Model Of Internal Combustion Engine Research Articles

An advanced high dimensional model representation approach for internal combustion engine modeling and optimization

This work introduces an efficient data-driven approach for engine performance modeling and optimization. A highly accurate and robust high-dimensional model representation (HDMR) surrogate model is developed based on the dataset generated from a coupled KIVA4-CHEMKIN Ⅱ software. The HDMR model is integrated with a multi-objective optimization algorithm, enabling the automatic identification of optimal combustion strategies. Results suggest that the constructed HDMR model is able to accurately predict the engine performance and exhaust gas emissions with negligible CPU costs. Moreover, the model effectively identifies optimal engine operating conditions, leading to enhanced fuel efficiency.

Effect of liquid ammonia HPDI strategies on combustion characteristics and emission formation of ammonia-diesel dual-fuel heavy-duty engines

Reducing carbon emissions from internal combustion engines has become a crucial topic due to the pressure brought about by global warming. Ammonia, a carbon-free fuel, has significant potential for heavy-duty diesel engine applications. However, the laminar flame speed of ammonia fuel is relatively slow, resulting in suboptimal combustion performance. Therefore, the present study focuses on ammonia-diesel dual-fuel heavy-duty engines. A novel liquid ammonia high-pressure direct injection (HPDI) strategy has been developed to address the challenges associated with poor combustion performance and increased unburned ammonia emissions in ammonia-diesel dual-fuel internal combustion engines. Firstly, a three-dimensional numerical simulation method was utilized to establish and verify a model of a heavy-duty internal combustion engine that incorporates HPDI of liquid ammonia. Afterward, numerical studies comparing the engine's combustion and emission characteristics are conducted with varied ammonia energy fractions, liquid ammonia injection timings, and liquid ammonia injection directions. The results indicate that, compared to the pure diesel mode, the novel liquid ammonia HPDI strategy can alter the combustion mode, significantly improving fuel–air mixture efficiency. This leads to more thorough combustion. After replacing 80% of the fuel energy input with ammonia, there is still an increase of 8.9% in indicated mean effective pressure and a 10.6% improvement in indicated thermal efficiency. Moreover, modifying the HPDI strategy reduces greenhouse gas emissions effectively, and due to the thermal de-NOx reaction, there is a notable decrease in NOx emissions. Furthermore, by altering the liquid ammonia injection timing and direction, finer control of fuel combustion and pollutant generation can be achieved, thereby reducing unburned ammonia emissions in conditions of high ammonia energy fractions.

Numerical investigation on gaseous fuel injection strategies on combustion characteristics and NO emission performance in a pure hydrogen engine

With the proposal of “dual-carbon” goals and increasingly stringent emission regulations, hydrogen as a zero-carbon alternative fuel has great potential in engine applications. In the appliance of pure hydrogen engines, direct injection plus lean burn technology can effectively improve engine performance and reduce emissions. Therefore, this work establishes a three-dimensional (3D) simulation model of the pure hydrogen spark-ignition internal combustion engine (ICE) coupled with chemical reaction kinetics. Then, the applicability of different commonly used hydrogen simplified mechanisms to characterize the combustion process based on experimental data is evaluated, and the feasibility of the transient calculation model is verified. Then, the engine combustion and emission performance are compared by adopting hydrogen port injection (HPI) and hydrogen direct injection (HDI) strategies. Meanwhile, the effects of hydrogen injection timing (HIT) on flow, combustion and nitric oxide (NO) emission processes under direct injection plus lean burn mode are analyzed. The results show that: 1. For mixture distribution at ignition timing (IT), the hydrogen should be distributed near the spark plug and avoid its concentration being too rich since the richer mixture will lead to intense combustion and rapid heat release. 2. When using HDI mode, the engine combustion performance and power performance are better than that of the HPI mode. Delaying HIT, the power performance improves under HDI modes, while both the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) and indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) reached the maximum at Case6-HDI-100 with the values are 40.52 % and 0.498 MPa, respectively. 3. Considering the engine combustion, power and emission performance, Case6-HDI-100 (HIT at 100 °CA BTDC) is the preferred scheme. Its ITE and IMEP are 8.49 % and 37.33 % higher than that of Case1-HPI (HPI mode scheme) and 6.50 % and 14.95 % higher than that of Case4-HDI-220 (the lowest scheme under HDI mode), respectively, while nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions meet the European Stage V non-road emission standards. This study provides some reference values for the combustion design of pure hydrogen ICEs.

Transfer Diagnosis Model of Internal Combustion Engine With Embedded Vibration Signal Impact Decomposition

Transfer Diagnosis Model of Internal Combustion Engine With Embedded Vibration Signal Impact Decomposition

Techno-economic analysis of a hydrogen fuel cell hybrid system and corresponding optimum matching design for hydrogen fuel cell forklifts

Conventional forklifts face serious issues, with internal combustion engine models causing indoor pollution, and lead-acid battery variants having slow charging and reduced power output as the charge diminishes. To address these drawbacks, this paper introduces a 2.5-tonne fuel cell forklift designed for Hong Kong's bustling logistics, warehousing, and transportation needs. It presents the development of dynamic simulation and cycle condition models, incorporating life cycle cost and average efficiency functions. Simulations reveal that selecting a 50-cell stack (rated at 11.8 kW) is the most cost-effective option, reducing hydrogen consumption by 2.3% using Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) optimisation. Cycle conditions do not alter the stack's optimal working voltage. However, the stack's voltage is influenced by stack and hydrogen prices, requiring an optimal design based on Hong Kong's actual costs. This study provides a theoretical foundation for future fuel cell forklift design through techno-economic analysis.

Understanding the Role of the Binder on the Microstructure and Properties of PTFE-Based Solvent-Free Electrodes

Solvent-free processing, also known as dry-processing refers to a group of manufacturing methods which avoid the use of solvents in the production of electrodes for energy storage applications. This concept has been around for more than a decade, although its popularity has increased dramatically over the last couple of years after the purchase of Maxwell technologies by Tesla. Maxwell patented a novel processing route which involves dry mixing the active material powder with a PTFE binder to form an electrode without the use of any solvent. Solvent-free processes have significant advantages in terms of sustainability, safety and cost over conventional slurry casting.A detailed analysis of the slurry casting process showed that around a quarter of the total manufacturing cost of the battery pack originated from solvent associated steps. Avoiding the use of toxic and flammable solvents such as N-methyl Pyrrolidone (NMP) also naturally leads to an improvement in the safety of the manufacturing environment. More importantly, it was reported that the manufacturing steps associated with solvent removal accounted for half of the embodied energy of a typical Li-ion battery. The embodied energy of a Li-ion battery is a crucial figure of merit in terms of sustainability which is too often neglected. To put things into perspective, Volvo has recently published a carbon footprint report for their fully electric Volvo C40 Recharge and compared it to their internal combustion engine (ICE) equivalent, the XC40. They reported that the production of the electric version generated 26 tonnes of CO2-equivalents compared to 16 tonnes for the ICE model, representing a large increase of almost 70% in the embodied energy of the car. Novel and more sustainable manufacturing processes are urgently needed to reduce as much as possible the embodied energy of Li-ion batteries and make them more sustainable to enable a durable green energy transition.Although the concept of solvent-free processing seems attractive, most of its current development is happening behind closed doors in industry. However, an in-depth characterisation of this new type of electrodes and a comparison with conventional slurry cast electrodes would be beneficial to understand the challenges and opportunities brought by these new systems and help accelerate their development on a larger scale. Within the family of solvent-free processes, three main techniques have emerged: dry painting, powder injection molding and PTFE-fibrillation. Studies dedicated to electrodes based on PTFE-fibrillation are rare and often focused on solid-state systems. In order to dispel some of the mystery surrounding the novel microstructures obtained through the PTFE-fibrillation process and their performance, this work focuses on the characterisation of these new electrodes and investigate the role of the PTFE binder on the microstructure and electrochemical performance of solvent-free electrodes. Our results highlight the crucial importance of the PTFE binder on the mechanical properties of the solvent-free electrodes and reveal how the peculiar mechanical behavior of these composite electrodes during the manufacturing process influences the final microstructure of the electrodes and their electrochemical performance. This work presents a deep insight into PTFE-based solvent-free electrodes by investigating their microstructure, mechanical and electrochemical properties using advanced characterization techniques including High Resolution Analytical Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Computed Tomography, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and mechanical testing.

Design and Optimization of an Integrated Power System of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Marine Low-Speed Dual-Fuel Engine

A combined system including a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and an internal combustion engine (ICE) is proposed in this paper. First, a 0-D model of SOFC and a 1-D model of ICE are built as agent models. Second, parameter analysis of the system is conducted based on SOFC and ICE models. Results show that the number of cells, current density, and fuel utilization can influence SOFC and ICE. Moreover, a deep neural network is applied as a data-driven model to conduct optimized calculations efficiently, as achieved by the particle swarm optimization algorithm in this paper. The results demonstrate that the optimal system efficiency of 51.8% can be achieved from a 22.4%/77.6% SOFC-ICE power split at 6 000 kW power output. Furthermore, promising improvements in efficiency of 5.1% are achieved compared to the original engine. Finally, a simple economic analysis model, which shows that the payback period of the optimal system is 8.41 years, is proposed in this paper.

The Numerical Modeling of Internal Combustion Engines with Application to Simulation of Combustion of Single-Cylinder HCCI engine by Cantera and Application of Implementation of an Integrative MATLAB Engine Model and Validation on Waukesha VHP Series Engines

The Numerical Modeling of Internal Combustion Engines with Application to Simulation of Combustion of Single-Cylinder HCCI engine by Cantera and Application of Implementation of an Integrative MATLAB Engine Model and Validation on Waukesha VHP Series Engines

Integrated simulation and performance analysis of Confined Piston Linear Generator (CPLG)

In this study, an energy conversion device referred to Confined Piston Linear Generator (CPLG) is proposed. Moreover, a modeling approach which takes the time-varying and non-linear factors into account is presented to build a real-time integrated model of the CPLG system. The Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Linear Generator (PMSLG) model were built by GT-Power and Maxwell respectively, as well as the date transformation between them was realized by Simulink. The results indicated that, the shutdown areas of the PMSLG are located in the region of low load, low speed or low external load resistance. As the rise of external load resistance, the shutdown area A exists in the conditions of low load, and gradually moves to the high-speed region and reduces or even disappears, while the shutdown area B appears in the low-speed region and expands to the high-speed region. Within the operating area of the PMSLG, the energy conversion efficiency of the CPLG system is improved by 2.32% compared with the prototype ICE. In respect of parameter analysis, the influence of intake pressure on output power is much greater than those of ignition timing, air-fuel ratio and compression ratio.

Simulasi Aliran Dingin Pada Mesin Pembakaran Internal

The dynamics of fluid flow in the engine combustion cylinder is very important for preparing the air-fuel mixture. Internal Combustion Engine models are built with the help of CATIAV5R20 software. The model is then imported into the HYPER MESH Finite Element preprocessing tool for splicing analysis. The model is then loaded into the finite Element breaker application. Using ANSYS FLUENT, the results are further processed. At various minimum valve lifts, cylinder flow dynamics is examined using FEA. For various crank angles, from 0° to 720°, plots of dynamic velocity and motion magnitudes are displayed. Finally, various crank angles and valve lift speeds are compared.

A multidisciplinary detection system for cyber attacks on Powertrain Cyber Physical Systems

With the introduction of external connectivity to modern vehicles, both academic and industry security practitioners addressed the issues related to external communication interfaces exposing internal networks that are used to control the different vehicle’s systems. Despite these issues are considered having little-to-no impact on the functioning of the vehicle itself due to their demand of physical connection, with the advent of cellular connectivity proof-of-concept and demonstrations of remote takeover of the vehicle have been showcased, raising awareness about the risks related to the introduction of external connectivity on the vehicle system. All these remote attacks demonstrated by security researchers exploited several vulnerabilities to gain remote access to the Controller Area Network (CAN), one of the most deployed in-vehicle communication protocol. In these works, the authors demonstrate how to exploit the drive-by-wire features of modern vehicles to jeopardize people inside and outside the vehicle. To address this issue, several researchers designed algorithms to detect the injection of malicious CAN messages. However, these solutions are focused on the only CAN communication, without considering all the other subsystems that can be used by an attacker to hijack the vehicular system. Due to their high complexity, modern vehicle can be seen as Cyber–Physical Systems, in which the physical system (i.e. the mechanics of the vehicle) are controlled via software hosted on microcontrollers that communicate with each other via different communication protocols. Hence, to properly address the cybersecurity of a modern vehicle it is necessary to consider all the different aspects of the system, without focusing on a single one. In this work we investigate the capabilities of a multidisciplinary approach for anomaly detection based for securing the powertrain system of a generic vehicle. The experimental analysis presented in this paper is based on the model of a generic internal combustion engine and a speed controller, communicating via CAN. Four different detection methods from both control theory and computer security are tested against cyber attacks carried out from different contexts. Our threat model is composed by different attack scenarios representative of known cyber-attacks targeting modern vehicles. The experimental evaluation presented in this work highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each detection method against different attack scenarios carried out on the different components of our system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper addressing the cyber security of the connected vehicle with a multidisciplinary approach.

СНИЖЕНИЕ ВЫБРОСОВ ДИОКИДА УГЛЕРОДА СУДОВЫМИ ДИЗЕЛЬНЫМИ ДВИГАТЕЛЯМИ ОПТИМИЗАЦИЕЙ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ПОДАЧИ И СЖИГАНИЯ ТОПЛИВА

The simulation of the working processes of the MAN D&T MC series marine diesel engine was carried out in
 order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions with exhaust gases. The purpose of the simulation was to find design
 and operational solutions that affect CO2 emissions. When performing a computational study, a mathematical
 model of a combined internal combustion engine implemented in the DIESEL-RK computer program was used. The studied variables are the compression ratio, the advance angle and the duration of fuel injection, the values
 of which can be set without making significant changes to the engine design. Mathematical models are obtained
 in the form of regression equations that describe the effect of the studied fuel supply parameters (compression
 ratio, fuel injection advance angle and fuel injection duration) on the target functions - specific carbon dioxide
 emission and effective power of the 6S60MC diesel engine. To determine the coefficients of the regression
 equation, planning of a complete factorial experiment of the second order is implemented. In order to find the
 minimum value of carbon dioxide emissions using the generalized reduced gradient method, the problem of
 choosing the optimal values of the compression ratio, fuel injection duration and fuel injection advance angle
 for a given effective power of a 6S60MC marine diesel engine is solved. It is shown that, for example, with an
 engine power of 10,000 kW, the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by optimizing the specified fuel supply
 parameters will be 7.37%

The effect of different charging concepts on hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engines

Hydrogen has been widely acknowledged as a potential fuel for internal combustion engines, owing to its unique chemical properties, environmental friendliness, and the ability to be produced from a variety of sources. The carbon-free nature of hydrogen is of particular significance as it is considered to be a key contributor to achieving stringent emissions regulations. However, one of the challenges associated with hydrogen as a fuel is the requirement for high air flow during combustion, which is necessary to meet the stoichiometry of the combustion process. The failure to achieve this high air flow can result in elevated emissions of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), a phenomenon that is of concern for engine manufacturers.Turbocharging increases the power and efficiency of internal combustion engines by forcing more air into the combustion chamber. This can be particularly beneficial for hydrogen-fuelled engines as hydrogen has a lower energy density compared to traditional fossil fuels. This study aims to establish the most efficient boosting strategy for hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engines with the goal of achieving a combination of fuel economy, high power density, and low emissions of NOx. To achieve this objective, a model of a hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine, specifically tailored for heavy-duty vehicle applications and featuring a direct injection system, has been developed. The validity of the model has been evaluated through a comparison of the results obtained from the model with those obtained from dynamometer testing. The study employs a model-based approach to examine a variety of charging concepts.

Total Cost of Ownership for Electric Vehicles Passenger cars in India and alternatives to reduce the operating cost

The primary barrier to Electric Vehicle (EV) Purchase from an Indian customer’s point of view is the price of the vehicle. With the recent advancements in battery technologies and power electronics, the prices have come down dramatically and are expected to reduce even further. Many Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) in India, preparing to include EVs in their portfolio will be an added advantage due to scale benefit. Therefore, it is necessary to study the impact of higher Initial purchase price, maintenance, and fuel cost of EVs compared to Internal combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles before product launches. Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) is a critical measurable from the customer’s point of view. The aim is to create customer awareness of TCO and encourage EV Purchases using quantifiable parameters. This paper studies and analyses the TCO between EV & ICE models using various cost elements, contribution factors, and alternatives like battery swapping using case studies.

Simulation design of automobile automatic clutch based on mechatronics

Abstract This article aims to study the simulation and design of automobile automatic clutch under mechatronics. A new control strategy for the automatic clutch of the electromagnetic transmission is proposed. The clutch mechanism model, clutch drive model, clutch system model, and internal combustion engine model are constructed. The fuzzy logic control performance of the automatic clutch was verified in different operating modes, including starting on flat roads and mountain roads. The method provides a reasonable reference for the design of an automatic clutch of electromagnetic continuously variable transmission.

Dynamic response assessment and multi-objective optimization of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) under vehicle driving cycle conditions

Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) can effectively utilize the waste heat energy of internal combustion (IC) engine. The ORC system has obvious large time-varying characteristic, strong fluctuation, and hysteresis under the synergistic influence of frequent fluctuation of vehicle speed and operating parameters in the system. The power system, waste heat recovery system, transmission system, and other subsystem models are constructed in this study. The key components are verified. An integrated system model of IC engine–ORC for driving cycle is constructed on the basis of the subsystem model. The dynamic response of ORC system is evaluated under different road conditions. The synergistic influence of multiple variables on system performance is analyzed. Obvious strong coupling and nonlinear characteristics are observed among different performances of ORC system under road conditions. Therefore, a multi-objective cooperative optimization framework of ORC system considering actual road conditions is proposed on the basis of multidimensional data. In the process of collaborative optimization, thermal efficiency and emissions of CO2 equivalent show a clear trade-off under different road conditions. The limit value of thermal efficiency under new European driving cycle is also 6.48% higher than that under worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle. Frequent fluctuation of vehicle speed is not conducive to obtaining the limit value of thermal efficiency. The evaluation and optimization of the comprehensive performance of ORC system under complex road conditions can provide a reference for the practical application of vehicle ORC system.

Performance interaction assessment of automobile exhaust thermoelectric generator and engine under different operating conditions

Structure optimization of heat exchanger helps to enhance the output performance of thermoelectric generator (TEG) for automobile exhaust recovery, but the heat exchanger connected to the internal combustion engine (ICE) may lead to its large backpressure and deteriorative performance. To assess the performance interaction between automobile exhaust thermoelectric generator (AETEG) and ICE, the comprehensive numerical model of ICE integrated with AETEG of different heat exchangers was set up and validated based on a test setup. The results reveal that the ICE operating condition and inner topology have obvious influences on the backpressure of heat exchanger, and the chaos shape heat exchanger has the largest backpressure under the same ICE operating condition. The increased backpressure raises the pumping mean effective pressure (PMEP) of ICE, enhances the hot side temperature of TEMs and the maximum output power of AETEG, and the decreases the brake power, brake torque, volumetric efficiency and fuel economy of ICE. Besides, compared with the ICE without AETEG, the ICE emission of CO, CO2, NOX and smoke opacity from empty cavity shape and other heat exchangers increases. The influence of backpressure caused by the heat exchanger on the ICE performance is obvious at large ICE speed and output power. The finds provide a numerical investigation guide for the development, topology optimization and performance assessment of a low-backpressure AETEG without obviously deteriorating the ICE performance.

The numerical simulation of nanosecond-pulsed discharge-assisted ignition in lean-burn natural gas HCCI engines

A plasma-assisted internal combustion engine model is established based on detailed plasma kinetics, combustion kinetics, and physical compression/expansion processes. The effects of nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharge (NRPD) on plasma-assisted ignition characteristics of mixtures under different fuel concentrations are studied under HCCI engine-relevant conditions. The coupled plasma and chemical kinetic model are validated with experiments. The comparison between NRPD and thermal ignition with a certain amount of input energy is carried out, and the results show that the former can ignite a mixture owing to the kinetic effect of nonequilibrium plasma, but the latter cannot ensure ignition. Path flux analysis shows that excited states and electrons react with fuel, providing O and H directly, increasing the possibility of ignition at a low temperature. The effect of NRPD on combustion performance under various equivalence ratios (φ) is investigated. It was found that in ICEs with NRPD, the ignition delay time under the lean-burn condition (φ = 0.5) is the shortest among three demonstrative cases. Even though the leaner mixture case with φ = 0.2 is more favorable for the production of O and OH during the discharge, after discharge, the heat release in case 2 with φ = 0.5 dramatically increases, resulting in the temperature exceeding that in the ultra-lean case. As the piston moves up, the higher amounts of CH3, HO2, and H2O2 as well as higher temperature for the lean-burn (φ = 0.5) case lead to the rapid increase of OH and O, which accelerates the consumption of methane and finally the earliest hot ignition near TDC. Finally, a series of parameter studies are performed to show the effects of E/N, current density, φ, and discharge timing on the ignition process. The results suggest that discharge parameters E/N and current density together with discharge timings and equivalence ratios can improve ignitability in internal combustion engines.

Modeling Combined Operation of Engine and Torque Converter for Improved Vehicle Powertrain’s Complex Control

This paper proposes an alternative model for describing the hydro-mechanical drive operation of the automatic transmissions. The study is aimed at preparing a reliable model that meets the requirements of sufficient informativeness and rapidity to, basically, be used as a model for optimized control. The study relevance is stipulated by the need for simple and precise models ensuring minimal computational costs in model predictive control (MPC) procedures. The paper proposes a method for coordinating the engine’s control and operating modes, with the torque converter (TC) operating mode, based on the criteria of angular acceleration derivative (jerk), which fosters including the angular acceleration in the state vector for using the optimal control. The latter provides stronger prediction quality than using only the crankshaft angular speed criterion. This moment comprises a study novelty. Additionally, the proposed approach can be helpful in tasks of powertrain automation, autonomous vehicles’ integrated control, elaboration of control algorithms, co-simulations, and real-time applications. The paper material is structured by the modeling stages, including mathematics and simulations, data preparation, testing and validation, virtual experiments, analysis of results, and conclusions. The essence of the problem, goals, and objectives are first presented, followed by the overview of main approaches in modeling the automatic transmission elements. The internal combustion engine (ICE), torque converter, drivetrain, tires, and translational dynamics mathematical models are determined and discussed in detail. The proposed approach convergence on decomposing the indicators of powertrain aggregates by derivatives is demonstrated. The considered method was simulated by using the data of the Audi A4 Quattro. The gear shifting control algorithm was described in detail, and a series of virtual tests for the composed model were carried out. The comparative analysis of the results for the conventional and advanced models of the automatic transmission’s hydro-mechanical drive were performed. The differences of the model outputs were discussed. The approach advantages were noted, as well as the options for extending the proposed technique.

Finite-time energy conversion in a hybrid cycle combining electrochemical, combustion and thermochemical recuperation processes

Conversion of fuel chemical energy into electrical and mechanical work in a hybrid cycle combining electrochemical, combustion and thermochemical recuperation (TCR) processes is numerically analyzed. Finite-time thermodynamics is employed to account for the different efficiency dependency on energy conversion rate of each process involved in the cycle. Fuel cell (FC) zero-dimensional (0D) model is employed to simulate the electrochemical reaction in a solid-oxide FC (SOFC), and a finite-speed finite-time thermodynamics (FST-FTT) model of spark-ignition internal combustion engine (SI-ICE) is created for the combustion process simulation. The prediction results show that without TCR, in the range of cycle efficiencies between 50% and 60% there is a potential of power gain by the hybrid cycle compared to the FC. The achievable efficiency levels are much higher if waste heat recovery through TCR is employed. In such a case, the cycle efficiency can reach values above 70% with a significant power gain compared to FC operating along. However, in almost any conditions, a maximal specific power is inferior compared to the ICE.