Optimal Regulation Model Research Articles

Quantifying the effects of future environmental changes on water supply and hydropower generation benefits of cascade reservoirs in the Yellow River Basin within the framework of reservoir water supply and demand uncertainty

Quantifying the effects of future environmental changes on water supply and hydropower generation benefits of cascade reservoirs in the Yellow River Basin within the framework of reservoir water supply and demand uncertainty

Multi-objective optimal regulation model and system based on whole plant photosynthesis and light use efficiency of lettuce

Multi-objective optimal regulation model and system based on whole plant photosynthesis and light use efficiency of lettuce

Grain yield and food security evaluation in the yellow river basin under climate change and water resources constraints

With climate change, the amount of global water resources is decreasing and crop growth patterns are changing. Global food security will face severe challenges in future. Hence, it is of great significance to study the change in grain production under climate change and the water resources constraint to ensure national and regional food security. In this study, a complex system coupled with the hydrological model, crop model, and optimal regulation model of water resources has been constructed to explore the changes in future grain yield in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) under climate change and the water resources constraint, and further evaluate the future food security of the basin. The models show good adaptability. The results show that the precipitation and temperature in the YRB will be higher than the historical level and show an upward trend in future. On the contrary, runoff and irrigation water demand in the basin are lower than historical levels. Although the grain yield would decrease in future, the food security of YRB would be well-guaranteed. However, the level of food security in different provinces would be quite different. And some provinces will face serious food security problems without grain trade. This study will help relevant institutions in the YRB to deal with possible food security problems in future, and can also provide a reference for other countries and institutions in the world.

Optimal Regulation Method of Greenhouse Light Environment considering Photosynthetic Rate Model Error

Due to the complexity of photosynthesis of greenhouse crops, there are inevitable errors between the established photosynthetic rate model and the actual value, which makes it difficult to guarantee the optimality and even feasibility of the optimal regulation of greenhouse light environment based on the original photosynthetic rate model. To solve these problems, this paper proposes an optimal regulation method of greenhouse light environment considering the error of photosynthetic rate model. The main contributions of this method are as follows: firstly, the photosynthetic rate model is established by using the error compensation extreme learning machine method to reduce the error between the model output and the actual value. Then, the model output is introduced into the optimal regulation problem of greenhouse light environment to form the optimal regulation model of greenhouse light environment after error compensation, and the constrained adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve the optimal regulation model, which ensures the rapid convergence of optimization results, makes the optimization results closer to the actual optimal values, and improves the reliability of optimal regulation of greenhouse light environment. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed optimal regulation method is verified by experiments. The simulation results also show that the proposed optimal regulation method can give a reasonable light intensity setting value in time under different temperature, humidity, and CO2 conditions inside greenhouse, meet the needs of photosynthesis of actual greenhouse crops, and make the growth of greenhouse crops efficient and stable.

Optimal Regulation Strategy of Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging Based on Dynamic Regional Dispatching Price

With the continuous and rapid growth of electric vehicle (EV) ownership, a large number of disorderly charging loads accessed to the regional grid may lead to problems such as widening of the peak-to-valley load difference and deterioration of power quality. This study proposes an optimal EV charging and discharging regulation strategy based on dynamic regional dispatching price to give full play to the EV vehicle-to-grid (V2G) regulation potential and reasonably regulate EV charging and discharging behavior to ensure safe, high-quality, and economic operation of the grid. First, the EV travel chain model is constructed according to the travel behavior pattern of EV users to obtain the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of EV charging and discharging loads. Second, considering the difference in regional grid operation states, a dynamic update strategy of regional dispatching price integrating power grid spatial and temporal information is proposed. Furthermore, considering the characteristics of EV mobile energy storage and user demand, an EV V2G optimal regulation model that takes into account the interests of distribution system operators, EV aggregators, and EV users is established to effectively guide the regulation of EV charging and discharging behavior. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed strategy can effectively reduce the load deviation of each regional grid, operation cost of EV aggregators, and charging cost of EV users and significantly improve the safety and economy of the power system.

Dobry start, ale nadal daleko do podium, czyli o pierwszych ustawowych regulacjach lobbingu w Niemczech na poziomie federalnym i krajowym

On January 1, 2022, two German laws on the regulation of lobbying entered into force. While the Bavarian law is the third regulation of this type adopted in the Länder, the German-wide statutory lobbying regulation is a novelty. The aim of this article is – apart from presenting the latest German lobbying regulations, which have not been described so far in the Polish scientific literature – to answer the question about their assessment against the background of the standards developed in the legislative and scientific achievements in the world. Do the latest German lobbying regulations meet these standards or, on the contrary, do they duplicate the errors repeatedly described in the literature? Or maybe these regulations also contain innovative solutions that should be copied in the lobbying regulations of other countries? Finally, do Länder laws differ from federal laws and how? The assessment of the German lobbying laws is ambiguous. On the one hand, it looks like their authors got acquainted with the literature on the subject, in which the model of optimal regulation was formulated, and German laws contain even innovative solutions. On the other – the shortcomings of the regulation outweigh its advantages – which was already signaled at the stage of legislative works. The laws deserve revision, but are a good start on the way to effectively regulate and scrutinize lobbying activities in Germany.

Optimal Regulation of the Cascade Gates Group Water Diversion Project in a Flow Adjustment Period

This study focuses on the regulation demand of the cascade gates group water diversion project during the flow adjustment period. A multi-objective optimization regulation model was coupled with the one-dimensional hydrodynamic model and the multi-objective genetic algorithm. Gate opening was used as the decision variable to generate the local operation-oriented cascade gates group regulation scheme. This study considered the Shijiazhuang to Beijing section of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. The optimal operation model has a better control effect than the conventional control method, and the number of gate operations was reduced by 23.38%. The average water level deviation was less than 0.15 m when the feedforward control time of the cascade gates group water diversion project was not more than 24 h. The basic mechanism of maintaining water level stability during the short-term scheduling of the cascade gates group water diversion project makes use of the volume capacity, or the space of the channel pool adjacent to the water demand change position, in advance. The multi-objective optimal regulation model of the cascade gates group that was constructed in this study can quickly generate regulation schemes for different application scenarios.

Optimal regulation model of Greenhouse light under limited light resources

In view of the high cost of greenhouse light environment control, a model of greenhouse light optimization controls under limited light resources was proposed to reduce the control cost under the condition of meeting the demand of crop growth. Firstly, with temperature, CO2 and light intensity as input and photosynthetic rate as output, a prediction model of photosynthetic rate based on least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) was constructed, and the model was verified in practice. Then, based on the proposed prediction model of photosynthetic rate, a database of greenhouse light intensity optimization control model under limited light resources was constructed. According to the total amount of light resources input by users, the optimal light supplement times and unit light supplement amount can be obtained automatically, which can greatly to improve the photosynthetic benefits of certain conditions of light resources. The optimal control of greenhouse light under the condition under limited light resources was realized, and the accuracy and intelligent level of greenhouse environmental control were further improved.

Regulación/desregulación laboral: una reflexión teórica

En este artículo se presenta un análisis de las capacidades de la empresa neoclásica para generar empleo y bienestar social. Planteamos que la regulación laboral puede mejorar la eficiencia del mercado de trabajo en la creación de empleo, la innovación, la productividad o la cohesión social, lo cual la empresa, por sí sola, no puede asumir. Se trata de que la regulación, las instituciones laborales, reparen algunos fallos de los mercados perfectos en esos cometidos. Se resalta la importancia de la estructura productiva y el marco institucional para establecer el modelo de regulación óptimo, lo que cuestiona la aplicación de políticas similares para realidades nacionales distintas.

Optimal Regulation with Emissions Leakage

A model of optimal regulation is proposed to address global environmental externalities with partial policy coverage. Our analysis treats emissions as an input and incorporates endogenous abatement efforts as well as asymmetric information. We characterize the optimal allocation and derive a set of policy instruments implementing it. The optimal policy involves emission tax and border adjustment that depend on the input market characteristics and the regulator's preference on global welfare.

Закупки у взаимозависимых лиц: в поисках оптимальной модели регулирования

Закупки у взаимозависимых лиц: в поисках оптимальной модели регулирования

CO2 Control System Design Based ON Optimized Regulation Model

Abstract. Existing carbon dioxide concentration (CO2) control systems commonly use a quantitative replenishment of CO2, without considering the effects of multiple environmental factors on a plant’s photosynthetic rate and its characteristic impact on CO2 demand, resulting in improper control of CO2 concentration. Accordingly, in this article, a nested combination experiment for the photosynthetic rate of cucumbers is presented. In order to obtain a continuous carbon dioxide response curve, the photosynthetic rate prediction model is established using the cucumber experimental data based on the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. The network of the support vector machine photosynthetic rate prediction model is used as an optimal objective function and the improved artificial fish swarm algorithm (IAFSA) is employed to search for the saturation of CO2 in a multidimensional nesting condition. Further, the optimal CO2 regulation model based on multi-factor coupling is established using the results of the above-mentioned experiments. Moreover, XOR verification of the proposed model showed that the maximal relative error of the proposed optimal CO2 regulation model is 3.898%. Consequently, using a wireless sensor network platform, a multi-sensor fusion-based CO2 control system is realized and verified. The verification showed that the average relative error between the target CO2 value and the actual CO2 value is 2.88%. At the same time, the average photosynthetic rate (Pn) of the crop increased by 26.94% compared to the contrasting region, which proves that the proposed system can achieve a stable and reliable operation, greatly improving the efficiency of the environment of the facility. Keywords: CO2 control system, Optimal CO2 regulation model, Photosynthetic rate, Verification.

Study on water resources optimal regulation of inter-basin water transfer project

Water resources optimal regulation is an important means to mitigate the shortage of water resources and promote social and economic sustainable development in regions or watershed. With the rapid development of urban population and industrial and agricultural production in recent years, the shortage of water is becoming more and more serious in Jiaodong area. The four regions with serious water shortage including Weifang, Qingdao, Yantai and Weihai in Jiaodong area are the typical research areas. In combination with the water transfer project of Yellow river to Qingdao and the south-to-north water transfer project, the water diversion is carried out to alleviate the contradiction between water supply and demand of Jiaodong area. The year of 2014 deemed as the base year and the years of 2020 and 2025 are the planning years. Based on the supply and demand analysis of water resources, an optimal regulation model is built with the minimum total water shortage considering the constraints of water supply capacity of project, water distribution capacity and minimum water supply of bleeds and so on. The optimal regulation schemes are obtained by solution model using MATLAB programming. The results show that water shortage rate of the four cities decreases significantly in annual regulation. For different planning years, guarantee rate of 50%, 75% and 95%,the total water shortage rate will be reduced by 15.35%、15.75% and 16.85% respectively in 2020, and in 2025the total water shortage rate will be reduced by 13.27%、13.26% and 14.19% respectively. Therefore the water resources optimal regulation of inter-basin water transfer project can effectively mitigate water scarcity and the contradiction between water supply and demand in Jiaodong area.

Dynamic regulation design without payments: The importance of timing

Abstract We consider a two period model of optimal regulation of a firm subject to marginal compliance cost shocks. The regulator faces an asymmetric information problem: the firm knows current compliance costs, but the regulator does not. Both the regulator and the firm are uncertain about future costs. In our basic framework, the regulator may not offer payments to the firm; we show that the regulator can vary the strength of regulation over time to induce the firm to reveal its costs and increase welfare. In the optimal mechanism, the regulator offers stronger (weaker) regulation in the first period and weaker (stronger) regulation in the second period if the firm reports low (high) compliance costs in the first period. Low cost firms expect compliance costs to rise in the future, and thus prefer weaker regulation in the second period. High cost firms expect costs to fall in the future and thus prefer regulation which becomes stricter over time. Thus the regulator offers the low (high) cost firms slightly weaker (stronger) regulation in the second period in exchange for much stronger (weaker) regulation in the first period, thereby “timing” the regulation. If the regulator can make payments, then the optimal mechanism to some degree times the regulation as long as a positive marginal cost of funds exists. If the marginal cost of funds is high enough, then under the optimal mechanism the regulator will not use payments and use our timing mechanism exclusively.

More insiders, more insider trading: Evidence from private-equity buyouts

Prior theoretical research has found that, in the absence of regulation, a greater number of insiders leads to more insider trading. We show that optimal regulation features detection and punishment policies that become stricter as the number of insiders increases, reducing insider trading in equilibrium. We construct measures of the likelihood of insider activity prior to bid announcements of private-equity buyouts during the period 2000–2006 and relate these to the number of financing participants. Suspicious stock and options activity is associated with more equity participants, while suspicious bond and CDS activity is associated with more debt participants — consistent with models of limited competition among insiders but inconsistent with our model of optimal regulation.

More Insiders, More Insider Trading: Evidence from Private Equity Buyouts

This paper studies how insider trading intensity is affected by the joint effects of competition and regulation. Prior theoretical research has found that, in the absence of regulation, more insiders leads to more insider trading. We show that optimal regulation, however, features detection and punishment policies that get stricter as the number of insiders increases, giving rise to lower insider trading in equilibrium. We construct measures of the likelihood of insider activity prior to bid announcements of private equity buyouts during the period 2000-2006 and relate these to the number of financing participants. We find that suspicious stock and options activity is associated with more equity participants, while suspicious activity in bond and CDS markets is associated with more debt participants. These results may be consistent with models of limited competition among insiders, but are inconsistent with our model of optimal regulation.

Optimal state‐contingent regulation under limited liability

We consider an optimal regulation model in which the regulated firm's production cost is subject to random, publicly observable shocks. The distribution of these shocks is correlated with the firm's cost type, which is private information. The regulator designs an incentive‐compatible regulatory scheme, which adjusts itself automatically ex post given the realization of the cost shock. We derive the optimal scheme, assuming that there is an upper bound on the financial losses that the firm can sustain in any given state. We first consider a two‐type, two‐state case, and then extend the results to the case of a continuum of firm types and an arbitrary finite number of states. We show that the first‐best allocation can be implemented if the state of nature conveys enough information about the firm's type and/or the maximal loss that the firm can sustain is sufficiently large. Otherwise, the solution is characterized by classical second‐best features.

Water framework directive: exploring policy design issues for irrigated systems in Italy

Today the EU must deal with a new legal framework: the new water framework directive (WFD) (60/2000/EC). This directive sets up new criteria for water management and promotes the need for policy changes in sectors using water, such as agriculture. This paper deals with the problem of water regulation in agriculture by testing the results of innovative policy instruments, such as the joint regulation of water use and water pollution. The methodology—based on a simulation model that integrates a mathematical programming model and an optimal regulation model—makes it possible to quantify water demand and optimal regulation from the policy makers' point of view. The results show that, to meet the increasing social value attributed to water resources and pollution, major changes are needed in crop mix and policy design. However, changes in the economic role of farming and in the (cultural) attitudes of local populations towards agricultural work may have an even greater weight than water policy in the use of this resource.

A theory of optimal differential gene expression

We investigate a model of optimal regulation, intended to describe large-scale differential gene expression. Relations between the optimal expression patterns and the function of genes are deduced from an optimality principle: the regulators have to maximise a fitness function which they influence directly via a cost term, and indirectly via their control on important cell variables, such as metabolic fluxes. According to the model, the optimal linear response to small perturbations reflects the regulators' functions, namely their linear influences on the cell variables. The optimal behaviour can be realised by a linear feedback mechanism. Known or assumed properties of response coefficients lead to predictions about regulation patterns. A symmetry relation predicted for deletion experiments is verified with gene expression data. Where the optimality assumption is valid, our results justify the use of expression data for functional annotation and for pathway reconstruction and suggest the use of linear factor models for the analysis of gene expression data.

Irrigated agriculture in Italy and water regulation under the European Union water framework directive

The legal framework in the EU is faced today with the new water framework directive (WFD) (60/2000) that sets up new criteria for water management, regulation, and pricing. The aim of this paper is to analyze the problem of water regulation in agriculture in connection to the WFD. This is done by setting up and testing a simulation model based on the integration of a mathematical programming model at farm level and an optimal regulation model at the level of irrigation boards. The model allows quantifying water demand and optimal regulation from the policy maker's point of view. When implementing both full cost recovery and the polluter pays principle, the results show likely major impacts of water pricing on farm income and employment. The optimal policy is a combination of pricing instruments related at the same time to crop mix, water consumption, and pollution. Transaction costs connected to policy implementation have to be weighted against the incentive benefits of volumetric pricing. Altogether, economic, social, and environmental issues have to be carefully considered in order to design suitable water policies.