FEM Model Research Articles

Evaluation Method for Compressive Properties of Segregated Asphalt Mixtures Based on Digimat and FEM Models

Evaluation Method for Compressive Properties of Segregated Asphalt Mixtures Based on Digimat and FEM Models

How wide of a distal metaphyseal femoral fracture gap is a high risk of varus collapse and fixation failure? A finite element study.

Severe metaphyseal comminution and sizable bone defect of the distal femur are high risks of fixation failure. To date, no exact magnitude of comminution and bone loss is determined as an indication for augmentation of fixation construct. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of metaphyseal gap width, working length, and screw distribution on the stability of the fixation construct. A finite element model of a fractured femur with 0-80 mm metaphyseal gap width stabilized by an 11-hole distal femur locking compression plate (LCP-DF) was generated. The different working length and screw distribution were created by three different screw configurations: 9-10-11 (long working length, cluster screw), 8-10-11, and 7-9-11 (short working length, spreading screw). Physiological loading conditions were applied to evaluate biomechanical performance including equivalent von Mises (EQV) stress, bone stress, and fracture strain. The EQV stress increased accordingly to a metaphyseal gap width of 0-20 mm. The EQV stress values were at the same levels for 30-mm metaphyseal gap width and higher, particularly in screw configuration 9-10-11. Screw configuration 7-9-11 produced the lowest elastic strain. A 0-mm metaphyseal gap width presented the lowest bone stress. Bone stress values were in a similar magnitude across a 10-80 mm metaphyseal gap. The 30-mm and wider metaphyseal gap width with a long working length presented a risk of varus collapse and fixation failure. Short working length with spreading screw provided low EQV stress, low bone stress, and high fracture stability.

Load-Bearing Capacity of Klein’s Ceiling Under Fire Conditions

The aim of this study was to determine the load-bearing capacity of Klein’s floors under fire conditions using analytical and numerical analyses. Analytical and numerical simulations were performed considering different structural variants of Klein’s floors. A numerical FEM model was developed in Abaqus to create temperature profiles of the beam-to-beam slabs and steel beams, and the fire load-bearing capacity of Klein’s celling after being exposed to fire for 30, 60, and 120 min was calculated analytically. The analytical method of assessing the fire load-bearing capacity of Klein’s floors uses temperature profiles, which allow for calculations to verify fire resistance in the time domain of different structural variants of Klein’s floors. (1) Introduction: The structural solutions of Klein’s floors are widely known, but no studies in the literature have addressed the mechanics of these elements under fire conditions. Both the beam-to-beam slab and steel beams are sensitive to high temperatures. Providing the required level of fire safety in buildings with Klein’s ceilings is a complex issue that requires detailed analysis. This often involves the assessment of technical and material solutions that are not currently used, and a verification of their fire resistance may be necessary to adapt existing buildings to the presently applicable technical and construction regulations. (2) Methodology: This study was prepared based on domestic and foreign sources, including standards presenting available methods for verifying the fire resistance of Klein’s ceilings in terms of their load-bearing capacity. A calculation scheme was indicated that takes into account the inter-beam slab, treated as a reinforced masonry element subjected to bending, and steel ceiling beams. In addition, this article presents an original method for determining the temperature profiles of individual elements of Klein’s ceilings, based on numerical methods, to determine their reduced values of material properties. The temperature profiles included in this study take into account both different construction variants of Klein’s ceilings and different ways of finishing the lower surface of these ceilings. The presented analytical method of fire load-bearing capacity assessment is supported by a calculation example. (3) Conclusions: The calculation methodology presented in this paper, which is part of the analysis of the fire load-bearing capacity of Klein’s ceilings, allows for a safe estimation of their durability in fire conditions. The presented temperature profiles of individual Klein’s ceiling elements allow for the verification of their fire resistance in terms of load-bearing capacity, in accordance with the literature on the subject. The temperature values of individual Klein’s ceiling elements, presented in the form of a table, depending on the fire duration, indicate that the applied structural solutions of the ceilings have a significant influence on the rate of temperature increase in the partition. Based on the conducted analyses, it was found that steel beams in an unplastered Klein’s ceiling lose their fire load-bearing capacity before the 30 min fire duration, defined by the standard temperature–time curve. The use of gypsum plaster with a thickness of at least 1.5 cm can provide fire resistance of the above elements for up to 120 min of fire duration. It was found that the quality of the plaster is important, influencing its adhesion to the lower surface of the ceiling. The fire resistance of the inter-beam slabs is significantly influenced by the temperature of their reinforcement, which largely depends on the distance of the reinforcement from the lower edge of the slab.

Joint design and joint performance of Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCP) - Investigations and experiences in Germany -

Unreinforced concrete pavements have to be equipped with longitudinal and transversal kerbs to guarantee controlled cracking (JPCP). The designs of such joints depending on the technical requirements are given in respective specifications. Main features for the design are aiming first for the controlled cracking at the foreseen position during young age of the concrete as well as avoidance of wild cracking during service life, second for sufficient load transfer at the joint to reduce edge load effects and third for a good long time performance, which requires joint sealing. This paper focus on research works performed in the field of joint efficiency (dowelling) of transversal joints, which is especially related to the design parameters and the positioning of dowels. New developments and alternative solutions concerning the today’s usage of coated steel bars must be done within the area of conflicts of following headings: Load transfer efficiency, longitudinal resistance, long-time behaviour (corrosion). FEM models and laboratory tests offer evaluation criteria for modified parameters. Especially the coating-material foreseen to cover the steel bar must be evaluated within the area of conflicts shown above. Additionally the actual dowel position and alignment is of importance. Non-destructive inspection tools are under development. The outputs of these investigations are strengthening the background for the updating work concerning the respective specifications.

Compressive and tensile properties of polyurethane foam mimicking trabecular tissue in artificial femoral head bones

IntroductionMost orthopedic implants for fracture fixation and joint replacement are commonly tested on artificial bones. Polyurethane foam is one of the most frequently used synthetic bone materials for mimicking human trabecular tissue. The study aimed to examine the compressive and tensile behavior of polyurethane foams mimicking trabecular tissue in artificial human femurs and assess their potential to replicate the osteoporotic type of human bone tissue.Materials and methodsTwo types of SYNBONE femur models, one of normal density (model 2350) and one of lower density (model LD2350), and three types of Sawbones femur models (models 1130-21-8, 1130-21-3, and 1130-192) were investigated. Polyurethane foams were extracted as slices cut in the coronal plane from the femoral head. Cuboid samples were cut in three directions and uniaxial tested to identify compressive and tensile properties, including elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, yield limit, and ultimate strength.ResultsThe ANOVA test revealed that only SYNBONE LD2350 trabecular tissue exhibits anisotropy properties (p < 0.001). In most cases, the tensile properties were greater than compressive ones (t-test, p < 0.001).ConclusionThe obtained results are within the ranges suggested by other authors for mimicking osteoporotic human tissue. The presented data broadens the range of data on mechanical properties provided by the producers. These data can serve as a reference for research using composite femurs made of these particular polyurethane foams for conducting biomechanical studies and validating accompanying numerical simulations.

Impact of High Glucose on Bone Collagenous Matrix Composition, Structure, and Organization: An Integrative Analysis Using an Ex Vivo Model.

Diabetes mellitus is a widespread metabolic disorder linked to numerous systemic complications, including adverse effects on skeletal health, such as increased bone fragility and fracture risk. Emerging evidence suggests that high glucose may disrupt the extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone, potentially altering its composition and organization. Collagen, the primary organic component of the ECM, is critical for maintaining structural integrity and biomechanical properties. However, definitive evidence and a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which high glucose impacts the ECM and collagen remain elusive. This study employed an ex vivo embryonic chicken femur model to investigate the effects of high glucose on the collagenous matrix. A comprehensive approach integrating histological evaluation, histomorphometry, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and proteomics was adopted to unravel structural, biochemical, and molecular changes in the ECM. Histomorphometric analysis revealed disrupted collagen fibril architecture, characterized by altered fibril diameter, alignment, and spatial organization. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy highlighted biochemical modifications, including non-enzymatic glycation that impaired collagen crosslinking and reduced matrix integrity. Proteomic profiling unveiled significant alterations in ECM composition and function, including downregulation of key collagen crosslinking enzymes and upregulation of inflammatory and coagulation pathways. High glucose profoundly disrupts the collagenous matrix of bone, weakening its structural integrity and organization. These findings emphasize the critical impact of high glucose environments on extracellular matrix composition and bone quality, offering insights into the mechanisms behind diabetic bone fragility and guiding future research toward targeted therapeutic strategies.

Multiplanar Semicircular New-Generation Implant System Developed for Proximal Femur Periprosthetic Fractures: A Biomechanical Study.

Background and Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate a newly designed semicircular implant for the fixation of Vancouver Type B1 periprosthetic femoral fractures (PFFs) in total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients. To determine its strength and clinical applicability, the new implant was compared biomechanically with conventional fixation methods, such as lateral locking plate fixation and a plate combined with cerclage wires. Materials and Methods: Fifteen synthetic femur models were used in this biomechanical study. A Vancouver Type B1 periprosthetic fracture was simulated by osteotomy 5 mm distal to the femoral stem. The models were divided into three groups: Group I (lateral locking plate fixation), Group II (lateral locking plate with cerclage wires), and Group III (new semicircular implant system). All fixation methods were subjected to axial loading, lateral bending, and torsional force testing using an MTS biomechanical testing device. Failure load and displacement were measured to assess stability. Results: The semicircular implant (Group III) demonstrated a significantly higher failure load (778.8 ± 74.089 N) compared to the lateral plate (Group I: 467 ± 68.165 N) and plate with cerclage wires (Group II: 652.4 ± 65.474 N; p < 0.001). The new implant also exhibited superior stability under axial, lateral bending, and torsional forces. The failure load for Group III was more robust, with fractures occurring at the screw level rather than plate or screw detachment. Conclusions: Compared to traditional fixation methods, the newly designed semicircular implant demonstrated superior biomechanical performance in stabilizing Vancouver Type B1 periprosthetic femoral fractures. It withstood higher physiological loads, offered better structural stability, and could be an alternative to existing fixation systems in clinical practice. Further studies, including cadaveric and in vivo trials, are recommended to confirm these results and assess the long-term clinical outcomes.

Deciphering the interplay between biology and physics with a finite element method-implemented vertex organoid model: A tool for the mechanical analysis of cell behavior on a spherical organoid shell.

Understanding the interplay between biology and mechanics in tissue architecture is challenging, particularly in terms of 3D tissue organization. Addressing this challenge requires a biological model enabling observations at multiple levels from cell to tissue, as well as theoretical and computational approaches enabling the generation of a synthetic model that is relevant to the biological model and allowing for investigation of the mechanical stresses experienced by the tissue. Using a monolayer human colon epithelium organoid as a biological model, freely available tools (Fiji, Cellpose, Napari, Morphonet, or Tyssue library), and the commercially available Abaqus FEM solver, we combined vertex and FEM approaches to generate a comprehensive viscoelastic finite element model of the human colon organoid and demonstrated its flexibility. We imaged human colon organoid development for 120 hours, following the evolution of the organoids from an immature to a mature morphology. According to the extracted architectural/geometric parameters of human colon organoids at various stages of tissue architecture establishment, we generated organoid active vertex models. However, this approach did not consider the mechanical aspects involved in the organoids' morphological evolution. Therefore, we applied a finite element method considering mechanical loads mimicking osmotic pressure, external solicitation, or active contraction in the vertex model by using the Abaqus FEM solver. Integration of finite element analysis (FEA) into the vertex model achieved a better fit with the biological model. Therefore, the FEM model provides a basis for depicting cell shape, tissue deformation, and cellular-level strain due to imposed stresses. In conclusion, we demonstrated that a combination of vertex and FEM approaches, combining geometrical and mechanical parameters, improves modeling of alterations in organoid morphology over time and enables better assessment of the mechanical cues involved in establishing the architecture of the human colon epithelium.

Current Sharing in Defected Superconducting REBCO Tape Stack Cables for HTS Inserts in Accelerator Magnets: FEM Modeling

Current Sharing in Defected Superconducting REBCO Tape Stack Cables for HTS Inserts in Accelerator Magnets: FEM Modeling

CFD algorithm for moving boundary problems of isothermal drying and shrinkage: Case of prunes

A moving-boundary FEM model describing isothermal drying of fruit was employed as an inverse problem to estimate water diffusivity and peel resistance, including shrinkage. Water diffusivity and peel resistance were estimated using the Levenberg-Marquardt (L-M) optimisation algorithm based on the experimental drying data. The surface resistance is accounted as the sum of the peel and the diffusive boundary layer resistances, the latter being negligible compared to the former. The estimated peel resistance decreased by 86% as the drying temperature increased from 45 °C to 65 °C and by 44% as the drying temperature increases from 55 °C to 65 °C. The CFD optimisation model efficiently predicted the experimental water content and shrinkage.

Additively manufactured stochastic and gyroid scaffold design towards osseointegration and bone regeneration in a rabbit femur model

Additively manufactured stochastic and gyroid scaffold design towards osseointegration and bone regeneration in a rabbit femur model

Exploring the Social-Economic Approach on the Production Level of Rice: Panel Data Analysis from 34 Province in Indonesia

The social-economic approach in rice production emphasizes the importance of understanding and solving social and economic problems related to the agricultural sector. The Ongoing economic changes, competition for resources from other sectors, environmental changes and the increasing commercialization of rice farming mean that the way rice is produced in the future will be very different. The aim of this research is to determine the influence of the relationship between rice productivity and economic indicators on maintaining sustainable food security. This research uses the HDI variable instrument as an intervening variable using panel data from 34 provinces in Indonesia in 2018-2023, which was tested using the REM, CEM, and FEM models. It is known that simultaneously, economic indicators, namely land area, productivity, inflation, poverty index, rice consumption, and population, have an effect on the amount of rice production; however, in partial testing through sub structural model 1 testing, it was found that productivity and rice consumption had no impact on the intervening variables HDI and sub structural test 2 found that partial inflation, poverty index, rice consumption, and population had no effect on the amount of rice production. Despite a series of tests, the results remained consistent. In the future, it is necessary to develop a new vision for rice farming, such as exploring food security and technology, and drafting strategic policy reforms, considering global trends and the unstable economic scenario.

Research on Response Postures of Subway Train in Straight Line Collision

A six-car subway train finite element model was developed to investigate possible response postures under impact accidents. Considering the plastic deformation of carriages and weak points of the train front, the simulation included two conditions: train–train collision and collision with an obstacle. Comprehensive response postures were obtained. A one-dimensional dynamic theory model was established to verify the rationality of the FEM model. The influence of impact speed, impact angle, and impact position on the energy consumption and response postures were discussed. The results show that one accident condition is accompanied by a variety of response postures. The main factors of climbing are asynchronism of yaw and pitch motions of adjacent carriages and plastic deformation of carriage ends, which leads to vertical arch. In oblique and front-side collision, the lateral force and the deviation of train front cause rapid derailment, and large lateral movement of the front and lateral buckling happen subsequently.

Совершенствование метода расчета цепных контактных подвесок электрифицированных железных дорог

Purpose: to conduct an analysis aimed at identifying the shortcomings of the existing calculation methodology for catenary overhead catenaries of electrified railways under extreme temperature conditions. To demonstrate the need to implement modern calculation methods based on mathematical modeling using computer-aided design tools. Methods: development of a FEM model using the ANSYS Workbench software package, which allows determining the tension of the overhead catenary supporting cable taking into account heating from the flowing current under heavy-haul traffic conditions. Comparison of calculation results using the existing methodology and the developed FEM model. Results: the analysis showed that the current approach does not take into account important physical factors, which can lead to potential errors both in the design and operation of the overhead catenary. The results of the electrothermal-mechanical calculation using the developed FEM model reveal inconsistencies in determining the heating temperature and tension of the overhead catenary supporting cable, which indicates the need to revise the key parameters used in the existing calculation methodology. Practical significance: the difference in the calculation results shows the importance of implementing modern methods for determining the parameters required for design and operation and confirms the relevance of the study, especially in the conditions of organizing heavy-haul train traffic. The FEM models used in the study have a wide calculation functionality and the ability to specify various boundary conditions, such as ambient air temperature, current applied to the contact network wires, and wire tension. These models can be effectively used in design and scientific activities by specialists in various fields.

Analysis of factors affecting financial distress in Vietnam – an emerging economy in East Asia

Understanding the conditions leading to business failure and predicting them earlier is the best way for companies to overcome and minimize their harm, improve their performance, and avoid financial distress and bankruptcy. This paper aims to measure the level and trends of factors affecting financial distress in Vietnam – an emerging Southeast Asian economy, along with the managerial implications drawn from the research results. Research data were collected from 606 firms listed on the Vietnam Stock Exchange from 2018 to 2022. The Altman Z-score is used to determine the financial distress of these firms. The factors researched and tested in this study are all internal factors divided into two groups with distinct features. Non-financial factors belong to management characteristics; financial factors are typical indicators of a firm’s financial statements. The study uses OLS, FEM, and REM models to analyze the influence of financial factors (Total liability to Total assets, Sales growth, Firm size, and Firm age) and non-financial factors (Board size, CEO duality, Institutional ownership level, Independent member, and Foreign CEOs) on financial distress and GLS regression to overcome the model’s shortcomings. The results show that the factors in the research model significantly impact financial distress, of which six factors (Board size, CEO duality, Institutional ownership level, Foreign CEOs, Sales growth, and Firm age) are negatively correlated. Three other factors (Independent members, Total liability to Total assets, and Firm size) are positively correlated with financial distress. AcknowledgmentThe author thanks everyone who helped make this study possible.

Effects of Jintiange on the healing of osteoporotic fractures in aged rats

ObjectiveTo examine the effects of Jintiange on enhancing the healing of osteoporotic fractures in aged rats.MethodsAn osteoporotic fracture model of femur was established using 70 SD rats (aged > 12 months), which were randomly numbered and divided into an experimental group and a control group, each with an equal sample size (n = 35). The experimental group received Jintiange capsule ingredients via intragastric administration, while the control group received an equal volume of saline via the same method. X-ray examinations were conducted at the 4th and 12th weeks to evaluate fracture healing in the rats. After 12 weeks, micro-CT scanning was employed to assess the microstructure of the healthy femurs, and the parameters of the experimental and control groups were compared.ResultsAfter 4 weeks, the mean fracture healing scores were 0.78 ± 0.43 in the experimental group and 0.56 ± 0.51 in the control group. After 12 weeks, the mean scores were 1.50 ± 0.71 in the experimental group and 0.96 ± 0.68 in the control group. The scores in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Micro-CT examination of the femurs showed an improvement trend in bone microarchitecture in the experimental group, indicated by increased bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb. N), and trabecular thickness (Tb. Th). However, these improvements were not statistically significant. A negative correlation with statistical significance was observed between trabecular separation (Tb. Sp) and fracture healing scores.Conclusions Jintiange may promote osteoporotic fracture healing in aged rats by enhancing bone microstructure.

Determination of Crack Depth in Brickworks by Ultrasonic Methods: Numerical Simulation and Regression Analysis

Ultrasonic crack detection is one of the effective non-destructive methods of structural health monitoring (SHM) of buildings and structures. Despite its widespread use, crack detection in porous and heterogeneous composite building materials is an insufficiently studied issue and in practice leads to significant errors of more than 40%. The purpose of this article is to study the processes occurring in ceramic bricks weakened by cracks under ultrasonic exposure and to develop a method for determining the crack depth based on the characteristics of the obtained ultrasonic response. At the first stage, the interaction of the ultrasonic signal with the crack and the features of the pulse propagation process in ceramic bricks were considered using numerical modeling with the ANSYS environment. The FEM model allowed us to identify the characteristic aspects of wave propagation in bricks and compare the solution with the experimental one for the reference sample. Further experimental studies were carried out on ceramic bricks, as the most common elements of buildings and structures. A total of 110 bricks with different properties were selected. The cracks were natural or artificially created and were of varying depth and width. The experimental data showed that the greatest influence on the formation of the signal was exerted by the time parameters of the response: the time when the signal reaches a value of 12 units, the time of reaching the first maximum, the time of reaching the first minimum, and the properties of the material. Based on the regression analysis, a model was obtained that relates the crack depth to the signal parameters and the properties of the material. The error in the predicted values according to this model was approximately 8%, which was significantly more accurate than the existing approach.

A novel hybrid method for predicting maglev train-induced environmental vibrations combining field measurement, 2.5D FEM modelling and multi-objective optimization

The maglev system has been developed rapidly in recently years since its advantage in mass transportation, ride comfort and energy efficiency, which also caused an increasing concern on the maglev train-induced environmental vibrations. This paper presents a novel hybrid framework for predicting high-speed maglev train-induced environmental vibrations combining field measurement, 2.5D FEM simulation and multi-objective optimization. First, a maglev train-guideway-soil coupled model considering guideway irregularities was proposed to calculate the ground vibration using 2.5D FEM. Then, the guideway irregularity spectrum and soil damping are inverted by the optimization process using the NSGA3 genetic algorithm, in which the differences of measured and calculated vertical vibrations of measuring points are chosen as objective functions. With the inverted guideway irregularity spectrum and soil damping, the ground vibrations were calculated using the 2.5D FEM model and compared with the field measurements. It was found that the inverted PSD spectrum of guideway irregularity generally decreases as the spatial frequency increases, exhibiting a similar trend as the measured ones. The results obtained by the proposed hybrid prediction method agree well with the field measurement in both time domain and frequency domain. The prediction error for the vertical vibration level of all measuring points induced by five maglev train passing are mainly less than 10 %, indicating that the proposed hybrid method provided a reliable and effective method for vibration prediction combining field measurement and numerical simulation.

Dynamic Analysis of Plates Subjected to Explosive Loading: Comparison Between SDOF and FEM Models

With the global increase in explosive events, arising from armed conflicts and/or accidental occurrences, a thorough analysis of the dynamic behavior of structures under this type of load becomes important. The explosive phenomenon causes an overpressure (positive) wave with a subsequent underpressure (negative) phase, which is often disregarded. Moreover, recent studies have highlighted that this negative phase can generate displacements and stresses as relevant as the ones from the positive phase only. This work investigates simply supported plates subjected to explosive loading considering the membrane effect (laterally immovable condition) which introduces nonlinearities in the model. Due to the problem’s mathematical complexity, these nonlinear dynamic analyses are usually performed using complicated finite element models. In this way, a software called DYNAblast was developed using a simpler approach based on a Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) analytical model which incorporates the von Karman plate theory. Dynamic analyses were carried out in DYNAblast to understand the influence of the positive and negative phases of the blast loads, as well as the contribution of the membrane energy of the plate. Numerical models implemented in ABAQUS software were used for the validation of DYNAblast results, with excellent agreement.

Aerodynamic and structural optimization of wind turbine blade considering natural of frequencies of vibration

In recent years, wind energy has garnered significant global attention due to its immense energy and environmental potential, leading to a substantial increase in both capacity and size of wind turbines, evolving from a nominal power of 75kW to 7.5MW and a rotor diameter of 17m to over 125m. However, this scaling-up has introduced new challenges related to instability caused by the aeroelastic effect, which stems from the interplay between wind loads and the structural deformation of wind turbine blades. Consequently, an effective model necessitates well-defined aerodynamic and structural components. Yet, the complex geometric shapes of turbines demand extensive computational resources for analysis, particularly given their composite materials and intricate configurations.Various research institutions, including NREL, DTU, and ECN, have developed aeroelastic tools for wind turbine studies, integrating structural and aerodynamic modules. The prevalent approach employs the BEMT (Blade Element Moment Theory) model for aerodynamic simulation and FEM models for structural dynamic analysis. The BEMT model partitions the blade into elements to evaluate aerodynamic loads based on local characteristics. This amalgamation offers an efficient solution for predicting element performance parameters. Additionally, the BEM model provides a computationally economical alternative to more intricate models, making it a cost-effective choice for wind turbine analysis and a cheaper tool compared to robust methods, like CFD.This work proposes an aerodynamic optimization method constrained by the structural model, focusing on the natural vibration frequencies of wind turbine blades. The methodology comprises three phases: defining the aerodynamic model using the CCBlade code in Julia Language, implementing the structural analysis method via FEM for rotating Timoshenko beams in MATLAB, and integrating the aerodynamic and structural models on a multi-objective optimization platform. Evolutionary algorithms were employed to enhance wind turbine energetic efficiency and avoid structural instabilities within this study. By leveraging advancements in modeling and optimization techniques, the aim is to contribute to the development of more efficient and reliable wind turbines, further promoting the transition to clean and sustainable energy sources.