional (3D) SI organoid culture model based on the Tet-Op histone 2 B (H2B)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein (Tet-Op-H2B-GFP) transgenic mouse. SI crypts were isolated from 6- to 12-week-old Tet-Op-H2B-GFP transgenic mice and cultured with appropriate growth factors and an animal-derived matrix (Matrigel). For in vitro transgene expression, doxycycline was added to the culture medium for 24h. By pulse-chase experiments, H2B-GFP expression and retention were assessed through direct GFP fluorescence observations, both by confocal and fluorescence microscopy and by immunohistochemistry. The percentages of H2B-GFP-retaining putative SI stem cells and H2B-GFP-retaining Paneth cells persisting in organoids were determined by scoring relevant GFP-positive cells. Our results indicate that 24 h exposure to doxycycline (pulse) induced ubiquitous expression of H2B-GFP in the SI organoids. During subsequent culture, in the absence of doxycycline (chase), there was a gradual loss (due to cell division) of H2B-GFP. At 6-day chase, slow-cycling H2B-GFP-retaining putative SI stem cells and H2B-GFP-retaining Paneth cells were detected in the SI organoids. The developed culture model allows detection of slow-cycling H2B-GFP-retaining putative SI stem cells and will enable the study of self-renewal and regeneration for further characterization of these cells.

Enhancing teaching materials development course with the ICARE learning model in e-learning

Using e-learning in higher education has many important benefits and advantages in todays world of education. Therefore, this research aims to develop e-learning based on the introduction, connection, application, reflection, extend (ICARE) learning model for developing teaching materials courses in the Faculty of Education, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha. The Hannafin and Peck development model was adopted as a foundational method, and the digital content developed was subjected to formative evaluation methods, including i) expert validation, ii) individual assessment, and iii) small group evaluation. To ascertain the quality of the developed content, the research engaged 3 expert evaluators, each specializing in media, instructional design, and content. Concurrently, individual evaluation was carried out with 3 students, followed by a small group evaluation involving 9 additional students. Data collection techniques involved both observational measures and questionnaire-based inquiries. The expert assessment showed that the design, media, and content dimensions all fell within the "very good" category. Student reactions, as measured through both individual and small group evaluations, consistently aligned with the "very good" category. Therefore, the attractiveness and practicality of electronic learning (e-learning) fell under the "very good" classification, due to the implementation of the ICARE learning model as the foundational design principle.

ПОДХОДЫ К ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЮ РИСК-МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА В УСЛОВИЯХ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОЙ И ТУРБУЛЕНТНОЙ ВНЕШНЕЙ СРЕДЫ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЗЕРНОВОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА)

In the modern Russian socio-economic system, there is an objective increase in uncertainty and turbulence, which requires adequate management responses. In connection with the sanctions pressure, in agriculture the strategy of reducing the risks of import dependence is becoming a stimulating factor for development. The study was conducted on the example of grain production development, which has some specifics from the standpoint of management and, in particular, risk management. The purpose of the study is to generalize approaches to risk management in an uncertain and turbulent external environment and to develop on this basis a risk distribution scheme between management entities in the risk management system adapted to the specifics of grain production. It is shown that the increase in the values of economic indicators of grain production is influenced by natural and climatic conditions, they determine the quality of grain products, costs and the complex of applied agrotechnological measures. In addition to the observed "standard" variability of natural and climatic conditions, the study also identifies extreme risk events that require forecasting and consideration when managing grain production. Also, risks in the considered sphere are caused by diversity and interdependence of such factors as natural and climatic, soil, technological, economic, social, legal, etc. In their mutual interweaving, these factors determine annual fluctuations of economic indicators (yield, gross harvest, sown area) in grain production in Russia. As a result of the study, it was established that risk management procedures in the sphere of grain production should be carried out according to the hierarchical principle with the allocation of at least two levels: the coordinating level - the executive level. Based on this idea, an industry structural and functional model of risk management at various levels of decision-making has been developed. This model has the property of dualism: some levels are simultaneously coordinating, offering strategic solutions to lower levels, and executive - for higher structures. Implementation of the developed model in the practice of risk management in grain production will increase its sustainability and predictability.

Computational Integration of TRPV4 Antagonists: 3D QSAR, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulations, ADME/Tox, and Retrosynthesis studies

AbstractTRPV4 antagonists that could be potential drugs for treatment and management of neuropathic pain. This study was conducted to systematically design several amino derivatives of 2,4′‐dimethyl‐[4,5′‐bithiazol]‐2‐yl as antagonists. In silico computational methods, such as 3D quantitative structure‐activity relationship modeling (3D‐QSAR), molecular docking, and pharmacokinetic property assessment (ADMET), were used to discover new compounds with strong antagonistic activity. The best‐performing 3D‐QSAR model was developed using a partial least squares approach and comparative molecular similarity analysis (CoMSIA). The developed model demonstrated an excellent ability to correlate and predict properties (R2 = 0.932, Q2 = 0.620, and SEE = 0.109). It was observed that variations in biological activity were significantly influenced by interactions with steric, electrostatic, and hydrophobic fields. Molecular docking was used to validate the 3D‐QSAR methods and to explain the binding site and interactions between the most active ligands and the receptor. Based on these results, a new series of compounds was predicted. The best‐anchored molecules underwent MD simulation to confirm their dynamic behavior and stability, and they also underwent retrosynthetic analysis to assist in their synthesis.

Assessing the impact of regional coordinated development on a low-carbon future: Evidence from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Coordinated Development Strategy

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Coordinated Development Strategy (BTHCDS) is an important way for China to explore the construction of an ecological civilization. Whether it can effectively reduce carbon emission (CE) not only affects the quality of the strategy’s implementation but also has important implications for optimizing the low-carbon development model of the urban agglomeration and advancing the “dual carbon” process of China. Based on the panel data between of 30 provinces between 2004 and 2019, this study employed the synthetic control method (SCM) to construct a counterfactual path and assess the impact of BTHCDS on CE reduction at both the whole regional and provincial levels. The results show that the BTHCDS has a positive leading role in shaping the region’s low-carbon future and can drive the overall CE reduction in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region at an annual rate of 9.38%. Despite short-term fluctuations in implementation, the CE reduction effect of BTHCDS has shown a steady trend of expanding overall. The CE reduction effects of BTHCDS exhibit heterogeneity across individual provinces, but there is no “pollution haven.” This study enriches research on the effect of regional coordinated integration development on CE reduction and provides an important policy reference for low-carbon development in other urban agglomerations.

Machine-Learning Approach PredictsGel Strength of Drilling Fluid While Drilling

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 35433, “Novel Machine-Learning Approach for Predicting the Gel Strength of the Drilling Fluid While Drilling,” by Ahmed Gowida, SPE, and Salaheldin Elkatatny, SPE, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2024 Offshore Technology Conference. _ Accurately estimating gel strength is paramount for optimizing drilling operations and preventing cuttings from settling at the wellbore’s bottom. Traditional methods rely on rotational viscometers, which are time-intensive, equipment-dependent, and lack real-time monitoring capabilities. This study underscores the feasibility of leveraging machine learning (ML) as a practical tool for predicting drilling-fluid gel strength, offering real-time monitoring and precise predictions to enhance drilling efficiency, safety, and automation initiatives. Background The gel strength of drilling fluid is assessed using a viscometer, focusing on the 3-rev/min reading obtained after agitating the fluid at 600 rev/min to disrupt any gel formation. Initially, the measurement is taken when the mud reaches a static state for 10 seconds. Subsequent readings are conducted at 10- and 30-minute intervals. The rationale behind the 30-minute reading lies in its ability to indicate whether the mud forms a substantial gel during prolonged static periods, such as when tripping out a bottomhole assembly. Elevated gel strength may result in increased pump pressure required to restore circulation after extended static conditions. Additionally, a consistent upward trend in the 30-minute gel strength suggests the accumulation of ultrafine solids. Consequently, appropriate measures such as chemical treatments or dilution with fresh base fluid are necessary to address this issue. The frequency of measuring various fluid properties is tailored to their respective effects on well-control and drilling operations. These frequent evaluations allow for timely adjustments and monitoring of rheological measurements, offering valuable insights into rock sensitivity and the performance of mud activity and stability after exposure to drilled formations. On the other hand, a complete mud test (including all mud rheological properties) is performed twice a day because it consumes considerable time. It has been observed that mud rheological properties exhibit a significant correlation with two fundamental mud properties: mud weight and Marsh funnel (MF) viscosity. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, a dearth of research exists in the literature aimed at predicting the gel strength of drilling fluid using ML techniques. Consequently, this research endeavor introduces a novel ML model designed specifically for forecasting the gel strength of synthetic oil-based mud systems. Such predictive models are poised to enhance drilling performance by optimizing mud functions. Leveraging MF and mud-density measurements, the developed models aim to forecast the rheological properties of drilling fluid, thereby facilitating improved monitoring of mud functionality during drilling operations at the rig site.

Модель змагальної діяльності зв’язуючого гравця високої кваліфікації у волейболі

Increasing the competitive performance of Ukrainian volleyball players requires scientific support of the educational and training process and the use of modern methods of scientific research, one of which is modeling. Indicators of technical and tactical actions obtained by analyzing official competitions are the basis for creating models of competitive activity. The aim of the study is to develop a model of a high-skill link player on the basis of statistical data from the games of the Ukrainian Volleyball Championship among men's teams of the Super League. Material and Methods. The data of 18 qualified volleyball players who perform the function of a linking player in their teams were used for the study. We analyzed statistical data of link players of 8 teams participating in the Ukrainian Super League championship of the season 2023-24. To create a model of a linking player of Ukrainian Super League teams, 10 athletes were selected from the total sample, the main criterion was quantitative indicators of participation in the championship games (at least 80% of official matches). Research methods: analysis of literary sources and data in the Internet, pedagogical testing, analysis and generalization of statistical data of competitive activity, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The analysis of game technical and tactical indicators of qualified volleyball players allows to understand more clearly the peculiarities of competitive activity of players of different roles. In accordance with the purpose of the study we analyzed the game activity indicators of linking players (number of matches and sets, total number of assists, effective assists, satisfactory assists, number of errors). It should be noted that all game indicators indicated the heterogeneity of the group of highly skilled binders, which is explained by different experience, players' participation in matches, and the variety of tactical actions of the teams. Conclusions. The developed model of competitive activity of highly skilled liaisons contains general data (height, age), indicators of physical abilities (height of block and attack), technical and tactical indicators (execution of passes, number of errors). In addition to the average data, the model presents a variation series from the lowest to the highest results.

Dynamics of soluble salts in cooling systems of circulating water supply

A model of the dynamics of soluble salts in the water of cooling systems of circulating water supply was developed based on mass balance principles. The proposed model is expressed in a general form under the assumption of a constant volume of circulating water and non-stationary input and output flows. The model accounts for scenarios where the concentration of soluble salts exceeds their concentration in the circulating water, thereby considering the technological necessity to change the system's power source in the event of an emergency at the feedwater treatment facilities. The developed model enables accurate prediction of the water-chemical regime in both existing and new recirculating cooling systems, sufficient for engineering calculations. It also facilitates the selection of optimal management strategies for such systems, including stabilization methods for recirculating water, feedwater preparation, blowdown volumes, etc. The model was validated under laboratory conditions for cases of concentration and dilution of highly soluble NaCl salt, with an observed error margin not exceeding 2%, attributed to experimental and instrumental factors. The variation in the concentration factor was analyzed for different blowdown rates, assuming initial equality of soluble salt concentrations in feedwater and circulation water. It was shown that establishing dynamic equilibrium between the circulation and feed waters can require dozens or even hundreds of circulation cycles for blowdown rates of 1–4%, and this system inertia must be considered during operation and when forecasting the performance of cooling systems with circulating water supply.

ПОДХОДЫ К ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЮ РИСК-МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА В УСЛОВИЯХ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОЙ И ТУРБУЛЕНТНОЙ ВНЕШНЕЙ СРЕДЫ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЗЕРНОВОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА)

In the modern Russian socio-economic system, there is an objective increase in uncertainty and turbulence, which requires adequate management responses. In connection with the sanctions pressure, in agriculture the strategy of reducing the risks of import dependence is becoming a stimulating factor for development. The study was conducted on the example of grain production development, which has some specifics from the standpoint of management and, in particular, risk management. The purpose of the study is to generalize approaches to risk management in an uncertain and turbulent external environment and to develop on this basis a risk distribution scheme between management entities in the risk management system adapted to the specifics of grain production. It is shown that the increase in the values of economic indicators of grain production is influenced by natural and climatic conditions, they determine the quality of grain products, costs and the complex of applied agrotechnological measures. In addition to the observed "standard" variability of natural and climatic conditions, the study also identifies extreme risk events that require forecasting and consideration when managing grain production. Also, risks in the considered sphere are caused by diversity and interdependence of such factors as natural and climatic, soil, technological, economic, social, legal, etc. In their mutual interweaving, these factors determine annual fluctuations of economic indicators (yield, gross harvest, sown area) in grain production in Russia. As a result of the study, it was established that risk management procedures in the sphere of grain production should be carried out according to the hierarchical principle with the allocation of at least two levels: the coordinating level - the executive level. Based on this idea, an industry structural and functional model of risk management at various levels of decision-making has been developed. This model has the property of dualism: some levels are simultaneously coordinating, offering strategic solutions to lower levels, and executive - for higher structures. Implementation of the developed model in the practice of risk management in grain production will increase its sustainability and predictability.

Designing e-modules on mangrove species diversity leveraging local potential through pbl to foster environmental attitudes

This study aims to develop e-modules of mangrove species diversity as local potential in learning. The development model used is the Lee & Owens (2004) development model. There are five phases in the development of research, namely the analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. The used learning model is Problem-Based Learning by presenting authentic mangrove problems in Banten. The e-module that has been developed will be tested for validity, practicality and effectiveness so that it can be disseminated for student learning activities. E-modules are tested for validity by conducting a 100% material expert validation test, 98.77% media and teaching material validation results and 100% validation results from field practitioners. Before being used in learning, the e-module was tested for practicality with a one-on-one trial getting a score of 93.33%, a small group trial of 89.41%, a field trial of 86.2% and a field test of 95.04%. Based on the results of student response testing, it can be concluded that the e-module of mangrove diversity is practically used in learning. The results of effectiveness testing to see the improvement of students' environmental attitudes were analyzed. The results of effectiveness testing to see an increase in students' environmental attitudes are measured qualitatively with an N-Gain measurement of 0,46 which is included in medium effectiveness and quantitatively measured using a simple paired t test with p-value of 1.88 which means there is a significant difference before and after using e-module in learning.

Evolvability in Artificial Development of Large, Complex Structures and the Principle of Terminal Addition.

Epigenetic tracking (ET) is a model of development that is capable of generating diverse, arbitrary, complex three-dimensional cellular structures starting from a single cell. The generated structures have a level of complexity (in terms of the number of cells) comparable to multicellular biological organisms. In this article, we investigate the evolvability of the development of a complex structure inspired by the "French flag" problem: an "Italian Anubis" (a three-dimensional, doglike figure patterned in three colors). Genes during development are triggered in ET at specific developmental stages, and the fitness of individuals during simulated evolution is calculated after a certain stage. When this evaluation stage was allowed to evolve, genes that were triggered at later stages of development tended to be incorporated into the genome later during evolutionary runs. This suggests the emergence of the property of terminal addition in this system. When the principle of terminal addition was explicitly incorporated into ET, and was the sole mechanism for introducing morphological innovation, evolvability improved markedly, leading to the development of structures much more closely approximating the target at a much lower computational cost.

Cluster Dimensions of the Space of a New Residential District of Ukrainian ‘Post-Socialist’ City

The article presents research material devoted to new dimensions of the spatial organization of residential areas of Ukrainian “post-socialist” city. He is currently faced with the challenges of military actions aimed at destroying the urban environment of Ukrainian cities. Residential areas of the micro-district type of the “post-socialist” city are mostly built on the basis of the postulates of functionalism. In the theory and practice of urban planning, they did not foresee the vulnerability of objects of necessary and social infrastructure. The criteria of centrality, as focus of concentration of functions of the spatial organization of the city, are currently being transformed into criteria of dispersion. Functional zoning acquires the multiplicative nature of multidimensional functional zoning. Fractal urbanism methodology assumes local freedom and global cohesion of individual urban planning elements. New exponential organizational structures with innovative digital technologies create “breakthrough” models of development. One of which is the urban planning cluster. The new residential area “Levada-2” in the city of Poltava (Ukraine) is presented, which demonstrates the latest approaches in the cluster organization of living space.

Development of Encyclopedia Based on Ethnogastronomy of Sambas Malay Porridge

Biology learning is essentially learning that always relates science to the environment and living things. Therefore, there is a need for learning media that contains local wisdom related to the surrounding environment. This study aims to determine the validity of the ethnogastronomy-based encyclopedia of Sambas Malay porridge and to determine student responses to the ethnogastronomy-based encyclopedia of Sambas Malay porridge. The research method used is R&D, in this study a 4-D development model is used, namely the define, design, development and disseminate stages, but in this development the researcher only reaches the development stage. This research was conducted on students of class X SMAN 1 Tekarang. The research instrument used was a questionnaire to obtain product validation and determine student responses to the developed product. Product validation was carried out by material experts, linguists, media experts, and student responses. The results showed that the encyclopedia developed was considered valid. The results of the material expert validator assessment were 93.81% (very valid), language experts were 86.67% (very valid), media experts were 95.00% (very valid). Student responses were obtained through 2 stages, namely small-scale trials of 72.58% (positive) and large-scale trials of 90.00% (very positive). Overall, it can be concluded that the encyclopedia developed is valid and gets a positive response from students.

Теплоотдача при движении воды в трубе при температурах, близких к температурам кипения в переходном режиме

Currently, there is a problem of developing effective methods to calculate heat and mass transfer processes during steam condensation from a vapor-gas mixture in industrial devices. This is due to the need to create new reliable and highly efficient designs of heat exchangers for various purposes. The finite element method has been used in the ANSYS Fluent software package during the numerical simulation. An experimental plant is tested in the pipeline of an industrial enterprise at the production site of the Technopolis KHIMGRAD industrial park (Kazan-city). The applicability of the Lee model to solve problems of water flow in a pipeline with partial evaporation is proved. This model allows you to accurately account for the processes of evaporation and condensation, which is important for the design of cooling and air conditioning systems. The authors have designed a three-dimensional model of the flow area of the experimental module and a CFD model to calculate temperatures, phase velocities and their concentrations, considering the peculiarities of the ongoing processes of heat and mass transfer. A slight effect on the heat flow of a 180° rotation during the flow of a liquid medium in the range of the Reynolds numbers 1800–2600 is shown. The developed model is verified with the results obtained at the experimental plant. It is established that the model reproduces experimental data well. An analysis of studies of heat and mass transfer processes during the fluid flow in channels in the presence of phase transitions is carried out. The problems of calculating the parameters of heat transfer during the movement of a fluid in a transient mode are revealed, especially at values of the Reynolds number close to 2000. The experimental plant diagram is presented. It is found that in the range of Reynolds numbers of 2600–3600, the calculated temperature values differ from the temperature values obtained experimentally by less than 0,42 %. During the partial transition of water into steam in the range of Reynolds numbers of 1800–2600, the deviations were less than 6 %, which confirms the adequacy of numerical modeling of calculating the heat transfer process in a pipe. It is shown that considering the influence of temperature on surface tension, the coefficient of thermal conductivity of water and the coefficient of dynamic viscosity of water is important to obtain accurate results. The proposed approach can be used to optimize the operating parameters of condensers and evaporators, as well as to accurately calculate the heat transfer coefficient and determine the areas of vapor formation. It will improve the energy efficiency of industrial installations and reduce the cost of equipment operation.

Role of Decoupling and Rastall Parameters on Krori-Barua and Tolman IV Models generated by Isotropization and Complexity Factor

Abstract We develop multiple analytical solutions to the Rastall field
equations using a recently proposed scheme, named the gravitational
decoupling. In order to do this, we assume a spherical distribution
that possesses anisotropic pressure in its interior and extend it by
incorporating an additional gravitating source through the
corresponding Lagrangian density. Such addition in the initial fluid
distribution leads to the complicated field equations which are then
tackled by implementing the minimal geometric deformation. This
execution divides these equations into two different systems, each
corresponds to the original source. The first system representing
initial source is solved by adopting Krori-Barua and Tolman IV
spacetimes, while three different constraints are used to work out
the other set. The constants engaged in the above two ansatz are
calculated through the junction conditions. The developed models are
further explored graphically in the interior of a star, say $4U
1820-30$. Finally, we conclude our results to be physically feasible
under the considered variation in both Rastall and decoupling
parameters. It is important to mention here that the derived models
can be viewed as idealized or toy models that serve as preliminary
explorations within the framework of Rastall gravity.

Empowering minds: An e-book blending contextual teaching learning with plant tissue exploration to boost argumentation and cognitive skills

This research was motivated by obstacles in implementing biology learning which resulted in the lack of training in argumentation skills and low cognitive learning outcomes. The current teaching materials does not yet support these skills optimally. The aim of this research is to develop an e-book blending contextual teaching learning that is feasible, practical and effective to boost high school student’s argumentation and cognitive skills. A research and development method was used using the ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) development model. The subjects of this research were 34 high school students in Sleman, Yogyakarta in limited trials and 62 students in field trials. The type of research used in the field test was quasi-experimental with a pretest-post-test control group design. Class XI MIPA 1 was used as the control class and class XII MIPA 2 as the experimental class. Data collection instruments used included product assessment questionnaires by experts, biology teachers and students, argumentation skills and cognitive learning outcomes test instruments. Data analysis used the paired sample t-test, independent sample t-test and n-gain score test. The research results show that e-books is suitable for use in learning according to material experts and media experts, e-books is practical for use in learning according to teacher and student assessments, and e-books is effective for improving students' argumentation skills and learning outcomes. The conclusion in this research is that e-books blending contextual teaching and learning are feasible, practical and effective to use to boost students' argumentation and cognitive skills.

Development of IBL STEM Model-Based Teaching Materials Using Wordwall to Improve Students' Critical Thinking Skills

This study aims to develop teaching materials based on the IBL STEM model using the Wordwall application to improve students' critical thinking skills. The development model used refers to the ADDIE model with 30 students of the Chemistry Education Study Program, UNIMED as research subjects. The research instrument used an expert validation sheet and a test of students' critical thinking skills on stoichiometry material as many as 25 questions in the form of multiple choices. The results of the study indicate that teaching materials based on the IBL STEM model using the Wordwall application are feasible and effective in improving students' critical thinking skills in Stoichiometry learning. The feasibility is met qualitatively based on the assessment of material expert validators with an average total score of 4.36 (valid) and the assessment of media expert validators with an average total score of 4.32 (valid). Effectiveness is met based on the results of product implementation and evaluation results and is proven by statistical hypothesis testing (p < 0.05) with an average achievement of increasing students' critical thinking skills of 40.067 ± 9.318.

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN SCRAPBOOK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN MEMBACA SISWA KELAS II SEKOLAH DASAR

This research aims to describe the development of scrapbook learning media to improve the reading skills of second grade elementary school students. The research was carried out using the ADDIE Research and Development model, with stages of analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. The sampling technique was purposive sampling with a total of 63 students. Data collection tools include observation, questionnaires, test questions, and documentation. The trial design uses one group pretest-posttest design. The test subjects were classes IIA, IIB and IIC at SDN 12 Jerora Sintang. The results of media development research and the results of students' reading skills are as follows. (1) The feasibility of the media by media experts was 97% and 93% by material experts was declared to be very feasible criteria and worthy of being tested on students. (2) The results of small group students' reading skills in the pretest class IIB were 23% while the posttest was 86% and in the large group trial in the pretest class IIA 32% while the posttest was 86%, then the pretest class IIC was 27% while the posttest was 82%, from the data the results were obtained. students' reading skills improved significantly. (3) The response of the small group of students in class IIB was 89%, while the large group in class IIA was 93% and in class IIC 92% was categorized as very good.

Pengembangan Multimedia Pembelajaran pada Materi Sistem Ekskresi Manusia Mata Pelajaran IPA Kelas VIII SMP

This research aims to develop multimedia learning that can help students to understand the process of the human excretory system and can facilitate students to learn independently. This type of research is research and development (R&D) with a 4-D development model. The results of the study obtained that the average validity score by material experts was 4.85 with the category of "very valid"." The average validity score from validator 1 is 4.88, also categorized as "very valid," while the average score from validator 2 is 4.79, categorized as "very valid." Subsequently, a practicality test was conducted with 20 students, resulting in a score of 4.62, categorized as "very practical." Based on the practicality test results, it is concluded that the learning multimedia on the topic of the human excretory system for eighth-grade science subjects can be used in the teaching and learning process.