Laser Bond Inspection is a new technology to quantitatively evaluate the interfacial strength in composite materials. Constructing an effective constitutive model, especially considering strain rate effects, is a critical factor for this technology. In this work, a reliable rate-dependent constitutive model of composite laminates for laser-induced delamination is established. Based on an orthotropic constitutive relationship, we introduce dynamic increase factors in different directions to adjust constitutive parameters. The dynamic increase factors are obtained through an adaptive matching model based on deep transfer learning. Then we effectively determine material rate-dependent constitutive relationship and ultimately achieve numerical simulation of laser-shocked composite laminates. Combining empirical testing with numerical simulation results, we investigate the dynamic response law of composite laminates under different laser parameters. The findings indicate that the rate-dependent constitutive model, effectively describes the mechanical behavior and dynamic response characteristics of composite laminates under laser shock. The dynamic response characteristics are determined by laser energy, pulse width, and spot size. Both laser energy and spot size affect the range of delamination, and pulse width mainly affects the depth of delamination.