Exploratory Factor Analysis Modeling Research Articles

Validity and Reliability of Lecturer Leadership Styles Questionnaires

In the modern age, leadership is one of the teaching competencies in teaching and learning that influences students’ engagement in higher learning. However, leadership styles demonstrated by lecturers may be interpreted differently across different cultures and populations. Hence, there is a need to establish new instrumentation with strong validity and reliability evidence of lecturer leadership styles questionnaire according to the sample size, language, and acceptance of respondents. This study involved undergraduate students of the Faculty of Sport Science, UiTM from the Arau, Shah Alam, Seremban 3, and Jengka campuses. There are 410 undergraduate students involved in this study. There are 44 items of the Lecturer Leadership Styles Questionnaire undergone the process of constructing validity and reliability by employing the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Cronbach Alpha model. After going through the process, 37 items of the Lecturer Leadership Styles Questionnaire were accepted and the rest were dropped out. To verify the factor structure of a set of observed variables, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was employed in the Leadership Styles Questionnaire. CFA analysis depicted the sample data fit the measurement model of Leadership Styles (RMSEA = .050, GFI = .942, AGFI = .917, TLI = .983, NFI = .969). In a nutshell, the Lecturer Leadership Styles Questionnaire instrument with strong validity and reliable evidence can be used for further study in a similar setting.

A multi-sample evaluation of the measurement structure and function of the modified monetary incentive delay task in adolescents

Interpreting the neural response elicited during task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) remains a challenge in neurodevelopmental research. The monetary incentive delay (MID) task is an fMRI reward processing task that is extensively used in the literature. However, modern psychometric tools have not been used to evaluate measurement properties of the MID task fMRI data. The current study uses data for a similar task design across three adolescent samples (N = 346 [Agemean 12.0; 44 % Female]; N = 97 [19.3; 58 %]; N = 112 [20.2; 38 %]) to evaluate multiple measurement properties of fMRI responses on the MID task. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used to evaluate an a priori theoretical model for the task and its measurement invariance across three samples. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is used to identify the data-driven measurement structure across the samples. CFA results suggest that the a priori model is a poor representation of these MID task fMRI data. Across the samples, the data-driven EFA models consistently identify a six-to-seven factor structure with run and bilateral brain region factors. This factor structure is moderately-to-highly congruent across the samples. Altogether, these findings demonstrate a need to evaluate theoretical frameworks for popular fMRI task designs to improve our understanding and interpretation of brain-behavior associations.

The impact of training and development facilities on job commitment among entry-level employees: Bangladeshi RMG perspectives

Purpose: The study intended to ascertain whether providing training and development facilities positively impacted the job commitment of entry-level garment employees in Bangladesh. Research Methodology: The response rate for the survey was 44.89%, derived from a sample size of 450 data points obtained by a basic random sampling technique. The study employed Microsoft Excel 2007, SPSS 22.0, and AMOS 23.0 to conduct exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to assess the strength and reliability of the suggested research framework. Results: The study revealed a significant enhancement in the level of commitment among lower-level employees in the Bangladeshi garment industry when provided with training and development potential. Limitations: One primary constraint encountered in this study pertained to issues associated with data collection. The target demographic consists exclusively of individuals with lower levels of educational attainment. Allocating funds for research in finance remained a significant area of focus. As a result of these limitations, the survey was unable to gather nationwide data. Contribution: This study is distinctive as it focuses on individuals occupying lower-level positions within the Bangladeshi garment sector, exploring the potential avenues for professional advancement. Practical Implication: The study may benefit Bangladeshi garment firms' HR strategy and training and development plans. Environmental and internal variables can stress workers. Professional progress and quality training will help dedicated workers overcome these challenges. Novelty: The study is unique in two perspectives: the bottom-level employees and the emerging economy like Bangladesh.

Development of Student Pancasila Character Instruments : A Evidence of The EFA, CFA and RASCH Models

This study aims to compile and validate Pancasila character instruments using three methods: Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and the RASCH model. This research is a survey involving 681 students from universities throughout Indonesia. The study consisted of three stages, namely (1) item preparation, (2) construct validation through EFA and CFA, and (3) item validation using the RASCH model. The preparation of Pancasila character instrument items was carried out through a literature review and 44 statement items covering six aspects of Pancasila character. After EFA was conducted, 44 items were eliminated into 33 items which were divided into five constructs or factors, namely factor 1 = Ethics, Nationalism, Independent and Critical, factor 2 = Self Efficacy, factor 3 = Empathy, factor 4 = Creativity, and Global Knowledge, and factor 5 = Discipline. This result is reinforced by the CFA, which shows that the factors formed are in accordance with the model and have items that can describe the character of Pancasila (loading factor ≥0.3). Further analysis using RASCH shows that the instrument developed has good validity and reliability and can be used to measure students' Pancasila character.

Validation of a Latin-American Spanish version of the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA-LA) in Colombian and Nicaraguan adults

BackgroundBody dissatisfaction (BD) is a growing concern in Latin America; reliable and culturally appropriate scales are necessary to support body image research in Spanish speaking Latin American countries. We sought to validate a Latin-American Spanish version of the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA; Mendelson et al. 2001).MethodsThe BESAA was translated, culturally adapted, and validated in a sample of adults in Colombia (N = 525, 65% women, Mage 24.4, SD = 9.28). We assessed factor structure (using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and exploratory structural equation model (ESEM)), internal reliability (using Cronbach’s alpha and omega), validity (using the Body Appreciation Scale BAS and Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire SATAQ), test–retest stability in a small subsample (N = 84, using Intraclass correlations ICC) and measurement invariance across gender. To evaluate the generalizability of the scale, we assessed reliability, validity, and factor structure in a second sample from rural Nicaragua (N = 102, 73% women, Mage 22.2, SD = 4.72), and assessed measurement invariance across Nicaraguan and Colombian participants.ResultsThe scale showed good internal reliability and validity in both samples, and there was evidence of adequate test–retest stability in the Colombian sample. EFA showed a three-factor structure with subscales we labelled ‘appearance-positive’, ‘appearance-negative’ and ‘weight’, that was confirmed using CFA and ESEM in the Colombian sample. Measurement invariance was confirmed across the Colombian and Nicaraguan samples, and across gender within the Colombian sample.ConclusionThe Latin-American Spanish version of the BESAA (BESAA-LA) appears to be a psychometrically sound measure with good reliability, validity and invariance across gender and countries. These results support the use of this scale to measure body satisfaction/dissatisfaction in Latin American adult populations.

Misbegotten methodologies and forgotten lessons from Tom Swift's electric factor analysis machine: A demonstration with competing structural models of psychopathology.

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and its bifactor models are popular in empirical investigations of the factor structure of psychological constructs. CFA offers straightforward hypothesis testing but has notable pitfalls, such as the imposition of strict assumptions (i.e., simple structure) that obscure unmodeled complexity. Due to the limitations of bifactor CFAs, they have yielded anomalous results across samples and studies that suggest model misspecification (e.g., evaporating specific factors and unexpected loadings). We propose the use of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to evaluate the structural validity of CFA solutions-either before or after the estimation of more restrictive CFA models-to (a) identify model misspecifications that may drive anomalous estimates and (b) confirm CFA models by examining whether hypothesized structures emerge with limited researcher input. We evaluated the degree to which predominant factor structures were invariant across contexts along the exploratory-confirmatory continuum and demonstrate how poor methodological choices can distort results and impede theory development. All CFA models fit well, but there were numerous differences in replicability and substantive interpretability. Several similarities emerged between bifactor CFA and EFA models, including evidence of overextraction, the collapse of specific factors onto the general factor, and subsequent shifts in how the general factor was defined. We situate these methodological shortcomings within the broader literature on structural models of psychopathology, articulate implications for theories (such as the p-factor) that are borne out of factor analysis, outline several remedies for problems encountered when performing exploratory bifactor analysis, and propose alternative specifications for confirmatory bifactor models. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Clinical Manifestations.

The California Cognitive Assessment Battery (CCAB; ccabstudy.com) is a remotely monitored, at-home, computerized behavioral test and questionnaire suite. Here we evaluate the interpretation of 25 tests within the US English version of the CCAB using both an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of 155 healthy adults and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of 312 healthy older adults participating in a longitudinal study. We also estimated cross-sectional age gradients for best fitting latent factors [1]. First, one set of "classic" latent factors (from 1 factor to 8 factors) was extracted from the literature [2][3][4] for assignment of CCAB tests into traditional categories. Second, 155 adult participants (age 22-86 y.o., mn 54, 57% male, education 8-20 yrs., md 14) participated in a prefinal version of the CCAB. EFA was performed on their primary CCAB results using the 'psych' (v. 1.9.12.31-1) toolbox in R (v. 3.6.3) with 11 different rotations to extract a second set of CFA latent factors. Third, above two sets of latent factors were used in the 'lavaan' CFA toolbox (v. 0.6.5-1) in R and applied to the first timepoint (enrollment and session 1) of CCAB longitudinal data from an older adult group (age 56-89 y.o., mn 71, 58% male, education 0-20 yrs., mn 14). The EFA and CFA model fit characteristics (Fig 1) show moderately good fits for the EFA and best fitting CFA models. The EFA produced reasonable models from 2 factors to 6 factors. The best fitting "classic" CFA along with its latent factor age regressions is shown in Figure 2. The best fitting EFA-derived CFA along with its latent factor age regressions is shown in Figure 3. The best-fit classic CFA results showed moderately good fit, and visual tests of both speed and memory showed steeper cross-sectional age gradients than did respective verbal response tests. The EFA-derived latent factors were better fitting than were the classic factors as they were derived from the CCAB itself. In both cases, however, CCAB test speed measures showed steeper cross-sectional age gradients than did memory measures. Ongoing work will characterize longitudinal latent factor age gradients.

대학 태권도 학생선수의 능력믿음, 운동스트레스, 진로미결정 및 중도탈락의도의 관계

The purpose of this study is to verify the relationships among ability belief, exercise stress, career indecision, and dropout intention of the college taekwondo athletes. College taekwondo athletes were subjected to questionnaire and based on convenience sampling, total of 348 out of 407, excluding 57 samples that were not suitable for analysis were used for final data analysis. For statistical methods for data processing, frequency analysis, reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation model analysis were implemented utilizing SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0 programs. The ability belief of college taekwondo athletes had significant impact upon dropout intention, and exercise stress, The exercise stress of college taekwondo athletes had significant impact upon career indecision, and dropout intention, The career indecision of college taekwondo athletes had significant impact upon dropout intention. Ultimately, in order to reduce the dropout of athletes, it suggests the importance of psychological management to increase athletes' ability belief, the creation of a light sports culture to reduce sports stress, and the need for career education considering individual aptitudes and interests.

An analysis of financial risk assessment of globally listed football clubs

The global football market has grown in the past three decades, and football clubs' sustainable financial operations have gradually gained attention. This study aims to construct a financial risk assessment model applicable to the football industry, explore globally listed football clubs' overall financial operating characteristics, and analyse the leading causes of the club's financial crisis. We selected a sample of 24 currently listed football clubs worldwide and an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) model to construct the model of financial risk assessment for football clubs. The model identified and classified the financial risk components for listed football clubs, thus facilitating risk warning and prevention for modern professional clubs. This study found that football clubs are at higher financial risk overall, with the following general characteristics: (1) small amount of listed capital; (2) high asset-liability ratio; (3) low net profits and a large proportion of clubs make losses; and (4) weak asset liquidity. Finally, the study discussed the leading causes of the financial crises of football clubs in both external and internal dimensions, providing a reference for the self-sustainability of clubs and football authorities.

The factor structure of Big Five personality trait measures at the between- and within-person levels

The cross-sectional factor structure of Big Five personality trait measures is a weighted blend of the factor structure at the between-person level (i.e., the level of time-invariant interpersonal personality differences) and the factor structure at the within-person level (i.e., the level of intrapersonal personality fluctuations and changes). Thus, the Big Five might not represent the underlying factors at either of the two levels. To probe this issue, I fit multilevel exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA) models to longitudinal data from the Netherlands and Australia ( N = 15,085 and 22,582, respectively). In both data sets, the canonical Big Five emerged at the between- but not at the within-person level. At the within-person level, a two-factor structure appeared to be most suitable. Factor 1 indicated positive attitudes towards the self. Factor 2 indicated neuroticism or negative attitudes towards the self. The two factors might reflect short-term fluctuations in positive and negative affect rather than long-lasting personality changes. The findings are tentative due to methodological limitations. We need more research on the within-person factor structure of personality trait measures to clarify what fluctuations and changes they assess and whether we need to revise the way we measure and analyze trait changes.

Empirical Study on the Relationship between Users’ Mental Model and Purchase Intention of VIP Subscription: Evidence from Image Processing App in China

With the Internet entering the inventory stage, subscription services have become a major trend in the industry. As a technology company driven by artificial intelligence and with beauty as core, Meitu has launched VIP subscription services in several image processing applications. By December 2022, the number of VIP members grew to about 5.6 million, becoming a new engine for the company to open up more business space. At present, there is few research in academia on the VIP subscription intention of image processing APP. Combining the characteristics and usage experience of image processing APP, this thesis constructed the research model by introducing the concept of user’s mental model in the technology acceptance model. Using the structural equation modeling method, the hypothetical model and the relationship between critical variables was validated. With SPSS28.0 and AMOS24.0 software, the confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling was conducted. The results indicate that both quality of system interface and quality of subscription service positively influence user’s mental model; mind model of users influences purchase intention through the direct path. At the same time, it also influences purchase intention through perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, and the chain mediating path between them. Based on the findings, this thesis claims that Meitu should increase the investment in scientific research; it should not only focus on the optimization of system interface design, pay attention to the professionalism and personalized upgrade of subscription services, but also dig deeper into users’ needs and occupy their minds. At the same time, Meitu App should promote the subscription model with precise positioning and tiered payment, so as to increase users’ intention of subscription.

Complexities for adopting 3D laser scanners in the AEC industry: Structural equation modeling

The implementation of 3D laser scanning technology within the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) sector possesses the capability to enhance project efficacy and precision. Nevertheless, there exist various obstacles that impede their extensive adoption. This study investigates the key challenges affecting their adoption in the industry. The study employed a mixed-method methodology that involved exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine survey data collected from professionals operating within the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. The results reveal significant technical, operational, awareness, and economic challenges. Technical challenges include data processing complexity, limited resources, and compatibility issues. The integration of laser scanning data and perceived risks present operational challenges. Awareness challenges relate to legal factors and change aversion. Economic challenges encompass affordability and time-consuming data acquisition. The ramifications for the industry are significant. Managers should invest in resources, training programs, awareness campaigns, and cost-effective solutions. Future research should expand the sample size and examine long-term effects. Addressing these challenges will enable the AEC industry to fully leverage the potential of 3D laser scanners, enhancing project outcomes and efficiency in the built environment.

Overcoming implementation barriers in 3D printing for gaining positive influence considering PEST environment

The transformational potential of 3D printing within the manufacturing industry has been widely recognized. However, its widespread adoption faces significant practical challenges that extend beyond the technology itself, encompassing political, economic, social, and technical (PEST) factors. This research investigates the external variables impacting the successful implementation of 3D printing and proposes strategies to overcome these barriers. Through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM), we identified key external factors, including governmental regulations, economic conditions, societal acceptance, and technical readiness, that significantly influence the success of 3D printing deployment. Notably, addressing technological barriers emerged as a crucial factor. To address these implementation challenges, we recommend increased public awareness and stakeholder participation. Our findings indicate that these strategies can enhance the prospects of 3D printing adoption. These results hold significant implications for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in the 3D printing industry. Understanding and mitigating external obstacles are critical for harnessing the benefits of 3D printing within a dynamic environment. This research sheds light on the multifaceted challenges surrounding 3D printing implementation, emphasizing the importance of proactive measures to overcome these hurdles.

BIM in green building: Enhancing sustainability in the small construction project

The growing importance of green building practices in addressing environmental concerns, with a focus on energy efficiency, resource conservation, and occupant well-being, necessitates innovative solutions. Building Information Modeling (BIM), a sophisticated digital platform facilitating real-time collaboration and construction process visualization, emerges as a promising tool to enhance efficiency in construction projects. This study explores the role of BIM in advancing sustainability in smaller-scale construction projects. The methodology encompasses a comprehensive literature review and a quantitative analysis, including Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), with a case study centered in Perak, Malaysia. The research aims to assess the impact of BIM on resource efficiency, energy performance, waste reduction, and collaborative decision-making in small-scale green buildings. The findings reveal significant positive correlations between BIM adoption and early-stage design optimization, energy efficiency analysis, material selection, life cycle assessment, waste reduction, and prefabrication. This study underscores the vital role of integrating BIM in smaller-scale construction to promote environmentally responsible practices and achieve sustainable outcomes. Future research avenues may explore strategies for optimized BIM integration and deeper insights into the financial aspects of BIM adoption.

Determinants of Sustainable Energy Saving Behavior among University Students in Malaysia: A Case Study of Management & Science University (MSU)

The increasing energy demand and its impact on climate change pose serious challenges to environmental sustainability. University students, as future leaders and decision-makers, have the potential to adopt and promote sustainable energy-saving behavior in their communities. However, the factors influencing their energy-saving practices are poorly understood, especially in the Malaysian context. Using a cross-sectional survey design, this research examines the factors influencing energy-saving behavior among students of MSU. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to MSU students, covering demographic details and variables related to energy-saving behavior and its determinants. The study employed stratified random sampling and used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) for data analysis. The results show that social norms and perceived control over students’ behaviors are the only significant factors affecting sustainable behavior to save energy among students. At the same time, environmental awareness, energy literacy, and personal attitudes have no significant effect. Social norms are the strongest driver of energy-saving behavior, followed by perceived behavioral control. The findings suggest that interventions and policies to foster sustainable energy-saving behavior among students should focus on enhancing social norms and perceived behavioral control. This research fills the knowledge gap by offering specific insight into sustainable energy-saving behavior among Malaysian university students.

Factors related to parental COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy for children: An exploratory factor analysis model

Introduction: This pandemic has been accompanied by an overabundance of information and misinformation, an ‘infodemic’ on a global scale which have made acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine a major challenge. The objective of the study was to find out the Beliefs of mothers towards COVID-19 vaccine for children and its impact on vaccine hesitancy. Materials and Methods: After obtaining Institutional ethical clearance and informed consent, a total of 360 mothers who were having at least one child from 5 to 18 years were recruited based on simple random sampling. Face-to-face interview was conducted. The questionnaire was based on the WHO-SAGE working group on vaccine hesitancy. Based on Bartlett’s test of sphericity, the model was found to be fit (there is adequate number of correlations for factor analysis) and KMO test results imply the samples are adequate for factor analysis. K means cluster analysis was used to divide the samples into three clusters and individual respondent’s cluster membership was also identified. Results: It was found 49.4% of mothers were hesitant to vaccine their children against COVID-19. The seven items (reasons for vaccine hesitancy) were grouped into three dimensions (believes in vaccine effectiveness but concerned about side effects, believes in the importance of taking COVID vaccine, trusts information about COVID vaccine), based on how each item loads on to each of three factors. Cluster 1 was that they believe in effectiveness of vaccine but are concerned about side effects (.92094). Conclusion: Mothers’ concerns were mainly about the safety and adverse effects of vaccine.

TÁC ĐỘNG CỦA PHONG CÁCH LÃNH ĐẠO CHUYỂN ĐỔI ĐẾN SỰ GẮN KẾT VỚI TỔ CHỨC CỦA NHÂN VIÊN TẠI CÁC NGÂN HÀNG THƯƠNG MẠI TRONG BỐI CẢNH CHUYỂN ĐỔI SỐ

The study aims to evaluate the impact of transformational leadership style on organizational commitment of employees at commercial banks in the context of digital transformation. Quantitative research methods have been used through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and linear structural modeling (SEM) with a survey scale including 582 samples of employees at different commercial bank branches in all three regions of the country: North, Central and South. The results show both theoretical and practical contributions of the research as it has demonstrated the importance and both direct and indirect impact of transformational leadership style on three components of organizational commitment of employees including emotional bonding; calculation-based commitment and standards-based engagement through the mediating element, that is creativity at work. Based on the research results, a number of recommendations have been proposed to promote the transformational leadership style and strengthen the organizational commitment of employees at commercial banks in the context of digital transformation.

Logistics value in e-commerce and its impact on customer satisfaction, loyalty and online retailers' performance

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify the factors that create value for the customer in the area of e-commerce logistics and to verify whether these factors impact online retailers' performance through customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a business to customer (B2C) area.Design/methodology/approachFor the purpose of the study, a model of logistics value in e-commerce was introduced. The model was proposed based on the literature review. A total of 592 correctly filled questionnaires from telephone and web interviews [computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) and computer-assisted web interview (CAWI)] were studied. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were conducted in the study.FindingsIt was confirmed that four of five defined logistics value dimensions have positive impact on customer satisfaction. These dimensions are communication of delivery status, convenience of receipt, reception experience and convenience of return. The influence of speed of delivery on customer satisfaction was not confirmed. It was also confirmed that customer satisfaction has a positive impact on customer loyalty and that customer loyalty positively impacts online retailers' performance.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the current understanding of the influence of logistics factors on online retailers' performance through customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. There have been few studies that concern logistics value in e-commerce, with particular emphasis on above-mentioned relations. It is especially an important issue due to the fact that logistics can potentially lead to gain a competitive advantage in e-commerce.

Prenatal Version of the Coparenting Relationship Scale Among Finnish Couples Expecting Their Firstborn

AbstractAlthough coparenting has been widely studied, research on what expectant couples think about their future coparenting is limited. Our aim was to examine the psychometric properties of the Prenatal Version of Coparenting Relationship Scale among Finnish couples expecting their first child. We were also interested in the associations between couples’ expectations of coparenting and couple relationship quality. Expectants and partners (N = 157 Finnish couples expecting their first child; 156 in a heterosexual and 1 in a same-sex relationship) individually completed the questionnaires 1–3 months before childbirth. We used Exploratory Factor Analysis and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling. The results showed that both expectants’ and partners’ expectations of coparenting were very positive. Two dimensions, Expectations of cooperative coparenting and Expectations of coparenting conflict, were found for both expectants and partners, and both dimensions were largely invariant across spouses. The two dimensions were associated with each other. Expectations of cooperative coparenting were positively associated with prenatal couple relationship quality in both expectants and partners, thus confirming concurrent validity between these measures. Support for the discriminant validity of coparenting conflict in relation to couple relationship quality was found for both spouses whereas the discriminant validity of cooperative coparenting was confirmed for partners only. Our results indicate preliminary support for the validity and reliability of the Finnish version of the Coparenting Relationship Scale—Couples’ Prenatal Version (CRS-CPV) for assessing coparenting expectations, especially among heterosexual couples.

One year of COVID-19 in dental health services in Norway: psychological impact, risk perceptions and vaccination status

BackgroundIncreased psychological pressure on oral healthcare professionals (OHP) due to COVID-19 has been shown, yet little is known about the long-term psychological impacts. We aimed to study the psychological impact of COVID-19 and associated factors including perceived risk and preparedness and vaccination status among OHP in the first year after the lockdown period in Norway.MethodsA structured questionnaire sent electronically to dentists, dental hygienists and dental assistants inquired experiences and perceptions during the second year following the outbreak in Norway. The questionnaire comprised a COVID-19 fear scale and questions about risk perception, preparedness and vaccination status. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were used to assess psychological impact, perception of risk and preparedness according to vaccination status of the respondents.ResultsThe majority of the 708 respondents were female (92.8%), had ten or more years of work experience (67.1%), and worked in public dental clinics (95.9%). Fears and concerns related to COVID-19 were common, 72.6% feared getting infected and 85.4% feared infecting others. Of the 642 respondents who agreed that their workplaces handled the situation well, 55.6% were fully vaccinated. Three factors were retrieved from EFA: Insecurity, Instability and Infection. SEM showed that females were more concerned with Infection, and respondents with long clinical experience were less likely to express fear about Instability. Fully vaccinated individuals felt more insecure about becoming infected, and those agreeing that their workplaces handled the current situation well were concerned with Insecurity.ConclusionsDespite widespread perception of adequate preparedness and high vaccine coverage, a considerable psychological impact and high levels of fear of COVID-19 were observed among the majority of OHP. Fully vaccinated individuals had a larger psychological burden than not fully vaccinated and those with unknown vaccination status. These findings can inform means and interventions to reduce negative impacts of fear in populations with a high psychological burden.