Model Testing Phase Research Articles

The effects of measurement error and testing frequency on the fitness-fatigue model applied to resistance training: A simulation approach

This study investigated the effects of measurement error and testing frequency on prediction accuracy of the standard fitness-fatigue model. A simulation-based approach was used to systematically assess measurement error and frequency inputs commonly used when monitoring the training of athletes. Two hypothetical athletes (intermediate and advanced) were developed and realistic training loads and daily ‘true’ power values were generated using the fitness-fatigue model across 16 weeks. Simulations were then completed by adding Gaussian measurement errors to true values with mean 0 and set standard deviations to recreate more and less reliable measurement practices used in real-world settings. Errors were added to the model training phase (weeks 1–8) and sampling of data was used to recreate different testing frequencies (every day to once per week) when obtaining parameter estimates. In total, 210 sets of simulations (N = 104 iterations) were completed using an iterative hill-climbing optimisation technique. Parameter estimates were then combined with training loads in the model testing phase (weeks 9–16) to quantify prediction errors. Regression analyses identified positive associations between prediction errors and the linear combination of measurement error and testing frequency ([Formula: see text]=0.87–0.94). Significant model improvements (P < 0.001) were obtained across all scenarios by including an interaction term demonstrating greater deleterious effects of measurement error at low testing frequencies.The findings of this simulation study represent a lower-bound case and indicate that in real-world settings, where a fitness-fatigue model is used to predict training response, measurement practices that generate coefficients of variation greater than [Formula: see text]4% will not provide satisfactory results.

Developing Appreciative Literature Textbook Based on ThematicIntegrative Through Active Learning

The objectives of this research were: (1) to describe students’ and lecturers’ needs on poetry and drama appreciative textbook, (2) to describe the development of textbook model (3) to find the effectiveness of textbook model 4) to describe textbook dissemination. The type of research used was research and development. Research was done through 4 stages: (1) exploration, (2) model development, (3) model testing, (4) dissemination. Exploration stage used qualitative descriptive approach. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, observation, documentation, and questionnaires. Data analysis technique was interactive analysis model. Model testing was done through experimental research. The results of this research were: (1) the exploration stage showed that the poetry and drama learning textbook used by Elementary Teacher Education Program (ETEP) students in Surakarta did not meet the students’ and lecturers’ need, (2) model development stage produced appreciative poetry and drama textbook through preliminary field testing; (3) model testing phase was to test effectiveness of the textbook used t-test non-independent technique. It was obtained tobtain of 23 and ttable(90; 0.05) of 1.67. Thus, tobtained (23) > ttable (1.67) which meant that the hypothesis was accepted (Ho was rejected). In conclusion, the Apprec iative Poetry and Drama textbook model was effectively improve students' poetry and drama appreciation skills. Dissemination was done through national seminars, article writing in international journals, as well as the publishing of an Integrative-thematic Textbook of Poetry and Drama Learning with ISBN.

DEVELOPING APPRECIATIVE LITERATURE TEXTBOOK BASED ON THEMATIC-INTEGRATIVE THROUGH ACTIVE LEARNING TO IMPROVE UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ APPRECIATIVE CAPABILITY ON POETRY AND DRAMA IN ELEMENTARY TECHER EDUCATION PROGRAM

<p><em>The objectives of this research </em><em>we</em><em>re: (1) to describe students</em><em>’</em><em> and lecturers</em><em>’ </em><em>needs </em><em>on </em><em>poetry and drama </em><em>appreciative textbook</em><em>, (2) to describe the development of textbook model (3) to find the effectiveness of textbook </em><em>model</em><em> 4) to describe textbook dissemination. The type of research used was research </em><em>and </em><em>development. Research was done through 4 stages: (1) </em><em>exploration</em><em>, (2) model development, (3) model testing, (4) dissemination. Exploration stage used qualitative descriptive approach. Data </em><em>was collected through</em><em> in-depth interviews, observation, documentation, and questionnaires. Data analysis technique </em><em>was </em><em>interactive analysis model. </em><em>M</em><em>odel testing </em><em>was done through </em><em>experimental research. The results of this research were: (1) </em><em>the </em><em>exploration stage showed that the </em><em>poetry and drama learning </em><em>textbook used by </em><em>Elementary Teacher Education Program (ETEP) </em><em>student</em><em>sin </em><em>Surakarta </em><em>did </em><em>not </em><em>meet the </em><em>student</em><em>s’</em><em> and lecturer</em><em>s’ need</em><em>, (2) model development </em><em>stage producedappreciative poetry and drama </em><em>textbook through preliminary field testing; (3) </em><em>model </em><em>testing phase </em><em>was to test</em><em> effectiveness </em><em>of the textbook used </em><em>t-test </em><em>non-</em><em>independent technique</em><em>.It was </em><em>obtained t</em><em><sub>obtain</sub></em><em>of </em><em>23 </em><em>and </em><em>t</em><em><sub>table(</sub></em><em><sub>90; 0.05)</sub></em><em>of </em><em>1.67. Thus, t</em><em><sub>obtained</sub></em><em> (23)> t<sub>table</sub> (1.67) </em><em>which meant that</em><em> the hypothesis was accepted (Ho was rejected). In conclusion, the </em><em>Appreciative</em><em> Poetry and Drama textbook model was effectively improve students' poetry and drama appreciation skills. Dissemination was done through national seminars, article writing in international journals, as well as the publishing of an Integrative-thematic Textbook of Poetry and Drama Learning</em><em> with ISBN</em><em>.</em></p>

Development of Indonesian Literature Textbook with Character Education Through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Learning Based

The objectives of this research were: (1) to describe the students’ and teachers’ needs on Indonesian literature textbook with characteristic education using ICT learning based, (2) to describe the development of Indonesian literature textbook model using ICT learning based, (3) to describe the effectiveness of the textbook using ICT learning based, 4) to describe the result of textbook dissemination using ICT learning based. The type of research used was research and development proposed by Borg and Gall. Research which was done through 4 stages, namely: (1) exploration, (2) model development, (3) model testing, and (4) dissemination. The exploratory stage used a qualitative descriptive approach. Data collection was done through document study, observation, interview, and questionnaire. Data analysis technique used was interactive analysis model. Model testing was done through experimental research. The results of this research were: (1) exploration stage showed that Indonesian literature textbook used in Public Elementary School 15, Public Elementary School 02 Kleco, and Public Elementary School 2 Sumber Surakarta had not been in accordance with the students’ and teachers’ needs, (2) Indonesian textbook was developed through preliminary field testing; and (3) model testing phase was done through experimental research in the main field testing. The value of tobtained (0.43) was then consulted to the value of ttable (with N = 90, α = 0.05) which was 1.64 so critical area {t <-1.64 or t> 1.64}. It could be concluded that tobtained (0.43) < ttable, as a result, H0 was accepted and the research was stated significant. In conclusion, Indonesian textbook with character education was effective to improve students' receptive skills.

Nurses and nurse assistants' experiences with using a design thinking approach to innovation in a nursing home.

The aim of this study was to evaluate nurses' and nurse assistants' experiences with a design thinking approach to innovation used in a nursing home in Norway. A design thinking approach to innovation that focuses on users' needs can be employed to address many of the challenges facing health care providers in a field facing a growing ageing population, complex diseases and financial shortfalls. This study is based on a thematic analysis of four focus group interviews with nurses and nurse assistants (n=23). In the initial phase of developing the new service model, which included defining staff roles and responsibilities, participating nurses and nurse assistants felt engaged and motivated by the designers' inclusive and creative methods. However, during the new model's testing phase, they were critical of management's lack of involvement in the model`s implementation and therefore became less motivated about the project. The findings of the study highlight the importance of the designers cooperating with management and staff for the duration of the innovation process. Challenging innovation processes require strong managers who engage with designers, patients, staff and volunteers throughout all phases of an innovation process using a design thinking approach.

Blinded Validation of Breath Biomarkers of Lung Cancer, a Potential Ancillary to Chest CT Screening.

BackgroundBreath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been reported as biomarkers of lung cancer, but it is not known if biomarkers identified in one group can identify disease in a separate independent cohort. Also, it is not known if combining breath biomarkers with chest CT has the potential to improve the sensitivity and specificity of lung cancer screening.Methods Model-building phase (unblinded): Breath VOCs were analyzed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry in 82 asymptomatic smokers having screening chest CT, 84 symptomatic high-risk subjects with a tissue diagnosis, 100 without a tissue diagnosis, and 35 healthy subjects. Multiple Monte Carlo simulations identified breath VOC mass ions with greater than random diagnostic accuracy for lung cancer, and these were combined in a multivariate predictive algorithm. Model-testing phase (blinded validation): We analyzed breath VOCs in an independent cohort of similar subjects (n = 70, 51, 75 and 19 respectively). The algorithm predicted discriminant function (DF) values in blinded replicate breath VOC samples analyzed independently at two laboratories (A and B). Outcome modeling: We modeled the expected effects of combining breath biomarkers with chest CT on the sensitivity and specificity of lung cancer screening.Results Unblinded model-building phase. The algorithm identified lung cancer with sensitivity 74.0%, specificity 70.7% and C-statistic 0.78. Blinded model-testing phase: The algorithm identified lung cancer at Laboratory A with sensitivity 68.0%, specificity 68.4%, C-statistic 0.71; and at Laboratory B with sensitivity 70.1%, specificity 68.0%, C-statistic 0.70, with linear correlation between replicates (r = 0.88). In a projected outcome model, breath biomarkers increased the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of chest CT for lung cancer when the tests were combined in series or parallel.ConclusionsBreath VOC mass ion biomarkers identified lung cancer in a separate independent cohort, in a blinded replicated study. Combining breath biomarkers with chest CT could potentially improve the sensitivity and specificity of lung cancer screening.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT00639067

En

Multilayer Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) with the backpropagation algorithm were used to estimate the decrease in relative saturated conductivity due to an increase in sodicity and salinity. Data from the literature on the relative saturated hydraulic conductivity measured using water having levels of sodicity and salinity in different types of semiarid soils were used. The clay content of these soils is predominantly montmorillonite. The input data consisted of clay percentage, cation exchange capacity, electrolyte concentration, and estimated soil exchangeable sodium percentage at equilibrium stage with the solution applied. The data was divided into three groups randomly to meet the three phases required for developing the ANNs model (i. e. training, evaluation, and testing).The activation function selected was the TANSIG layer in the middle, while the exit function was the PURELIN layer. The comparisons between the experimental and predicted data on relative saturated hydraulic conductivity during training and testing phases showed good agreement. This was evident from the statistical indicators used for the evaluation process. For the training phase, the values of mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), the correlation coefficient (r) and the determination coefficient (R2) were 0.08, 0.13, 0.91, and 0.83, respectively. The performance of the ANNs model was evaluated against a part of the data selected randomly form the whole set of data collected (i. e. data not used during the model testing phase). The resultant values for MAE and RMSE, r and R2 were 0.12, 0.16, 0.82 and 0.68, respectively. It should be noted that many factors were not considered, such as soil pH, type of clay, and organic matter, due to the limitations of the data available. Using these factors as input in ANNs might improve model predictions. However, the results suggested that the ANNs model performs well in soils with very low levels of organic matter.

Historical Aspects of Inner Ear Anatomy and Biology That Underlie the Design of Hearing and Balance Prosthetic Devices

AbstractThis review presents some of the major historical events that advanced the body of knowledge of the anatomy of the inner ear and its sensory receptors as well as the biology of these receptors that underlies the sensory functions of hearing and balance. This knowledge base of the inner ear's structure/function has been an essential factor for the design and construction of prosthetic devices to aid patients with deficits in their senses of hearing and balance. Prosthetic devices are now available for severely hearing impaired and deaf patients to restore hearing and are known as cochlear implants and auditory brain stem implants. A prosthetic device for patients with balance disorders is being perfected and is in an animal model testing phase with another prosthetic device for controlling intractable dizziness in Meniere's patients currently being evaluated in clinical testing. None of this would have been possible without the pioneering studies and discoveries of the investigators mentioned in this review and with the work of many other talented investigators to numerous to be covered in this review. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Historical Aspects of Inner Ear Anatomy and Biology that Underlie the Design of Hearing and Balance Prosthetic Devices

This review presents some of the major historical events that advanced the body of knowledge of the anatomy of the inner ear and its sensory receptors as well as the biology of these receptors that underlies the sensory functions of hearing and balance. This knowledge base of the inner ear's structure/function has been an essential factor for the design and construction of prosthetic devices to aid patients with deficits in their senses of hearing and balance. Prosthetic devices are now available for severely hearing impaired and deaf patients to restore hearing and are known as cochlear implants and auditory brain stem implants. A prosthetic device for patients with balance disorders is being perfected and is in an animal model testing phase with another prosthetic device for controlling intractable dizziness in Meniere's patients currently being evaluated in clinical testing. None of this would have been possible without the pioneering studies and discoveries of the investigators mentioned in this review and with the work of many other talented investigators to numerous to be covered in this review.

Metacognitive Instruction in Map Reading

This study sought to examine the effects of a metacognitively based strategy training programme on infantrymen's success and speed in beating themselves on two‐dimensional topographical maps in two contexts: in the classroom using three‐dimensional models and in the actual field. Experimental subjects received approximately 150 minutes of strategy training in which observing widely, focusing attention, talking associations between topographical features, inspecting the map and checking for correctness were the main elements. Three‐dimensional models were employed as part of the training. Control subjects were trained using traditional methods of grid referencing leading to map‐to‐ground exercises. Results from the model testing phase showed Experimental subjects superior to Control subjects in accuracy of location but no differences in location times. The field test results showed a tendency for more accurate location by Experimental subjects but this was at the expense of time. The results are discussed ...