Rural Development Model Research Articles

Desarrollo rural: parques agroindustriales

Los diferentes modelos de desarrollo rural aplicados, han tenido como base conceptual la modernidad y el incremento de la producción y productividad agropecuaria, factores necesarios pero no suficientes para explicar el funcionamiento de la sociedad rural y su desarrollo. El modelo propuesto esta basado en la implementación de parques agroindustriales los cuales permiten desarrollo tecnológico, mayor valor agregado, generación de empleo y desarrollo de gestión. Su importancia y aplicabilidad permiten resolver temas de estructura y coyuntura del mundo rural.

Rural Ecology Governance Ability Modernization Study under the Background of Balancing Urban and Rural Development

In the process of current market economic development, we must play the role of government in the rural environmental protection, correctly handle the relationship between government and market and rely on the ability of rual ecology governance to solve the plight of the rural ecology environment fundamentally. Based on domestic and foreign review of the research in this paper, the paper pointed out the plight of rual ecology governance from the perspective of governance concept, governance system, governance power and responsibility and put forward a series of suggestions,such as: improving target cohesion ability, innovating rural ecology development model; improving contingency ability to perfect the rural ecology system constraints; improving rual resource integration ability to perfect the investment system of rural ecology construction funds; improving the rural ecology control ability to perfect countermeasures of rural ecology governance system.

Social sustainability of Brazilian biodiesel: The role of agricultural cooperatives

Biofuels have been criticized in academic and activist circles not only for their environmental consequences but also for their social impacts on food availability and on small-scale family farming. Meanwhile (global) initiatives and policies have been developed to stimulate “sustainable biofuels”. Brazil – a frontrunner in production and use of biofuels – aimed to combine biodiesel production with rural development. The biodiesel policy implemented in 2004 had two main objectives: to advance biodiesel as a transportation fuel and to foster the social inclusion of family farmers through participation in the biodiesel chain. Although participation of family farmers was low in the beginning, it increased substantially after a 2009 policy change that gave cooperatives a more prominent role. We analyze how, why and to what extent cooperatives are involved in integrating family farmers into the biodiesel chain and what this means for the social sustainability of biodiesel, taking the northeast state of Bahia as a case study area. The findings show that through the biodiesel policy, cooperatives—until then a marginal phenomenon in northern Brazil—increased their membership, were empowered and contributed to the economic development of a significant group of family farmers. However, these family farmers have not been substantially included in the biodiesel production chain itself. The biodiesel policy functions as a catalyst for rural (economic) development in which the cooperatives seem to achieve what governments were unable to achieve: the integration of specific categories of family farmers into agrarian development. Subsistence family farmers, in particular, have not been able to profit from this policy-driven, “market-oriented,” rural development model. Hence, it can be questioned whether this policy has made biodiesel more socially sustainable.

Young farmers' social capital in Greece: Trust levels and collective actions

Rural space seeks a new development model, for which “flexibility” is the key-word, that is the ability to adapt rapidly to the new, constantly changing, conditions of globalized markets. It is argued that flexibility can be achieved by society itself by developing its social capital, which allows for cooperation among actors in order to meet mutual goals. In rural communities, particularly in Greece, although it is expected that the social capital is increased because of acquaintanceships and frequent interactions among members, cooperation among farmers is limited and less than frequent. The purpose of this study is to examine the social capital of a rural society, by focusing on young farmers, because they are expected to play an essential role in the formulation and implementation of a modern model of rural development. Linkages between social capital, trust and collective actions are examined through an empirical investigation of young farmers in an exemplary rural area of Greece in order to provide an explanation as to the processes through which social capital can it play a positive role in the development of a rural society. The empirical analysis yields two findings of crucial importance. First, contrary to a priori expectations, the social capital of young farmers in Greek rural society is limited, considering that both the participation in voluntary organizations (especially in producer groups) and the level of trust, as depicted within the empirical analysis, are low. This entails limited collective actions, which actually translates to limited access to innovation. Second, young farmers' increased trust to institutions (institutional trust) is linked to poor participation in collective actions. On the other hand, young farmers with reduced trust to institutions and enhanced trust to individuals (personal trust) are predominantly those who endeavor collective actions, which allow them to become flexible in order to better adapt to new conditions.

Exploration of Solutions for Revitalisation of Rural Areas in South Africa

Rural regions in South Africa need revitalisation. This paradigm shift is due to overpopulation and congestion in urban areas, technological advances leading to “space shrinking”, a growing need for food security, and a need for a sense of community and belonging. Since 2011, the national State of the Nation addresses (SONAs) in South Africa have focused on rural development as one of the main priorities of government, a neglected practice for more than two decades. This article analyses the state of rural development policies in South Africa and provides solutions for improved implementation. Government policies have been analysed and a need for improved rural development coordination is required. Possible solutions provided include categorising of rural regions, the “Feza iSimangaliso” rural development model, and rural development best practice principles and procedures. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n4p613

Models of rural development: the social and natural costs and studies of public sustainable management in Brazil

This article presents current data on agricultural and livestock production in Brazil, and discusses important aspects of the debate on the management of public policies for Brazil's rural areas. In doing so, this article seeks to contribute to the dialogue on sustainable public management in agribusiness and family farming. Considering the results of the expansion of agribusiness on rural development, we present data which contributes to an analysis of the agro–export production model and highlights its social and environmental impacts. Through an examination of government documents, documents produced by research agencies, and information retrieved from recent articles in international journals and from databases, our analysis attempts to shed light on the realities that lie behind the numbers and trends for agribusiness and family farming. As a final point, we examine Brazil's Food Acquisition Program - PAA in order to demonstrate that such a model, which promotes sustainable management in family farming operations, is both feasible and much more beneficial for Brazil and Latin America.

Innovation of organization model for integral rural development: Serbia case study

The experience of the EU in the way of stimulating rural development has been accepted as a starting position in Serbia. The level of economic growth, even in rural areas, despite efforts is not at the desired level. Ways to stimulate rural development process are researched deductively on the example of two municipalities in Sumadija, Serbia. The result of the research pointed to the need to specify the policy of integrated rural development of the municipality and the need to innovate the existing models of organization. It is concluded that the policy of rural municipalities should be directed to: active access to finance, identity politics, and continuing education. Innovation in the organization involves: an Initiative team who prepare the documentation as a basis for decision-making, implementation of agricultural incubator (a symbiosis of business, technology and incubator for a quality management system), and establishing a system of vertical mergers.

ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN PENDIDIKAN MASYARAKAT

Based on a belief that in order to assist in community development with appropriate education, the need for a research study that examined a variety of community needs for education and solutions. On the belief, the research with the above title aims to: (1) analyze the various needs education is urgent, and immediate solution can be resolved by the people in the village Kandri and (2) implementing affirmative action, mentoring programs and management of village libraries learning model for functional literacy tutors as a solution. Participatory methods or PRA, with the tools bervariatif data collectors, such as in-depth interviews, brainstorming, patisipatif observation, and documentation is a method used in the study. The results showed that, the library management assistance programs and rural development model functional literacy learning is an effective solution of many aspects that have been identified. The program can improve quality and expand access to coverage of services of non-formal education, and increase community participation in education development.

The lost and forgotten cornerstones: A rural development model

Postcolonial South Africa has the world’s widest gap between the poor and the rich, and this gap continues unabated as the prices of commodities go unchecked. Chronic poverty is exacerbated by the unavailability of accessible quality education and training, relevant development and self sustaining skills, appropriate less cumbersome government support, and practical government poverty elevation schemes. The apartheid era had no development strategy for the poor third class black citizens who were relegated to survive with the most mediocre of resources. The colonial era left indelible wealth structures defined by race thereby pre-destining black people to perpetual poverty. Whilst it is understood that the effects of white land seizures had a devastating impact on the black population in general, the focus of this paper is on the marginalised rural folk who comprises 51% plus of the national population. These rural poor are exclusively black, and they have not known anything better than poverty from their ancestry. The type of farming practising on these tribal trust lands is of the lowest form of peasantry, with no income generation from the farming activities. To say the least, they live from hand to mouth with subsistence support from either the government or relatives working in towns. The author posits that academic papers and government wish lists do not reduce poverty, but practical and visionary leadership using ‘projectification’ is the pre-requisite to changing the poverty-demographics of South Africa. A model is developed based on their possession of the most valuable development asset basic to the survival of the human race, the land. The land bank wastes millions buying large farms that become defunct in no time, but leave the cheapest yet most sustainable means of production untapped. A deliberate conglomeration of government, land, land bank and NGOs using ‘projectification’ of rural development can turn around the rural economy. Key words: Poverty, population, ‘projectification’, apartheid and colonia, era rural economy.

Incentives to Fair trade certification: the case of orange production in the state of Paraná, Brazil

The authors believe that contemporary challenges related to sustainable rural development planning and food security are encouraging experiments with new models of rural development that includes Fair trade arrangements. The article is based on the outcomes of a case study of motivations to adopt these arrangements among orange cultivators located in the state of Parana, in South Brazil. These arrangements are seen as an alternative, successful strategy for the small-scale farmers located in this area. The evidences confirm that the main impulse to make use of this kind of certification is related to expectations of improvements in quality of life for producers and their families. Regular access to markets was assumed as one important economic feature. From the environmental perspective the certification process allows too for coherent enforcement of the established regulations and also for the strengthening of so-called “good practices”. Otherwise, monitoring reveals the emergence of several obstacles due to cultural factors and to working contingencies. Bureaucratic control of the certification dynamics was considered rather as a positive factor of improvement of the whole productive system.

Placing Housing in Rural Development: Exogenous, Endogenous and Neo‐Endogenous Approaches

AbstractThis article aims to address the disconnect between housing and rural development research. We do this by examining models of rural development (exogenous, endogenous and neo‐endogenous) in the rural housing context. Drawing on in‐depth documentary analysis of planning and rural development policy and research in the Republic of Ireland, we demonstrate a series of policy failures in implementing exogenous and pseudo‐endogenous approaches to housing policy in rural areas. Subsequently, we propose a neo‐endogenous framework for a more effective integration of housing and rural development theory and practice. In an international context Ireland represents an insightful case for studying the relationship between rural development and housing, due to the emphasis on housing development in rural areas, which in essence has represented a ‘quick fix’ for development, as evidenced by the country's liberal planning regime during an extraordinary housing boom period until the more recent property crash. While the article focuses on Ireland as a case‐study, lessons and a framework for a neo‐endogenous model of rural development and housing are also drawn internationally.

Korea’s Saemaul Undong (New Village Movement): A Model for Rural Development in Ethiopia?

Korea’s integrated rural development model, which was mainly implemented throughcommunity-based development initiative known as Saemaul Ungong (SMU), has been largely successfulin bringing about an unprecedented success in the transformation of the country’s rural areas and theoverall economy. Ethiopia, on the other hand, has been implementing various development programs thathave set agricultural and rural development as priority since early 1990s. Even though there has been sig-nificant progress in the last decade, as a result, the country is still far from achieving the level oftransformation envisaged in these programs. To this end, there are crucial lessons to draw from successfulrural development models such as Saemaul Undong. The paper has examined the factors underlying thesuccess of such a development approach along with a review of the rural development situation in Ethio-pia. Given the high priority accorded to the Ethiopian agricultural and rural sector, and the largely simi-lar enabling conditions in Ethiopia now and Korea back in the 1970s, the paper argues that Ethiopia’srural development program, could be made to work better if the ideals of SMU can be carefully adaptedto the existing gaps in the current programs. In particular, the paper has highlighted that the factors thathave been key for the success of SMU in Korea such as land reform; social ties among villagers; stronginstitutional support; strong leadership and political commitment on the part of government; andpromotion of ownership and empowerment of rural communities could be judiciously incorporated intothe Ethiopian rural development strategies to attain similar results. Restructuring of the existing ruralinfrastructural programs and incentive system in favor of these programs and introduction of a pilotingschemes in selected villages are required as a precondition to achieve such results.

Reversing the rural race to the bottom: an evolutionary model of neo-endogenous rural development

This article contributes to the understanding of neo-endogenous rural development from the perspective of evolutionary game theory. Rural development is modelled as the increasing realisation over time of gains from interaction by rural stakeholders. The model exhibits two dynamically stable equilibria, which depict declining and prospering regions. An external government authority stimulates neo-endogenous rural development by helping decentralised actors to coordinate on the superior of the two equilibria. This intervention may be possible and desirable without giving up the autonomy of local decision-makers. Because initial conditions matter, outcomes cannot be planned or engineered from the outside. , Oxford University Press.

Responding to climate change and the global land crisis: REDD+, market transformation and low-emissions rural development

Climate change and rapidly escalating global demand for food, fuel, fibre and feed present seemingly contradictory challenges to humanity. Can greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from land-use, more than one-fourth of the global total, decline as growth in land-based production accelerates? This review examines the status of two major international initiatives that are designed to address different aspects of this challenge. REDD+ is an emerging policy framework for providing incentives to tropical nations and states that reduce their GHG emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Market transformation, best represented by agricultural commodity roundtables, seeks to exclude unsustainable farmers from commodity markets through international social and environmental standards for farmers and processors. These global initiatives could potentially become synergistically integrated through (i) a shared approach for measuring and favouring high environmental and social performance of land use across entire jurisdictions and (ii) stronger links with the domestic policies, finance and laws in the jurisdictions where agricultural expansion is moving into forests. To achieve scale, the principles of REDD+ and sustainable farming systems must be embedded in domestic low-emission rural development models capable of garnering support across multiple constituencies. We illustrate this potential with the case of Mato Grosso State in the Brazilian Amazon.

The LEADER model of rural development – the Irish experience

The LEADER model of rural development – the Irish experience

佛山市高明区生态安全格局和建设用地扩展预案

城市生态环境问题已上升到生态安全的层面。以人类生存安全和理想人居环境为目标,基于空间数据和统计资料,利用景观安全格局原理和地理信息系统空间分析方法,构建了包含基本保障格局-缓冲格局-最优格局3个级别的水安全格局、地质灾害安全格局、大气安全格局、生物保护安全格局和农田安全格局,叠加得到高明区综合生态安全格局,在此基础上提出了高明区建设用地扩展最优方案和生态功能分区。结果显示,并非生态安全格局水平越高,城乡发展模式越优,缓冲生态安全格局下的高明区建设用地扩展模式,最可能实现生态安全保护与城镇扩展的和谐发展。综合生态安全格局明确了区域的生态环境敏感区和生态服务功能重要区,为区域生态功能分区提供了新的思路。;High intensity of human activities and inappropriate land-use modes bring an enormous pressure on the susceptible urban ecosystem. Recently, urban ecological and environmental problems have risen to the urban ecological security level in China, especially in economic-developed regions, such as the Changjiang Delta regions and Pearl River Delta regions. So, construction of a good regional ecological security pattern has become an effective means to protect the urban and rural ecological security, to create an optimum urban development mode for such regions and to control the rapid and disordered urban expansion. Aiming to protect the subsistence security of human beings and create an ideal human settlement, we firstly indentified the key points (sources) and ecological processes (landscape-resistance surfaces) for the regional ecological security pattern using the landscape security pattern theory and GIS spatial analysis method on the basis of the terrain, land-use and statistical data. Then, we built five ecological security patterns (the water, geological disasters, air, the biology and the farmland safety pattern), which contain three-level security patterns such as the Basic protection ecological security, the Buffer ecological security and the Optimum ecological security pattern for each element. Next, we overlaid the five ecological security patterns and developed a comprehensive three-level ecological security patterns for Gaoming district of Foshan City. Furthermore, we simulated four urban expansion patterns separately under the Inertial urban development pattern and the three-level ecological security patterns. Results showed that the urban regions always spread along the road and the original urban regions randomly. Open spaces, such as the farmlands and woodlands, were always firstly occupied due to the disordered urban expansion under the inertial development pattern. So the ecosystem security under the Inertial urban development pattern can not be basely protected. While under the Basic, the Buffer and the Optimum ecological security patterns, the integrity and connectivity of the whole ecological system can be progressively improved and the connectivity among towns will be progressively reduced. Integrating from different simulation results, the urban development pattern of Gaoming under Buffer ecological security pattern was the best one to protect the ecological safety and meet the needs of urban expansion simultaneously. It indicated that higher level of ecological security pattern did not mean a more optimum urban and rural development model. On the basis of the Buffer ecological security pattern simulation, we then divided the region of Gaoming into three ecological zones (the ecological zone with low mountains and hills, the eastern plains ecological zone along the Xijiang River, and the tableland-valley agriculture and forestry ecological zone). We further subdivided the three ecological zones into 12 sub-ecological zones and 12 ecological function zones using the hierarchical classification method. Then, the three-level ecological function zone patterns (ecological zones, ecological sub-zones and ecological function zones) of Gaoming were finally developed. It can be clearly seen that the comprehensive ecological security pattern of Gaoming clarified the most sensitive area of the ecology and environment and the most important regions of the ecological functions. Hence, the comprehensive ecological security pattern provided a new method for regional ecological function zoning.

Models of rural tourism development in mountain villages

Yaklaşımımız bazı bilinen modellere bağlı kalarak - turist destinasyonlarının turizm sistemi (Marinov, 2003) ve turizm gelişiminde diğer modeller - Vodenska (2004), Gunn (1998) ve diğerleri - Bulgaristan’ın dağlık bir bölgesinin sınırındaki üç köyde turizm gelişim modelleri üretmek şeklinde olmuştur. Farklılıkları yansıtacağı düşünülen 25 özelliğin karşılaştırılması temel alınmıştır. Kalkınmayı yansıtan başlıca faktörler, analiz için seçilen başlıkların özellikleri temel alınarak saptanmıştır. Bunlar, köylerin statüsü ve nüfus özellikleri, turizm teşviği, turizm gereksinimi, yerel çevre, turizm pazarlaması ve yönetimidir. Turizm gelişimi bakımından üç köy aynı aşamada olmasına rağmen günümüz iş uygulamaları bakımından üç farklı modele göre değişiklikler göstermektedirler. Bunlar: 1) Yerel halkı ziyaret - profesyonelleşmiş, kurumsallaşmış ve ticarileşmiş elitist turizm kombinasyonu (yerel halkın evlerinde); 2) Tipik otel - toplu konaklama tesislerinde ticarileşmiş turizm, turistlerin yerel halkla ilişkisi en düşük seviyededir; 3) Yaygın otelleşmenin ilk evresi - kurumsal olmayan (ticarileşmemiş) turizm, ortak resepsiyon ve hizmetleri olan farklı kişlerin sahibi olduğu konaklamaya ayrılmış evlerdir

“The Role of Universities in Rural Development”

This paper deals with the role of universities in the process of Rural Development. This paper tries to define Rural Development, the problems and challenges involved in Rural Development. This paper then discusses the Eco system of Rural Development & the different roles needed to be played by universities; steps in the process of Rural Development & suggests a sustainable model for Rural Development making universities as the change centers. human lives. Latest World Bank reports show that a third of worlds poor lives in India.In 2010, World Bank stated, 32.7% of the total Indian people fall below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 per day (PPP 3 ) while 68.7% live on less than US$ 2 per day. A study by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative using a Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) found that there were 650 million people (53.7% of population) living in poverty in India, of which 340 million people (28.6% of the population) were living in severe poverty, and that a further 198 million people (16.4% of the population) were vulnerable to poverty. 421 million of the poor are concentrated in eight North Indian and East Indian states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. This number is higher than the 410 million poor living in the 26 poorest African nations. Since India moved to an open economy in 1991, an enormous amount of social wealth is created. Indias economy has grown very steadily over the past two decades. Despite significant economic progress, almost one fourth of the nation's population still earns less than the government-specified poverty threshold of 32 rupees per day (approximately US$ 0.6) 4 . The government & the existing mechanisms failed to bring down the trickle-down effect of wealth creation, i.e. Wealth Distribution, from Top to the bottom end of the Social ladder. As against the theories, Economic Liberalization in India has in fact, widened the Gap between the Rich & the Poor. As an effect, two types of Indiacame into existence within India. One, The Urban Landscape - India, that is poised & poignant with success stories, producing more no. of Millionaires & Billionaires every year; and the other, the Rural Land Scape - Bharat, that is striving very hard to produce at least a Dollar-a-day-wage for many. Approximately, 65%of Indias population lives in Rural India 5 and it is also estimated that about 78% of the total Indian poor lives in Rural India. Which only says - thatabout two thirds of the total population of India, are either staying away or not participating enough actively in the Economic Development process. India cannot have a sustainable growth rate without the participation of the Rural India (Bharat) in main stream economic activity. Hence, Rural Development is the Need-of-the Hour for the overall & sustainable growth of India. Rural development generally refers to the process of improving the quality of life and economic wellbeing of people living in relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas 6 .

Evaluation of self reliance model on women's empowerment: a case of Chitrakoot

This paper focuses on the study of impact of a self reliance model on women empowerment and its contribution towards improvement in the standard of living. Extensive secondary research was done to understand the self reliance model followed by field visits, primary data collection and qualitative analysis. A case of Chitrakoot has been taken to analyse how the self reliance model has been implemented and how it has gone a long way in empowering women in rural areas and developing society. The research suggested that women’s confidence and decision making abilities have increased dramatically, the contribution of women in agriculture has increased substantially and output of agriculture has risen. Vocational training programmes conducted by institutions like Udyamita, has increased women’s participation in activities like pickle making, marmalade, etc., which has made them self-reliant. This has indeed become a true model of rural development and has led to a substantial increase in women’s participation in work leading to empowerment.

EU criteria for sustainable biofuels: Accounting for carbon, depoliticising plunder

The EU aspires to global leadership in developing ‘sustainable biofuels’ which can substitute for fossil fuels and thus reduce GHG emissions, while also enhancing energy security and rural development. Yet EU biofuel targets provide extra incentives for dispossessing rural communities in the global South, especially through land grabs and agro-industrial production methods. Since 2007 North–South NGO networks have denounced ‘agrofuels’ for such harm, thus provoking a high-profile controversy. Despite those criticisms, the 2009 Renewable Energy Directive (RED) set a mandatory target for European transport fuel to contain 10% renewable energy – in practical terms, meaning mainly biofuels by the 2020 deadline. In managing the consequent tensions, the EU system has elaborated a prior vision of a feasible, desirable future through sustainable biofuels. This combines several elements: mandatory targets incentivising investment in biofuels, R&D funds stimulating future novel biofuels, techniques commoditising natural resources in the name of protecting them, sustainability criteria homogenising the environment, and rural development models dependent on agro-industrial methods; those elements have become linked through circular reasoning. The EU’s political accountability is reduced to carbon accounting; in turn it is channelled into expert debates over modelling methods and uncertainties. Arguments about indirect land-use change (ILUC) became an implicit proxy for wider conflicts over the EU’s 10% target. Through the ILUC debate, biofuel critics have been drawn into expert procedures which obscure people’s experiences of harm in the global South. By these methods, the EU system can pursue global leadership for ‘sustainable biofuels’, while depoliticising its global plunder of resources.