3D Model Of Object Research Articles

Digital Book of Indonesian Rare Flora Using Augmented Reality

The uniformity of the flora is still not widely known. Therefore, natural knowledge has an important role in education considering the limitations of print media as a learning medium. Innovation by utilizing Augmented Realityp technology is very helpful as a learning medium that can support the learning process more effectively and efficiently, on the other hand Augmented Reality that displays 3D models of objects in real time can also increase interest in learning in knowing Indonesia's rare flora attractively and interactively.So, researchers designed and developed the application "Digital Flora Langka Indonesia Using Augmented Reality" with SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) methods which are expected to help as an interesting learning medium.

Component-aware generative autoencoder for structure hybrid and shape completion

Assembling components of man-made objects to create new structures or complete 3D shapes is a popular approach in 3D modeling techniques. Recently, leveraging deep neural networks for assembly-based 3D modeling has been widely studied. However, exploring new component combinations even across different categories is still challenging for most of the deep-learning-based 3D modeling methods. In this paper, we propose a novel generative autoencoder that tackles the component combinations for 3D modeling of man-made objects. We use the segmented input objects to create component volumes that have redundant components and random configurations. By using the input objects and the associated component volumes to train the autoencoder, we can obtain an object volume consisting of components with proper quality and structure as the network output. Such a generative autoencoder can be applied to either multiple object categories for structure hybrid or a single object category for shape completion. We conduct a series of evaluations and experimental results to demonstrate the usability and practicability of our method.

Collaborative Virtual 3D Object Modeling for Mobile Augmented Reality Streaming Services Over 5G Networks

This paper presents a collaborative virtual 3D object modeling system for mobile augmented reality (AR) streaming services over 5G networks. The objective of the proposed system is to provide AR streaming services with low latency and high virtual object quality by effectively leveraging mobile edge cloud (MEC) and device-to-device (D2D) communication. MEC is utilized to perform computation-intensive 3D object modeling, such as virtual object slicing and mesh simplification, with abundant computing and storage resources. D2D communication is also utilized to reduce transmission delay by sharing virtual objects of interest among adjacent users. To achieve this goal, we propose a part-segment quality selection algorithm that can control the quality of each part segment and the transmission source by considering the users network condition. In the proposed system, all elements in the AR cloud, MEC, and mobile device are technically integrated to work together seamlessly. Finally, the proposed system is fully implemented using well-known open-source frameworks, including WebGL and AR.js. The system was then examined in real wireless network environments. The experimental results demonstrate the performance of the proposed system. The proposed system outperforms conventional systems in terms of service latency and visual 3D object quality.

CONCEPT OF INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES RENOVATION USING AUGMENTED REALITY

Cultural heritage is key to identity and development. Many valuable objects are affected by time, natural elements and financial lack. Innovative technologies are crucial for their preservation. The paper develops an information system based on augmented reality (AR) for the restoration of cultural heritage. This extends AURA's approach to preserving musical spaces by applying AR to cultural objects. New techniques improve AURA, allowing accurate restoration of objects affected by time. 3D modeling and machine learning allow to create virtual replicas with precision down to the smallest detail. Augmented reality and machine learning open new perspectives for the preservation of cultural values. The paper proposes an innovative approach of using AR for cultural heritage restoration. The authors offer unique solutions for accurate modeling of 3D models of objects. The purpose of the paper is to develop an information system for the restoration of cultural heritage through AR. This will increase the possibilities of preservation and research of values. Using AR and 3D modeling can improve the restoration of objects and provide access for researchers and the public. In future research, the proposed approaches and methods will be implemented to expand the functionality of the information system. This will include developing interactive interfaces for interacting with virtual models of cultural heritage, analyzing data for a deeper understanding of restoration processes and trend detection, as well as integrating cutting-edge information technologies, such as virtual reality and natural language recognition systems, using artificial intelligence. The primary goal is to improve the processes of preserving and studying cultural heritage through the use of modern information technologies.

THE EVALUATION OF STRUCTURE-FROM-MOTION WORKFLOW WITH THE TLS SYNTHETIC IMAGES SIMULATOR – THE CULTURAL HERITAGE APPROACH

Abstract. Modern measurement technologies such as Terrestrial Laser Scanning or combined Structure-from-Motion with Multi-View Stereo are commonly utilised to monitor, preserve and document cultural heritage objects and sites. For this reason, it is essential to know the capabilities and limitations of the sensor used, the data processing methods, and in particular, the orientation of the images. However, these algorithms tackle different errors and have different effects on the final accuracy of images orientation. For this reason, it is essential to know how the algorithms implemented in the Structure-from-Motion approach work. Due to the impossibility of obtaining this information for commercial solutions, it is necessary to use synthetic data to assess the quality of the SfM process. Therefore, this article aims to present the method of evaluation of SfM approach implemented in commercial Agisoft Metashape and COLLMAP open-source software based on the synthetic data generated from TLS point clouds of three different Cultural Heritage sites. In addition, obtained results were compared with the author's SfM approach based on BRISK, FAST, CenSurE, SIFT and SURF (and its Affine detectors equivalents) detector implemented (Fig. 1) and Learned-based -feature extraction approach SuperGlue and LoFTR. The second aim of this research is to propose an application to automatically generate scalable benchmark based on point clouds or 3D models of cultural heritage objects.

RESTORATION WORKFLOWS BY MEANS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY: THE CASE STUDY OF PASHAS BRIDGE

Abstract. The restoration of cultural heritage sites is a complex and challenging process, particularly when the structure holds significant historical and cultural value. This paper refers to the first stages of the restoration study of Pashas Bridge, one of the largest stone bridges in Greece that was destroyed during World War II and further damaged by an earthquake in 1995. The project was assigned to multiple research groups from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh) for a period of 18 months by the Greek Ministry of Culture and Sports. To restore the bridge effectively, it is essential to accurately record, document, and assess its current condition. Through the use of photogrammetry, which creates 3D models of objects or structures using images, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) which assisted in capturing multiple shots with various angles of the bridge, a detailed 3D model of the bridge’s current condition was generated. In addition to these technical approaches, historical research and documentation were utilized to understand the bridge's cultural heritage value. The process included an examination of historical photographs and records related to the bridge, with a constant effort to discover additional information about its history and importance. Ultimately, the restoration process of Pashas Bridge serves as a valuable case study for the effective restoration of cultural heritage sites. Through utilizing these resources, the team aims to restore the bridge to its former glory, preserving its cultural heritage value and ensuring its place as a valuable and integral part of the community for generations to come.

PLACEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF 3D OBJECTS IN THE SYSTEM OF THE NATIONAL VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY BASED ON 3D TECHNOLOGIES

The article discusses the fields of application and content of virtual reality systems, the results of a comparative analysis of virtual educational environment platforms, and their role in presenting educational content in a virtual electronic format. The subject of research is geometric modeling, visualization methods and software tools of 3D models of objects in virtual environments. The purpose of the research is to develop algorithms for the representation and visualization of 3D models of exterior and interior objects in the organization of a virtual university, as well as a software tool for creating 3D models in the organization of a virtual university. Scientific novelty of the research, we offer new methods for geometric modeling of 3D objects in visualization, i.e. constructive logic-algebraic R-function method (RFM). The practical results of the research are aimed at increasing the activity of learners in modern virtual 3D environments in educational institutions based on the software tool, and thereby supporting the teaching process in the virtual three-dimensional environment designed on the basis of modern national landscape design in the Uzbek language “vAcademia.uz” software was developed.

Комплексное использование различных программных сред для повышения уровня визуализации и восприятия информации

Implementation of various software tools in the educational process affects formation of students’ professional competencies. This influence should be taken into account in scientific and methodological support of the modern education system. The purpose of the article is to develop a technology for creating educational VR content that provides immersion into a virtual thematic space using a variety of different software environments and improves the effectiveness of teaching. In this article, the technology of creating an electronic course using a complex of specialized software tools is considered. The initial stage of such technology is to develop a course description that includes data and knowledge about the object or phenomenon under study. Three-dimensional models of virtual objects created in SketchUp, Blender. Solidworks, Compass-3D, etc. are used for technical objects. Then 3D models of objects and landscape are used for creating a virtual space in the Twinmotion software package. Then photorealistic panoramas, images and videos are imported from Twinmotion into 3DVista Virtual Tour Pro to create a virtual tour. At the final stage, the virtual tour is integrated into the LMS Moodle learning management system. The implementation of the technology of integrated use of specialized software tools was tested in the creation of educational content that provides immersion into a virtual thematic space on the example of the course "History of the Tambov Region", which is included in many educational programs at Tambov educational institutions. High efficiency of developed educational content is confirmed by the survey results of several groups of students and its further analysis using Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) methodology; as well as by checking learning achievements based on testing two groups of students of 12 people each. The first test group studied the discipline using the proposed electronic content, and the second one without it. The test results showed that the proportion of correct answers to test questions in the first group was 17% higher than for the students of the second group. Thus, the authors proposed the technology for development of educational content, which includes a number of specialized software tools, as well as the organization of the educational process using innovative educational means. Moreover, the use of the proposed technology allows students to develop teamwork and interpersonal communication skills by interactive lectures and group discussions.

A Family of Approaches for Full 3D Reconstruction of Objects with Complex Surface Reflectance

3D reconstruction of general scenes remains an open challenge with current techniques often reliant on assumptions on the scene’s surface reflectance, which restrict the range of objects that can be modelled. Helmholtz Stereopsis offers an appealing framework to make the modelling process agnostic to surface reflectance. However, previous formulations have been almost exclusively limited to 2.5D modelling. To address this gap, this paper introduces a family of reconstruction approaches that exploit Helmholtz reciprocity to produce complete 3D models of objects with arbitrary unknown reflectance. This includes an approach based on the fusion of (orthographic or perspective) view-dependent reconstructions, a volumetric approach optimising surface location within a voxel grid, and a mesh-based formulation optimising vertices positions of a given mesh topology. The contributed approaches are evaluated on synthetic and real datasets, including novel full 3D datasets publicly released with this paper, with experimental comparison against a wide range of competing methods. Results demonstrate the benefits of the different approaches and their abilities to achieve high quality full 3D reconstructions of complex objects.

Research on 3D reconstruction of small size objects using structure from motion photogrammetry via smartphone images

According to the recent developments on image acquisition via relatively low-cost devices such as smartphones or tablets, researches on Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry-based 3 dimensional (3D) model reconstruction become more popular and wide frequent practice especially for study areas in geology/geomorphology, historical heritage, forestry, etc. Thus, this paper demonstrates accuracy assessment of SfM photogrammetry-based 3D model reconstruction of small size objects by altering number of the source imagery captured by smartphone and represents change detection of the generated datasets as (i) cloud-to-cloud and (ii) mesh-to-cloud comparisons. The number of images was decreased as 25% of each datasets belonging three different detail types of small size objects as the Safranbolu miniature house (SMH), a trinket made of a combination of historical buildings in Rome (HBR), and a wooden object (WO). A total of 12 datasets were generated and 9 cloud-to-cloud, and 21 mesh-to-cloud comparisons were performed. Since the obtained results show that the quality of 3D models of objects varies according to their shapes and sizes, change detection analyses show that the detail level of the objects are highly correlated with the resultant model accuracy.

Use of scanning devices for object 3D reconstruction by photogrammetry and visualization in virtual reality

This article aims to compare two different scanning devices (360 camera and digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera) and their properties in the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the object by the photogrammetry method. The article first describes the various stages of the process of 3D modeling and reconstruction of the object. A point cloud generated to the 3D model of the object, including textures, is created in the following steps. The scanning devices are compared under the same conditions and time from capturing the image of a real object to its 3D reconstruction. The attributes of the scanned image of the recon-structed 3D model, which is a mandarin tree in a citrus greenhouse in a daylight environment, are also compared. Both created models are also compared visually. That visual comparison reveals the possibilities in the application of both scanning devices can be found in the process of 3D reconstruction of the object by photogrammetry. The results of this research can be applied in the field of 3D modeling of a real object using 3D models in virtual reality, 3D printing, 3D visualization, image analysis, and 3D online presentation.

Exploration of 3D objects: methods for simulation, application, and presentation

Simulation programs have revolutionized the operations of major corporations in the 21st century. These programs offer meticulous recording and analysis of processes, enabling the identification and resolution of bottlenecks, deficiencies, and errors that could arise during real-world production. Simulations provide comprehensive insights into the entire production process, even before it begins, ensuring optimal efficiency and minimizing downtime and mistakes. They can be customized to varying levels of complexity, encompassing process-oriented perspectives and visually detailed representations. To ensure accuracy, analyzing and evaluating available data is crucial, supplementing it with necessary information to enhance the virtual representation's fidelity. In this discussion, we will primarily explore the modeling of 3D objects within detailed simulations and their subsequent application and interpretation in diverse contexts.

Improving a geophysical method to determine the boundaries of ore-bearing rocks considering certain tectonic disturbances

Purpose is to improve a geophysical method of determining the boundaries of ore-bearing rocks and tectonic disturbances under complex mining and geological conditions while developing 3D geological models. Methods. 3D geological models of natural objects were developed on the basis of complex structural, geological-geophysical, and lithological facies analysis with the wide use of modern 3D seismic exploration technologies taking into consideration the parameters for prediction and selection of optimal factors for ore deposit development. Findings. The scientifically substantiated result is represented by the increased reliability and efficiency of seismic exploration for singling out the ore horizons and ore bodies as well as tectonic disturbances at different depths by specifying geological structures of the prospective areas and sites under study. Originality. Basing on the carried out studies, methods of the development of 3D geological models to study depth geological inhomogeneities of the ore-bearing complexes under complex mining and geological conditions were improved. Practical implications. The obtained results of 3D modelling of geological media basing on the applied 3D seismic exploration will help increase a confidence factor of scientifically substantiated prediction of ore deposits, provide optimal development of complex ore objects, reduce risks, and increase economic efficiency of solid deposit development under complex mining and geological conditions.

AUGMENTED REALITY BASED INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR OBJECTS 3D MODELS VISUALIZATION

At the current stage of IT industry development, augmented reality is of interest both from the side of science and from the business side, since it is an advanced and newest tool for introducing a new immersive user experience. Today there are plenty ready-to-use applications that use AR for business, educational, medical and other purposes. Augmented Reality is currently one of the most popular upcoming technologies most commonly known for its use within games and advertising. By combining three-dimensional modelling with augmented reality, it could be possible to obtain new user friendly applications for the representing 3D models of objects in real time and in real size. The topic of research in the field of augmented reality is currently relevant both for science and for the business industry. The paper proposes a multifunctional information system for three-dimensional models visualization in augmented reality, which is implemented in the form of a cross-platform mobile application. The proposed information system uses a device camera as a mean of object visualization and provides quick reproduction of the selected from the application`s database model in augmented reality in real size and in real time. The developed application works quite well, has a user friendly and intuitive interface and allows user to add own models, that makes this tool multipurpose.Test 3D models have been created for conducting experiments for verification the proposed information system operation. The further efforts of the authors will be directed to improving the existing algorithms for extending the current functionality of the proposed tool for 3D objects models visualization in augmented reality and application of the developed tool for real-life needs, such as digitization and visualization of museum exhibits and archaeological artifacts of Khmelnytskyi region.

Организация практико-ориентированного обучения на кафедре «Инженерная графика» РТУ МИРЭА

The article discusses the organization of practice-oriented learning at the Department of Engineering Graphics of the RTU MIREA, the essence of which is the development of not only design documentation, but also the production of a prototype device for which design documentation has been made. Geoinformatics students create 3D models of terrain objects: buildings, terrain and vegetation based on photo and video data from drones. The course project serves as the basis for a deeper study of geometric and graphic disciplines in the form of competitive works, scientific reports and publications, or can serve as the basis for the final qualification work.
 As part of the course work, students of the Institute of Radio Electronics and Informatics perform a multi-level study of an electronic device - a sensor using "smart home" technology. Not only a significant amount of design documentation is developed with the help of circuitry and design CAD: diagrams, printed circuit boards with tracing, assembly drawings, specifications and other text documents, but also a working prototype of the sensor is made.
 As part of the course work, chemists-technologists design a workshop for large- and medium-tonnage chemical production and develop a complete set of design documentation for one of the main apparatuses of this workshop. Based on the created 3D models, students print a model of the apparatus on a 3D printer.
 As part of the "Fundamentals of Design" course, some students develop design documentation and make one of the two printed circuit boards of a dog robot based on it. Another part of the students creates 3D models of robot parts and prints them on a 3D printer. Both groups jointly assemble and program a robot dog.

Метод определения нормативных требований к точности технологических этапов при топографической аэрофотосъемке

Introduction of BIM-modeling methodology and geoinformation technologies in the construction industry causes the need of taking into account the specific customer requirements for the accuracy of building 3D-models in engineering-geodetic surveys. The author analyzes the requirements to the exactness of the technological stages of the current regulatory document on aerial photographic survey. The represented concept of approaches to precision standards corresponds to the outdated analogue model. The need for a different method of determining normative tolerances in obtaining modern types of products is noted. The relevance of requirements to the accuracy of building 3D-models without reference to the scale of the topoplan and the height of the relief section is shown. The method of designing the regulatory admissions for the accuracy of technological stages is proposed. They are designed for a particular object before the beginning of fieldwork with controlled variations of error accumulation coefficients and expressed as average errors in centimeters and fractions of a pixel on the ground. The obtained allowances are the substantiating requirements for the chosen technology and accuracy control of the work results in the technical design of aerial photographic survey. Practical calculation of tolerances for constructing a 3D model of the urban development object to meet the customers’ requirements was carried out. Conclusions are given on the prospects of the method in areas that use remote sensing materials with any technology of their processing and a variety of user’s needs.

Report on the round table in the State Duma dedicated to the cadastral reform

Currently, the introduction of a 3D cadastre of real estate objects in Russia is quite relevant, since using a two-dimensional cadastre it is impossible to keep records of various multi-level objects such as bridges, tunnels, road junctions, etc. In this scientific work, the most time-consuming stage of a three–dimensional cadastre is considered – 3D modeling of various real estate objects and obtaining of spatial information about them. The article analyzes two main methods of spatial data acquisition - aerial photography and three–dimensional laser scanning. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are considered in this paper. In conclusion, the authors advise to use the mentioned methods of obtaining data to create 3D models in a three-dimensional real estate cadastre.

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT TOWARD MERGING OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER POINT DATA AND UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM POINT DATA

Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) techniques are widely preferred for 3D models of small and large objects, buildings, and historical and cultural heritages. However, sometimes relying on a single method for 3D modelling an object/structure is insufficient to arrive at a solution or meet expectations. For example, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) provide perspective for building roofs, while terrestrial laser scanners provide general information about building facades. In this research, several facades of a selected building could not be modelled using terrestrial laser scanning, and UAS was used to complete the missing data for 3D modelling. The transformation matrix, a linear function, is created to merge different data types. In the transformation matrix, the scale was found to be 1:1.012. The accuracy analysis of the produced 3D model was also made by comparing the spatial measurements taken from different building facades and the differences in the measurement values obtained from the 3D model and calculating statistically. According to the accuracy analysis results, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value is approximately 3 cm. The results of the accuracy research, which are within the 95% confidence interval with the three-sigma rule, are approximately 2 cm as RMSE. As a result of the study, it was determined that the data obtained from UAV photogrammetry and the data obtained by the TLS technique could be combined, and the integrated 3D model obtained can be used more efficiently.

About the application of the R-function for geometric modeling of 3D objects of complex shapes in a virtual educational environment

This article is devoted to the creation of a national virtual university platform, geometric modeling of the design of exteriors, interiors and characters in the field of information technology based on 3D technologies. We know that visualization uses geometric splines and polygonal mesh construction methods. In virtual reality systems, each object is represented by a three-dimensional model. The real challenge now is to create custom models that control them. A three-dimensional model of a character is represented by a depth map, dots, a polygonal model, a parametric model describing anthropometric, ansaphic and profile features of a human face. The research process includes the study of the rules of visualization of virtual three-dimensional objects through internal and external models, the theory of geometric modeling, algorithms, methods and algorithms of computer modeling, the use of virtual reality algorithms in education. Today, when engineering and technology are rapidly developing in our country, traveling to the virtual world is of great interest to many. As a result, three-dimensional content and landscape design expand the human imagination and serve to capture our knowledge about the subject and object in our memory. It would be more effective to transfer practical classes in computer halls of educational institutions to the virtual world and organize them in this virtual environment using virtual objects. In addition, all aspects of the subject can be explained and taught, and students will be able to use it virtually. Creating a toolbar that includes all virtual objects becomes a priority. Object-oriented programming technologies and testing methods were used. This article proposes new methods of geometric modeling of three-dimensional objects mentioned above, that is, the constructive logical-algebraic method of R-functions (RFM). This method allows you to depict 3D objects of high complexity.

Modelify: An approach to incrementally build 3D object models for map completion

The capabilities of discovering new knowledge and updating the previously acquired one are crucial for deploying autonomous robots in unknown and changing environments. Spatial and objectness concepts are at the basis of several robotic functionalities and are part of the intuitive understanding of the physical world for us humans. In this paper, we propose a method, which we call Modelify, to incrementally map the environment at the level of objects in a consistent manner. We follow an approach where no prior knowledge of the environment is required. The only assumption we make is that objects in the environment are separated by concave boundaries. The approach works on an RGB-D camera stream, where object-like segments are extracted and stored in an incremental database. Segment description and matching are performed by exploiting 2D and 3D information, allowing to build a graph of all segments. Finally, a matching score guides a Markov clustering algorithm to merge segments, thus completing object representations. Our approach allows creating single (merged) instances of repeating objects, objects that were observed from different viewpoints, and objects that were observed in previous mapping sessions. Thanks to our matching and merging strategies this also works with only partially overlapping segments. We perform evaluations on indoor and outdoor datasets recorded with different RGB-D sensors and show the benefit of using a clustering method to form merge candidates and keypoints detected in both 2D and 3D. Our new method shows better results than previous approaches while being significantly faster. A newly recorded dataset and the source code are released with this publication.