Model Of Self-government Research Articles

THE MODEL OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE / ՀՀ ՏԵՂԱԿԱՆ ԻՆՔՆԱԿԱՌԱՎԱՐՄԱՆ ՄՈԴԵԼԸ ՄԻՋԱԶԳԱՅԻՆ ՓՈՐՁԻ ՀԱՄԱՏԵՔՍՏՈՒՄ

The aim of the research is to analyze international experiences in territorial administration, comparing them with the local self-government system of the Republic of Armenia (RA), highlighting both similarities and areas for improvement. This article focuses on studying international models of territorial administration and their relevance to the context of RA. We examine various models of local self-government, their management methods, and the primary sources of community revenue formation, conducting a comparative analysis. Additionally, we explore the local self-government system in RA, examining the methods of revenue generation and highlighting its unique aspects. Within the study, we emphasize the need and significance of modernizing revenue sources within communities. We provide recommendations considering areas for improvement within communities and emerging development trends. These recommendations include the introduction of a new type of tax, the hotel tax, as well as deductions from income tax, profit tax, environmental tax, and royalties.

THE MODEL OF PROSECUTORIAL SELF-GOVERNANCE IN UKRAINE AND THE BALTIC COUNTRIES: A COMPARATIVE ASPECT

Background: New legislation in Ukraine has introduced a significant change in the function of the prosecutor’s office by establishing bodies of prosecutorial self-governance. Their implementation stems from the change in the constitutional status of the prosecutor's office and the need to strengthen the independence of prosecutors while minimising external political and internal systemic influence on their work. Such reforms align with a pan-European tendency, which was formed as a result of the modernisation of approaches to the perception of the prosecutor's office. The independence of the judiciary and the effectiveness of the administration of justice depends on the independent activity of such body as the prosecutor's office. This necessitates the formation and development of the principle of political neutrality, which should form the basis of the organisation and activity of the prosecutor's office in a state governed by the rule of law. Orientation to international standards and best practices allows us to hypothesise about the progressiveness of the Ukrainian model of prosecutorial self-governance. This hypothesis can be tested through a comparative analysis with other countries. We have chosen the Baltic countries for comparison as they are connected with Ukraine by a common Soviet past; however, they decided on the European course of their development much faster. The article offers an overview of models of prosecutorial self-governance in Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Ukraine, outlining the structure and competence of their bodies. Based on a comparative analysis of Ukraine’s example, the researchers have identified the main directions for strengthening the institutional capacity of prosecutorial self-governance bodies. Methods: In conducting the scientific work, the authors employed several special legal methods, which allowed them to realise both the collection and generalisation of factual data, as well as to carry out a multi-level comparison of selected research objects at the proper level. The study relied on, in particular, formal-legal, logical-legal, historical-legal and comparativelegal methods of scientific learning. Results and Conclusions: It has been concluded that the introduction of prosecutorial selfgovernance in the states is a necessary step in the direction of strengthening the independence of prosecutors as a component of effective justice. This makes it possible to minimise external political and internal systemic influence on personnel processes in the prosecutor's office system, contributes to ensuring its political neutrality, as well as solves issues of financial, material, technical, and other provisions for prosecutors. In this sense, the Ukrainian model of prosecutorial self-governance is quite progressive, although it is not without disadvantages. In particular, the dispersion of personnel powers among different subjects makes prosecutors vulnerable in career advancement, specifically regarding clarity in the demarcation of their competence. This focuses on further developing prosecutorial self-governance, strengthening its institutional capacity.

Highlighting models of Indigenous leadership and self-governance for COVID-19 vaccination programmes

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted Indigenous populations worldwide placing much importance on rapid and equitable vaccination. Nevertheless, many Indigenous communities have reported high vaccine hesitancy and low COVID-19 vaccine uptake. This may be attributed to various factors, including a lack of support for Indigenous leadership efforts to protect their communities and the pervasive infodemic targeting First Nations Peoples. In August 2022, we hosted an international symposium to bring together Indigenous and non-Indigenous community leaders, clinicians, and researchers to discuss pandemic experiences and lessons learnt. This commentary highlights examples of harnessing Indigenous leadership and self-governance to design and deliver tailored community-based and culturally appropriate COVID-19 vaccination programmes that improved vaccine uptake in Australia and Canada. These case studies demonstrate that Indigenous social-governance systems need to be valued, respected, and upheld if we are to make meaningful efforts to address health inequities among Indigenous communities during future pandemics.

Participatory Democracy and the British Utopian Tradition: Leonard Woolf's Co-operative Commonwealth in Historical Perspective

Abstract This article examines an understudied chapter in the history of British socialist thought: the consumer-based socialism theorized by the Fabian and Labour Party advisor Leonard Woolf between 1913 and 1920. Exemplifying what used to be referred to in negative terms as “interwar idealism,” Woolf is now widely considered one of the chief architects of imperial and foreign policy for the British Labour Party between 1914 and 1945. Throughout this period, he was also a patient and committed advocate for a cooperative model of participatory, rank-and-file democracy founded on the organization and practices of the Co-operative Movement, whose socialist, transformative aspirations Woolf found most fully realized in the Women's Co-operative Guild under the leadership of Margaret Llewelyn Davies. Woolf's interest in radical democratic templates places him in a line of British utopian thought that looks to small-scale models of popular self-government as test cases for overall social transformation—ranging from Robert Owen's communes, through William Morris's medieval craft guilds, to the guild socialism advocated by G. D. H. Cole and R. H. Tawney. At the same time, in identifying the consumer rather than the producer as the means and ends of social change, Woolf's proposals for a socialist commonwealth emerge as an alternative to most socialist thought, a rarely examined case in a British politics of consumption which, as Matthew Hilton has shown, has traditionally offered itself as a “middle” or “third way” solution to a party political system dominated by the interests of capitalists and workers.

A STUDY ON VIETNAMESE COMMUNE - LEVEL AUTHORITIES

Local authorities in different countries have their own characteristics and are organized with principles consistent with their political institutions, historical development and national culture. Accordingly, there have been different organizational and operational models of local authorities around the world such as: self-governing model, decentralization model, dual supervision model, etc. This paper studies and analyses organizational and operational characteristics of commune - level authorities belonging to the 3-level government system (provincial level, district level, commune level) in Vietnam. Given advantages and limitations of the commune - level authorities, recommendations are suggested as innovations for improvement of the commune - level authority models, in accordance with the national political institution as well as social development.

АДАПТАЦІЯ ЗАРУБІЖНОГО ДОСВІДУ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ФІНАНСОВИХ ТА ТРУДОВИХ РЕСУРСІВ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД

This scientific research explores the experience of territorial governance organization in European countries and its impact on socio-economic development. Starting with an analysis of the role of a specific form of public authority of territorial communities, the study highlights the necessity of their autonomy in addressing local issues and managing respective territorial units. Special attention is given to the problems of resource provision for regional and local development, particularly the creation of favorable conditions for entrepreneurship and innovative technologies. Further investigation focuses on analyzing various models of local self-government, considering their financial stability and degree of autonomy in governance. This allows for a deeper understanding of the influence of territorial governance on socio-economic development and identifying the most effective approaches to decentralization in European countries. Significant attention is also paid to the analysis of community labor potential and its impact on the labor market development and socio-economic strategies. Assessing this potential is a key element in planning community development and ensuring the stability of their socio-economic status. Detailed study of this aspect helps determine optimal ways for authorities to influence labor market formation and promote its efficient functioning. The text also emphasizes the importance of assessing the labor potential of communities for planning labor market development and socio-economic strategies. The necessity of labor market monitoring and predictive analysis to ensure sustainable community development is highlighted. Overall, the text reflects the importance of proper territorial governance and its impact on the socio-economic development of communities and regions, as well as indicates ways to improve this process. Overall, this research reflects the importance of proper territorial governance organization as a key factor in achieving sustainable and equitable socio-economic development in regions and communities. Therefore, its findings can serve as a basis for developing decentralization strategies and local self-government policies in different countries worldwide.

МОДЕЛЬ ЭТНОКУЛЬТУРНОЙ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЙ СРЕДЫ АРКТИЧЕСКОЙ ШКОЛЫ ОБЩИННОГО САМОУПРАВЛЕНИЯ

The relevance of the research is determined by consideration of the Arctic school’s ethnocultural education environment as an important pedagogical condition for the successful integration of indigenous graduates into the multicultural high-tech society of the Russian Federation. The purpose of this article is to describe the community self-governance model of ethnocultural education environment of an Arctic school and to reveal its potential for the development of students’ natural science thinking. The scientifi c novelty of the study is to specify the concept “ethnocultural education environment of an Arctic school”, and to describe the community self-government model for the development of natural science thinking of children from among indigenous peoples of the North. It is established that the ethnocultural education environment is closely integrated with the environment of family and tribe of indigenous peoples. The model described by the authors belongs to “soft” pedagogical models and takes into account the nature and characteristics of the natural science thinking of children from among indigenous peoples of the North. The potential of the ethnocultural education environment for the development of this type of thinking is revealed through the content of its interconnected components such as spatial semantic, content- methodological and communicative organisational. The authors generalised and expanded the Arctic Experimental Boarding School’s experience to develop the content of components mentioned.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN RURAL DISTRICTS OF KAZAKHSTAN

Issues of decentralization of power, and, consequently, the development of local self-government in Kazakhstan are becoming increasingly relevant. Local self-government plays a special role in solving socio-economic and political problems of rural areas. At the moment, certain results have been achieved in this direction in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Nevertheless, there are still many difficulties and problems that need to be solved on the basis of the whole variety of theoretical and methodological approaches. In the article, based on the use of a complex of theoretical and empirical methods, the issues of formation and development of the local self-government system in rural districts of the Republic of Kazakhstan are examined. The main approaches to this issue are analyzed, on their basis the need for further study of issues of local self-government in rural districts of Kazakhstan is substantiated. Based on the comparative analysis of the anglo-saxon and continental models of local self-government, the authors characterized the model of local self-government implemented in our country. A PEST-analysis was carried out, which made it possible to identify the main political, economic, social and technological factors influencing the development of the local self-government system. The prospects and directions for modernizing local self-government in rural districts of the Republic of Kazakhstan are outlined.

THE CONCEPTION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF MUNICIPAL LAW

The article examines the problems of defining the principles of municipal law as a branch of Ukrainian law. The phenomenology of municipal law is studied in the context of its genesis, development and understanding of the principles of municipal legal regulation. It is proven that the formation of the modern domestic municipal legal doctrine has set scientists a number of conceptual tasks, the solution of which depends on the effectiveness of rethinking the essence, content (system) and functions of municipal law as a branch of law. One of these tasks is the final rejection of the dogmatic vestiges of Soviet jurisprudence, which is firmly rooted in the domestic municipal legal doctrine. First of all, this is manifested in the penetration of many principles and archaic stereotypes inherent in the theory and practice of Soviet state law into the matter of municipal law. According to the author, a qualitatively new vision of the nature of municipal law mainly depends not only on the correct definition of the subject and method of municipal law, but also on the principles of municipal law. The content and methodological approaches to the formation of the updated system of principles of municipal law in Ukraine are determined not only by the radical transformation, modernization of the Ukrainian state, its apparatus on democratic principles, decentralization of state power, but also by the processes of the formation of the European model of local self-government and municipalism in Ukraine, the realization of municipal human rights and the formation of a local system of their protection. It is proven that the transformation of the field of municipal law of Ukraine in the context of the decentralization of state power radically changes the entire legal system of the state and fundamental branches of law (first of all, constitutional and administrative law) and objectively requires the definition of the content, meaning and outline of the foundations of the formation of a new system of principles of municipal law. The conceptual principles of updating the system of principles of municipal law of Ukraine need to take into account the unified principles and standards of municipal law developed by European municipal legal doctrine and practice. This is a necessary step in overcoming the doctrinal gap in the development of the guiding ideas of the industry, its values, guidelines, which act as a kind of «framework» of the field of municipal law and determine the logic of the development of the system of legislation on local self-government.

Advantages and disadvantages o the establishment of local self-government in the Federal Republic of Germany during the First World War

The scientific article is devoted to the issue of researching the advantages and disadvantages of the formation and development of local self­government in Germany in the period before the First World War, when it was Germany that chose the model of local self-government. The article reveals the main issues of the genesis of local self-government in Germany. The article reveals the issues of legislative regulation of local self­government in Germany at various historical stages. The scientific article states that by the end of the 19th century. only Prussia retained open voting, and other parts of the German Empire implemented secret voting; the principles of counting votes also differed; with the same number of votes, a draw was held; in Bavaria and Baden at the beginning of the 20th century. the system of proportional representation was introduced. The article stated that the specified period included demands for universal secret direct suffrage for all German citizens aged 20 and over, proportional elections, full provincial, district and community self-government through officials elected on the basis of universal suffrage, and stipulated the abolition of all local governments appointed by the state. The struggle for universal suffrage is revealed, gender policy in the field of local self­government is given, in particular, the possibility of women to participate in the work of executive commissions that dealt with issues of care, public education and sanitation at local authorities, and the legislative prerequisites for this are indicated. It was determined that during the creation of the German model of local self-government in the 19th century. English local self-government was taken as a model. The article examines the implementation of bureaucratic decentralization and integration of local self-government into the system of state authorities. It was stated that the corresponding period in Germany was spent in search of a suitable model of implementation of local government, the choice of English or French in particular.

Scientific views on the role of Starosta (Elder) in the local government system

The article is devoted to describing and analyzing the scientific views of national scientists on the role of starosta in the system of local self-government in Ukraine. The relevance and timeliness of the study is due to the fact that the practical implementation of the idea of decentralization proves to be effective every time, while the introduction of the starosta institute has become a new historical milestone in this process. It is determined that starosta as a form of participatory democracy is an integral part of the development of the modern Ukrainian model of local self-government. The researchers’ vision of who the starosta is for the residents of a particular territorial community is presented. The article reveals the commonality of researchers’ approaches to the role of starosta as the closest representative of local self-government, as well as a communicator between the residents of the respective starosta district and local authorities. He or she also acts as an intermediary between residents and the authorities. In addition, it is believed that the starosta can consult, advise and assist in solving problems arising in the community. The purpose of creating the institution of starostas in local self-government bodies in Ukraine is emphasized. The article presents the powers of starosta as defined by the Law of Ukraine «On Local Self-Government in Ukraine». The author offers one of the scientific approaches to the classification of starosta’s functions formulated on the basis of the analysis of his/her powers. These functions are: representative; budgetary; informational; control; constituent; organizational. The study analyzes the requirements that could be mandatory for a person who plans to be a starosta. For example, age, affiliation (certain connection) with the territorial community, special education, knowledge of the basics of local self-government, experience, etc. The author outlines the areas for further scientific research on the implementation of the starosta institute. These areas include: the definition and method of regulatory consolidation of starosta’s powers, their balance and the reality of their application. It is noted that prevention of corruption is another area of scientific research, without which the implementation of the institute is impossible. It is determined that it is necessary to strengthen the positive features of the modern starosta institution, to reveal its role, to increase productivity and efficiency.

Problems on the path of formation of local self-government in France

The article is devoted to defining the peculiarities of the genesis of local self-government in France. The peculiarities of the formation of local self-government in the countries of continental law, in particular France and Ukraine, are determined. A superficial comparative analysis of the implementation of the powers of local self-government bodies in Ukraine and France at various stages of the countries’ development was conducted. The article states that the then French system of local self-government did not fully implement the principle of electability of all bodies and officials of local self-government, and at the end of the XIX century. this criterion was considered the main characteristic of administrative decentralization and began to be applied even to departmental self-government. It was noted that French society actively discussed the issue of the direction of the further development of the local self-government system. The scientific article contains information about forms of self-government similar to France in Belgium and Italy; in comparison with England, the state system of France should be considered not a democracy, but a bureaucracy. The article mentions the French revolution, the struggle against regionalism, the elimination of provinces and the creation of a new system of districts. The strengthening of the regionalization process, which went into decline only by the middle of the 20th century, is analyzed. The constant interest in the system of local self­government in France, especially the period of the French Republic, when a model of local self-government with broad representation, based on secret, universal, equal suffrage, was first proposed (during the 19th - early 20th centuries in Europe) is emphasized. The article states that the attitude towards the French model of local self-government depended on the perception of France itself, which sometimes led to a distorted perception of its organization of local self-government. The tendency is especially noticeable in the works of German political scientists and legal scholars. It was determined that the concepts of local self-government and decentralization of power were not distinguished and detailed in France, so due to the confusion of terms during administrative decentralization, the development of the system of self-government as a political institution of language in France was somewhat behind. It was established that the negative attitude towards the French system of local government, which developed during the period of the second monarchy and was supported by German jurists and political scientists, persisted even after the reform of 1871.
 It was concluded that the development and formation of local self-government in France had its own problems, but this did not prevent it from arriving at an effective both legislative and practical model of the exercise of powers by local self-government bodies.

Трансформация модели местного самоуправления в условиях кризиса и демонтажа советской политической системы в конце ХХ века на примере Рязанской области

Статья посвящена актуальной на сегодняшний день проблеме формирования новой российской государственности в конце XX века. Этот процесс отличается серьезными потрясениями и уникальным опытом коренного преобразования всей политической системы без тектонических разломов войн и революций, в связи с чем вопрос становления и развития новой системы самоуправления в регионах является одним из самых актуальных. В статье рассматривается трансформация модели местного самоуправления в условиях кризиса и демонтажа советской политической системы в конце ХХ века. Особое внимание уделяется начавшейся в середине 80-х годов ХХ века перестройке, когда внимание сосредотачивалось не на решении нараставших в стране экономических проблем, а на реорганизации политической системы страны — Союза Советских Социалистических Республик. Прослеживаются этапы выполнения одной из важнейших задач реформирования советского общества и государства, в частности эволюция роли Советов в советском государстве. Целью статьи является комплексное исследование процесса создания, становления и развития органов местного самоуправления в Рязанской области в период демонтажа советской политической системы. Анализируются новые, впервые вводимые в научный оборот архивных документы Государственного архива Рязанской области — протоколы заседаний Городского совета народных депутатов за период с 1990 года по 1992 год. The article is devoted to the important issue of formation of the new Russian state at the end of the 20th century. This process is distinguished by serious upheavals and a unique experience of a radical transformation of the entire political system. This happened without destructive wars or revolutions. Due to this circumstance the issue of the formation and development of a new system of self-government in the regions is a major theme to address. The article deals with the transformation of the model of local self-government in the conditions of the crisis and subsequent collapse of the Soviet political system at the end of the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to the perestroikathat began in the mid-1980s, when attention was focused not on solving the economic problems that were growing in the country, but on reorganizing the political system of the country, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The research focusses on the stages of reforming the Soviet society and the state, in particular, on the evolution of the role of the Soviets (Councils) in the Soviet state. The article presents a comprehensive study of the process of creation, formation and development of local governments in the Ryazan Region during the dismantling of the Soviet political system. It quotes new archival documents of the State Archives of the Ryazan Region, namely the minutes of meetings of the City Council of People’s Deputies for the period from 1990 to 1992, analyzed here for the first time.

Местное самоуправление в Конституции и федеральных законах России: опыт 30-летнего сосуществования

Abstract: Introduction. This year marks 30 years since the adoption and entry into force of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. During this period, the constitutional and legal framework for the normative consolidation of local self-government in Russia was changed three times, while the text of the country’s Basic Law itself remained unchanged until 2020. Thus, along with invariability of the text of the Constitution, the “substantive” sectoral legal foundations of local self-government were in constant dynamics. According to the author of the study, this phenomenon requires historical and legal research to identify the positive and negative aspects of such development of the regulatory framework for their subsequent consideration by the federal legislator when forming the developing regulatory framework of the unified system of public authority.
 Methodology. When working on the text of the study, the author used comparativelegal, historicallegal, analytical, formal legalmethods, statistical data analysis and other methods, which ultimately made it possible to formulate the main results and conclusions.
 Results.On the basis of the author’s analysis of certain provisions of federal laws, the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, main historical events over the past 30 years, the conclusion is made that the federal legislator does not have a complete understanding of what local government is, on what substantive, organizational, economic and other foundationsthe constitutional and legal model of local self-government in the Russian Federation must be implemented. All previously used legislative models for the enforcement of constitutional provisions on local self-government in Russia did not have any continuity and each time represented a new, to a great extent “revolutionary” approach to the organization of local self-government in the territories, moving citizens away from direct participation in its implementation, with simultaneous strengthening of the “state”,primarily of regional influence on the order of local selfgovernment in specific municipal territories.

Communicative competencies of civil servants: foreign experience

To date, the Law on the Civil Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan for civil servants has approved ethical rules, tasks, requirements that must be observed when interacting with society, however, explanations of communicative competencies, communication skills that must be observed when interacting with society are not given. The concept of development of local self-government in the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2025 outlines the need to clarify the status, functions, and powers of civil servants taken together of the current model of local self-government. The research paper uses the results of a sociological survey conducted by the Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2021, which indicate the main characteristics of the state body: accessibility of the state body, starting with the availability of contacts and addresses in the public domain; openness in providing information about activities and budget; availability of existing feedback channels with the population. This result once again confirms the need to improve the communicative competencies of civil servants of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the course of writing the article, the analysis of the content and history of the development of the process of reforming the civil service of the countries of Great Britain, France, USA, Switzerland, Japan, Canada, South Korea, standards of conduct of civil servants was carried out. Based on foreign experience, on the full coordination of the functions of the Civil Servants Service, on the experience of introducing the benchmarking process into the public administration system, the principles of the Civil Service Commission, the School of Public Service, Charity and Care in the country, recommendations are given on the formation of a model of professional communicative competencies of Kazakhstan civil servants.

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Local self-government is the foundation of national statehood. It is at the local level that many socio-economic tasks can be successfully solved and real conditions created to ensure sustainable growth and well-being of the population. Being a social state, the Republic of Kazakhstan has an original experience in the formation and development of a municipal government system built on the significant influence of the people's representation. The analysis of the peculiarities of its formation, the results of which are reflected in the text of the article, contains new scientific knowledge that has the prospect of practical approbation in improving legislation on the basics of local self-government. Comparing the doctrinal positions expressed in the Kazakh and foreign legal press, it was possible to identify the presence of common problems in the organization and activities of local self-government bodies in various states. The purpose of the study was to form a set of scientifically based recommendations characterizing the directions of development of legal support for the functioning of local self-government. Using the results obtained experimentally, having studied the state of judicial practice reflecting the quality of local self–government in the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as a set of traditional general scientific and private scientific methods, the authors came to the conclusion that it is possible – in the conditions of convergence of national legal systems - to create a general concept of the organization of local self-government that has the trust of citizens and is based on a democratic elective form of recruitment. In a state governed by the rule of law, all the essential features of which are enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan and implemented in the activities of state authorities, it is this model of local self-government that acquires maximum efficiency.

LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT: ELECTIONS OF RURAL AKIMS

The article defines the organizational and legal significance of self-government in the Republic of Kazakhstan and considers electoral reforms from the point of view of electing rural akims. The emphasis is on the effectiveness of local self-government, and taking into account the peculiarities of the system of elections of rural akims is a topical issue today.The scientific novelty of the article lies in the study of the main problems of rural akims that arise in the electoral process. As part of the study of rural districts, the authors met and interviewed villagers, and also observed the elections of akims since the issuance of the Presidential Decree. Some models of local self-government were also briefly reviewed and analyzed.At present, one of the main tasks of the formation of self-government in the Republic of Kazakhstan at the level of villages, towns, cities of regional significance is the role of the people in solving local problems by holding meetings (conferences) of local governments. the local community in making management decisions by stimulating the participation, interest and responsibility of the local community.Therefore, it is very important to improve the efficiency of local self-government.

LOCAL SELF-GOVERNANCE IN VIETNAM

Local self-governance is associated with the management measures taken by the government toward autonomy and self-determination on the organizational apparatus and social development management tasks in the locality. Many nations around the world have developed local self-governance models that are unique to them and appropriate to the features of their political, cultural, and social regimes. Many other nations have strong decentralization regulations for their localities according to their areas of expertise, even though they haven't applied a specific model of local self-governance. This has led to diversity in the ways that various nations manage and administer their local governments. The author of this paper focuses on examining local self-governance in Vietnam and doing a comparison with the self-governance model used in several other nations. The author used a qualitative method to conduct this study by gathering and analyzing secondary data. Research findings have demonstrated the benefits and drawbacks of local self-governance in Vietnam. Based on the research results, the author offers recommendations for future innovation research to develop an effective government apparatus.

Self-governing from below: Kurdish refugees on the periphery of European societies

ABSTRACT This study looks at how ordinary Kurdish refugees and asylum seekers set up self-governing formations to organise their life in border cities on the periphery of European societies. The Kurdish immigrants organise themselves into social communities that serve as autonomous social spaces in which they form and exercise self-governance, navigate through bureaucratic and structural obstacles, and regulate their cultural and social affairs. In this paper, I argue that contextual Kurdish identities and the immigrants’ capacity to respond are the fundamental components of four different models of immigrant self-governing establishments. Ideological agendas, kinship relationships, and shared spatial origins are significant contextual elements of collective identities that they use to construct three models of self-governance, whereas their responses to common concerns drive them to form a fate-based model of self-governance. Based on ethnographic field research and 76 in-depth interviews with Kurdish refugees and asylum seekers in bordering cities in Northern, Southern, and Western Europe, the article illuminates four self-governing models of ordinary Kurdish immigrants, their various patterns and identities, as well as internal dynamics. It sheds light on how these self-governing models of the marginalised Kurdish immigrants arise from below to produce and regulate social life without interference from state authorities.

The Europeanisation of the Local Self-Government in the South Caucasus

The following paper employs a normative approach and focuses on the problem of the current state of the local self-government in the South Caucasus countries: Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Since all these countries are members of the Council of Europe, a reference point for decentralisation is the European Charter of Local Self-Government. The paper's main thesis is that despite showing some similarities, the countries have introduced different models of decentralisation that do not fully meet the Council of Europe’s criteria. Such variation is in line with the different political systems of these states and their level of democratisation. The more democratic the state is, the stronger the decentralisation it has adopted. Thus, decentralisation in Georgia follows the European model of public policy, while Azerbaijan is preserving the former Soviet model of weak self-government, with central authorities playing the leading role in public services. The current changes in Armenia’s model resemble the Georgian track of reforms. The findings of this paper may be applicable both in further theoretical research and in implementing reforms of local self-government in various post-Soviet states.