Epistemological Model Research Articles

Limitations Of The SDGs In The Light Of A Zakat Approach In Terms Of Resilience

The aim of the study is to explore the limits of SDGs in the light of a zakat approach in terms of resilience. It is based on the progress of research in philosophy of science, anthropology, mesology, and collapsology, by considering the phenomenon of zakat in its ontological dimension as a level of analysis. Among the main results of the study, the following should be noted: (i) the SDGs convey an underlying epistemological model based on the growth of endless production, which itself feeds on the ex nihilo creation of money; (ii) Associating zakat, as a component of social finance, with the SDGs amounts to submitting it to a global financial system based on ex nihilo monetary creation; (iii) The assimilation of zakat into a means of financing contributes to the financialization of Muslim societies life to comply with the requirements to financial structures and logics. The study concludes by arguing the following: (i) the results obtained reveal the limitations of the linear approach of riba as a purely technical solution that does not consider the ontological nature of the mainstream financial system; (iii) Zakat is a multidimensional phenomenon which strengthens the resilience of populations to shocks through the creation of own worlds (milieu, umwelt); (iii) Zakat cannot be reduced to a financing modality to fill the SDGs funding gap, as suggested by UN, World Bank and OECD.

POST COVID-19: Digital Epistemology and Flexible Education in Digital Era

This essay presents a strategy on school innovations supported by ICTs, MOOCs, and the internet in pedagogies as well as in learning modalities during and after COVID-19. A review of the literature on educational systems and innovation in educational quality and epistemology of digital education is included. Therefore, the problem is to flexibly rethink the internal processes of the school, but also to develop technological skills for both teachers and students in the transition from the traditional epistemological model to the digital one.

PENGEMBANGAN LEMBAR KERJA SISWA BERBASIS THEORY OF DIDACTICAL SITUATION DALAM MATERI STATISTIKA

The aim of this study is to develop student worksheets in statistical material based on the theory of didactical situations. The theory of didactical situations was initiated by Brousseau to design learning situations based on a-didactic, milieu, and didactic situations. Model of Plomp’s design research is used to develop student worksheets, consisting of preliminary analysis (curriculum analysis, student learning trajectory, and statistical material analysis), stages of development, and prototype testing (self-revision, expert-review, one-to-one, and small-group tests). In the preliminary stage, interviews were conducted with one teacher and two students, obtaining didactic and epistemological obstacle on statistical material. The didactic and epistemological obstacles gained from interviews became epistemological models in composing the student worksheets. In the self-revision stage, the student worksheets are improved on aspects of language and material conformity. Meanwhile, the assessment of two experts recommends the student worksheets needs to improve the a-didactical situation. At the one-on-one stage to test the readability of the student worksheets tested to five students, in this stage, there is no improvement. Then, in the small group test stage tested to ten students and one teacher in the learning process obtained the conclusion of the student worksheets meets practicality and effectiveness. In general, the results obtained by the student worksheets have fulfilled practicality, effectiveness, and validity based on the theory of didactical situation that contains a didactic situation, milieu, and didactic situations.

Tranformasi Digital Sebagai Epistemologis Model Pendidikan Calon Guru Agama Katolik di Era 4.0

Realizing the educational ideals of prospective Catholic religious teachers in Indonesia in the industrial era 4.0 leads to an epistemological model for implementing digitalization-based education. Digital transformation is a form of technological development that affects all aspects of human life and shapes the characteristics of today's generation. Changes in the world of technology have caused the educational world of prospective Catholic teachers to adapt in terms of models, strategies, methods, place and time in managing the educational process. Therefore, digital transformation literacy is the driving force that changes the face of the education model for Catholic teacher candidates in the 4.0 era. A systematic literature review is a way to examine the problems of Quo Vadis' education model for Catholic teacher candidates in the industrial era 4.0. De facto educational institutions for prospective Catholic teachers must be technology literate in educating generation 4.0 students. The education of this generation is inseparable from the influence of the development of the world of technology in educating prospective Catholic teachers to face educational challenges. Catholic religious education is challenged to change the way of teaching and learning in preparing prospective digital generations of Catholic teachers. Creative and innovative, the educational model for prospective Catholic teachers is directed at building an atmosphere of freedom of learning that utilizes digital media as an epistemological attitude of repentance and self-change to be able to carry out a learning process that cannot be separated from the digital world.

Harm Reduction as Pedagogical Praxis

In this essay, I bring together two spaces—street needle exchange and the university classroom—to explore harm reduction as an epistemological model that can be adapted pedagogically in our rhetoric, communications, and composition classes. I first identify capitalism in the classroom as an insistence on mastery and the relentless call to know, acquire, and achieve. I then offer harm reduction, a public health practice that rejects these iterations of capitalism, to instead ask how we might meet students where they are and how we might forego the rewards of telos for the discomfort of process and mess. I’ll argue in this piece that reducing the harms of capitalist-based writing and knowledge requires considered attention to the ways we are lured toward production (what we might even call “deliverables”). I explore the epistemological nodes of harm reduction—its emphasis on temporality and its privileging of process—as methods for teaching writing, rhetoric, and communications while also offering a pedagogical case study along the way.

Beneath the skin: method and perception in Hippocratic medicine

AbstractThis paper examines some neglected aspects of Hippocratic medicine, drawing special attention to certain methodological questions concerning the role of sense perception in the acquisition of medical knowledge. I argue that there is greater epistemological uniformity among the texts of the Hippocratic Corpus than is sometimes assumed. I provide a careful reading of seemingly inconsistent Hippocratic treatises in the light of a plausible and coherent epistemological model. The impression that we are dealing with different, indeed inconsistent, epistemological views can be explained away by the specific dialectical contexts of each work and their historical background. Most importantly, a proper justification of this model will require us to delve into the epistemological foundations of Hippocratic medicine.

Trust in E-government Practices: A Platform Perspective of a Postal Service Organisation

Abstract. E-government continues to gather research momentum from academics of diverse theoretical and practical orientations to signify the enduring significance of the concept, especially from the standpoint of digital service delivery in much of the developing world. A platformisation perspective driven by digital service delivery is teased out to make a case for this study. Dwelling on the fundamental assumptions of a positivistic research philosophy with the UTAUT epistemological model as the guiding frame to solicit responses of students in an online environment, the study employs quantitative techniques to analyse eight hypothetical scenarios. Findings suggest trust in e-government, Internet trust, social influence and performance expectancy are some of the strong predictors of intention to use e-government services. The study discusses the revelation that citizens are particularly influenced by peer pressure in their intention to use public digital services. Theoretical implications and empirical lessons of the factors that should be of significant consideration to system designers and policy makers in e-government practice have been accounted for. Future research can take the direction of qualitative efforts to bring out the underlying rationale and tensions connected with digital service acceptance in e-government practice. Keywords: Digital Service, E-government, Emerging Economies, Platformisation, Trust

Контуры религиозно-эпистемологической парадигмы современного католицизма

In the article, the author seeks to outline the epistemological guidelines in Catholicism which emerged as the result of the adaptation of the paradigm of religious knowledge to contemporary thought after Vatican II, as well as identify the attempts to solve the related theological problems in official statements and documents. While Catholic religious knowledge is consistently based on Revelation and the postulate of the existence of absolute Truth, its contemporary epistemology is marked by a strong historical-anthropological focus. The communication of the truths of faith requires explicative effort that conforms to the demands of a human person, the present situation of culture and science, and the socio-historical context of the life of the Church. Therefore, there is a growing need for a relevant study of the world and man in relation to the mystery of God. This function is entrusted to theology to be carried out within an interdisciplinary and ecumenical discourse. A special partnership is established with philosophy, based on recognition of its autonomous cognitive competences which may enrich theological knowledge. The awareness of theology’s scientific nature and mission has resulted in a desire for critical independence of theology within the Church. At the same time, the conceptual and methodological adjustments raise the problem of dogmatic relativism. The way to solve the problem is in an informal treatment of the concept of ecclesiasticism that may ensure the freedom of theological reflection while keeping a profound connection to ecclesiological reality, as well as in building balanced communication between different authoritative sources. The article demonstrates the existing tendency to diversify the magisterial authority of the hierarchy by reinforcing other verification criteria and instances. The observed possibility for forming a multipolar epistemological model within a hierarchical structure is significant for justifying the consistency of theology as a discursive discipline without compromising its ecclesiastical-religious essence.

Эпистемологическая модель И.Ф. Гербарта и ее влияние на возникновение неокантианской теоретико-познавательной программы

The theoretical heritage of J.F. Herbart is still an underinvestigated page in the history of world philosophical thought. The epistemological component of his works has not been the object of close attention until now, and the appeal to Herbart’s texts was carried out mainly in the context of Herbertarian pedagogy. The article is devoted to the epistemological model of Herbart and its influence on the formation of the neo-Kantian program of philosophy at the end of the 19th century. It is suggested that Herbart anticipated neo-Kantian attempts to sci­entize philosophy by proposing modeling as a method of constructing a philo­sophical theory: Herbart’s program was based on the mathematical method and consistent deterministic construction. The article also emphasizes that Herbart’s concept provided a reliable basis for the central problems of neo-Kantian thought: discussions about extensive and intensive quantities, their measurabil­ity, infinitesimal magnitude, mechanistic theory of perception, the requirement to translate philosophical concepts into the language of mathematics as a source of verification of the entire theory. Herbart identified a significant array of factual material, concentrated around the mechanics of cognition, and demonstrated a new for his time way of working with a text, the analysis of which was based not on a reference to the “historical” Kant, his vision or language, but modeling and the corresponding redefinition of the basic provisions of the entire system. Even though neo-Kantians criticized Herbart’s conclusions, his mathematical psychology became an essential consolidating factor for the emergence of the Marburg school.

IN SEARCH OF THE MOON

This article deals with varieties of epistemological methods in calculating days of lunar calendar (hijri), mainly on the beginning date of months. Examining different methods in Indonesian Islamic-scape, it argues that there are three epistemological models which are rooted at Islamic classical epistemologies; the ahl al-hadith (textualist), the ahl al-ra‎y (contextualist), and the intuitive sufi. The ahl al-hadith emphasizes on the empirical rukyatul-hilal (witnessing the moon), whereas the ahl al-ra’y strongly concerns on the mathematically rational method. The sufi, not so popular in Indonesia but influential in some sufi circles, deploys the intuitive kashf (uncovering) method. In some cases, these three are however intertwined and in contradiction one to another. The article futher argues that different method-in-use is strongly influenced the local spesificties of diverse Indonesian Muslim’s backgrounds, and groupings.

IN SEARCH OF THE MOON

This article deals with varieties of epistemological methods in calculating days of lunar calendar (hijri), mainly on the beginning date of months. Examining different methods in Indonesian Islamic-scape, it argues that there are three epistemological models which are rooted at Islamic classical epistemologies; the ahl al-hadith (textualist), the ahl al-ra‎y (contextualist), and the intuitive sufi. The ahl al-hadith emphasizes on the empirical rukyatul-hilal (witnessing the moon), whereas the ahl al-ra’y strongly concerns on the mathematically rational method. The sufi, not so popular in Indonesia but influential in some sufi circles, deploys the intuitive kashf (uncovering) method. In some cases, these three are however intertwined and in contradiction one to another. The article futher argues that different method-in-use is strongly influenced the local spesificties of diverse Indonesian Muslim’s backgrounds, and groupings.

Scientific evidence of the homeopathic epistemological model

Homeopathy is based on principles and a system of knowledge different from the ones supporting the conventional biomedical model: this epistemological conflict is the underlying reason explaining why it is so difficult to accept by present-day scientific reason. To legitimize homeopathy according to the standards of the latter, research must confirm the validity of its basic assumptions: principle of therapeutic similitude, trials of medicines on healthy individuals, individualized prescriptions and use of high dilutions. Correspondingly, basic research must supply experimental data and models to substantiate these principles of homeopathy, whilst clinical trials aim at confirming the efficacy and effectiveness of homeopathy in the treatment of disease. This article discusses the epistemological model of homeopathy relating its basic assumptions with data resulting from different fields of modern experimental research and supporting its therapeutic use on the outcomes of available clinical trials. In this regard, the principle of individualization of treatment is the sine qua non condition to make therapeutic similitude operative and consequently for homeopathic treatment to exhibit clinical efficacy and effectiveness.

On Epistemology in Archaeology: Critique of the Text “Archaeological excavation from Epistemological Perspective” by Marko Porčić

The paper is the reaction to the contribution by Marko Porčić in this volume of Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology, presenting his views on the epistemological character and status of excavation in the archaeological process of knowledge acquisition. Here it is argued that the analysis of Porčić is simplified, non-consequential and founded upon the outdated concepts of epistemological analysis of science, which takes into account only the internal disciplinary epistemology and sharply divides theory from practice, thus considerably lowering the potential for research of archaeological epistemology. Discussing a research field, especially a humanistic one such as archaeology, exclusively in the light of its own categories and concepts and ways of thinking inevitably leads to massive reduction in understanding of knowledge production. If the ideal of so-called hard sciences, followed by Porčić, was a severe detachment of objects from subjects, supposedly leading to guaranteed neutrality (objectivity) of knowledge – the first half of the 20th century ideal, today abandoned in many respects even in hard sciences themselves – the constitutive element in humanistic disciplines is (auto)reflexivity and interactivity of researchers in respect to “other people and their work”, and therefore a completely different role of “subject” and their surroundings. Following his internalist approach, Porčić attempts to approach the epistemic structure of archaeology and its modes of knowledge building from the point of view of the so-called (by the author himself) general epistemological model, according to which a research starts by shaping a previous statement (hypothesis), followed by testing and final verification of a new knowledge. Attempting to preserve the “neutrality” of epistemological analysis, Porčić does not take into account the fact that every knowledge, including the scientific one, is historically and culturally conditioned; this fact, which is the foundation of every consideration of knowledge and ways of its production, particularly apparent in humanistic disciplines, is also present in the epistemology of hard sciences, to which Porčić refers. His perseverance to remain strictly in the domain of “theory” and complete neglect of the role of practice in the process of knowledge acquisition is expressed in a string of completely false statements, such as e.g. (theoretical) redundancy of archaeological excavations, or finitude (limitedness) of archaeological inquiry, reached upon by simple syllogistic exercises, often starting by erroneous or tautological premises. Perhaps the most eloquent illustration of the inadequacy of the so-called general epistemological model for archaeology is the neglect of preventive archaeology – today amounting to more than 90% of all archaeological fieldwork in Europe. However, Porčić practically denies all epistemological value to this work, persevering in the extremely reductive view of archaeology, and at the same time neglecting important epistemological perspectives of the discipline.

What is at stake in ‘the Practice as Research initiative’?

This article begins with a brief history of the emergence of Practice as Research (PaR) noting diferent terminology in diferent contexts and marking misapprehensions and misunderstanding arising from a range of standpoints amongst the individuals and institutions involved. It proceeds to lay out adjustments required in making the shift from “practitioner” to “practitioner-researcher” in the context of contemporary HEIs. Sketching some key changes over the past century which have led to a strong advocacy of embodied cognition in recent years, the article sets out a multi-mode approach in an epistemological model for PaR. he model embraces varying modes of knowing: know what; know how; know that. It is the convergence of evidence adduced by diferent modes of research which contributes to the rigour of the overall approach.

Isoprophylaxis is neither homeoprophylaxis nor homeopathic immunization, but isopathic immunization unsupported by the homeopathic epistemological model: A response to Golden

Homeopathy might be employed for the prevention of epidemic diseases (homeoprophylaxis) provided remedies are selected on an individual basis in compliance with the ‘principle of symptom-based similitude’ and according to the totality of symptoms peculiar to a given epidemic (remedy of the ‘epidemic genius’ or ‘genus epidemicus), as countless examples in the literature show. The use of nosodes for the prevention of epidemic diseases (isoprophylaxis), i.e., selected based on the ‘principle of etiological identity’ with full neglect of symptom-based individualization and pathogenetic trials, is not supported by the homeopathic epistemological model. As long as there are no reliable scientific evidences attesting to its efficacy and safety, ‘isopathic immunization’ might not be indicated as a regular replacement of classical immunization, as it would mean a transgression of the bioethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. Although many homeopathic practitioners systematically indicate that practice, it is condemned by homeopathic institutions worldwide. In this article, I elaborate on epistemological, ethical and scientific features of these disparate approaches to prophylaxis, which I had summarily addressed in a previous review.

Epistemologi Tasawuf Hamzah Fansuri dalam Kitab Sharb Al-Ashîqîn

The highest knowledge of the Sufis is ma'rifah which is obtained through disciplinary practice, through riyadhah and mujahada which are here referred to as Sufi epistemology. These paths are cultivated in a disciplined, methodological and objective manner so as to enable the Sufis to compile their treatises in a standard manner. As one of the most famous scholars in the archipelago, Hamzah Fansuri in the book Sharb Al-Ashiqĭn also compiled standard treatises regarding this Sufi path. Through this philosophical analysis, Hamzah Fansuri's model of Sufism epistemology is explained. The results of this study indicate that to reach the state of knowledge, a person must take spiritual steps, be under the guidance of a teacher, lead a simple life and always put their trust in Allah SWT.

Pulverized Regions of Time

The central drama of Western art history has, quietly or loudly, been form’s confrontation with the human. This is a relational pursuit, one variously exploited since Pliny, spun out in the wake of the First Commandment. Today, global sickness and political incompetence have devastated communities everywhere. Less significantly, the pandemic has rendered much physical art inaccessible, or differently accessible. Museums and classrooms are shuttered, performances cancelled, lectures migrated online. It is wearisome to remind us of this. The discipline’s conventional dancings around dusty objects seem even more frivolous and escapist than before. And one of Enlightenment art history’s preferred epistemological models – distancing – has become nothing less than a bodily mandate, a condition of estrangement. It is as if Brecht has come home to roost. But in some sense, the pandemic has unexpectedly defamiliarised – indeed verfremdet – art history from both its sites and its purported authority over form. Confronted with actual distance, art-thinkings of certain traditional stripes, say, connoisseurship (always a personal knowledge), have been made strange. They are forced to question the cool certainties they offered about past objects, once their cherished examinees are really locked away, sequestered here in the present: half-visible, unsocial, furloughed. But ‘theory’ is hardly immune: would-be scholars are withstanding a different kind of closeness. Trained as custodians of alterity, art historians now find themselves, mask on, facing an invisibility they cannot scrutinise from afar.

The downgrading of pain sufferers\u2019 credibility

BackgroundThe evaluation of pain remains one of the most difficult challenges that healthcare practitioners face. Chronic pain appears to affect more than 35% of the population in the West, and indeed, pain is the most common reason patients seek medical care. Despite its ubiquity, studies in the last decades reveal that many patients feel their pain is dismissed by healthcare practitioners and that, as a result, they are denied proper medical care. Buchman, Ho, and Goldberg (J Bioethic Inq 14:31-42, 2017) point to this phenomenon as a form of “epistemic injustice”: an unfair and harmful downgrading of credibility affecting some individuals and groups, which prevents them from receiving appropriate and beneficial medical care.MethodsBy exploring the existing literature on this downgrading of patients’ credibility written by healthcare professionals and scholars in medical humanities, I identify and examine the reasons patients are often not believed about their pain and why healthcare is too-often unhelpful or hurtful to people presenting with chronic pain. I also explore to what extent it is possible to forge an alternative epistemological model.ResultsI suggest that most of the causes of this downgrading of patient’s credibility result from either the difficulty in communicating pain or the widespread belief that pathology is always the result of objective tissue damage. I examine whether pain has to be effectively communicated and have an objective cause in order for it to be deemed credible. In the end, I argue that in the case of pain, both communication and objectivity are highly problematic.ConclusionsI conclude by suggesting that, although alternative epistemological models might be impossible to build, believing patients has both moral and clinical benefits, and this warrants further research.

Гносеологическая сущность производственного процесса как объекта проектирования

Aim of the work. The main aim of the analysis is to search for approaches to building an exhaustive epistemological model of the production process as a set of connections to be disclosed and implemented in the automated production, which is a complex anthropotechnical cyberphysical system.
 Research methods. Digitalization of production inherently involves the solution of three major tasks: digitalizing communications, forming digital models of various objects, developing digital “tools” for decision support. Solving these tasks requires understanding of the deep essence and laws of such a complex system as a production process. This allows looking at the production process as a single interconnected structure (system) of its elements, where ignoring them often leads to a significant decrease in the quality of the design and technological decisions taken and, as a consequence, unjustified costs of various types of resources or non-fulfilment of the set requirements for the manufactured products (item). The interdependence of the objects of the production process allows speaking about the production process connections.
 Research results and novelty. To ensure the quality of the design and technological decisions taken during the production process digitalization, the former is represented as a system of links that have an “elementary” level of generalization in form and the maximum level of generalization in content. This allows representing the production process as a meaningful set of transition functions to be implemented.
 Findings. For the purposes of analyzing and building digital production, as a most complex anthropotechnical cyber-physical system, it is advisable to represent the production process in the form of a system of connections, while it should be considered that:
 1. The manufactured product in the general case is a combination of three types of relations: dimensional, substantial and economic.
 2. To ensure the item connections, a production process must be implemented, which in the general case represents a system of five types of connections: dimensional, informational, temporary, substantial and economic ones.
 3. The interdependence of the links between the item and the production process is revealed through the transition functions, which are heterogeneous and indefinite. In addition, when creating a production process and automating it, designers have to face two major challenges: the choice of relations and their organization. Both are fraught with great engineering difficulties.
 4. Representing the production process and the finished product in the category of connections is an important epistemological aspect of modelling and understanding the process itself, which allows highlighting and concentrating efforts on its important and essential aspects. At the early stages of design all this already helps to reduce possible errors arising from an incomplete and / or inappropriate representation of the nature and features of this process and, as a consequence, is a certain guarantee of achieving the gradual goal while reducing the necessary costs.

Ivan Turgenev als Netzwerker: Digitale Kuratierung seiner europäischen, insbesondere deutschen literarischen Kontakte (am Beispiel seines Briefwechsels vom Juni 1868 bis Mai 1869)

The Russian writer Ivan Sergeevič Turgenev (1818–83), who lived in Western Europe (Germany, England, and France) during the second half of his life, is considered the most important mediator between Russia and Europe in the nineteenth century due to his wide and intensive contacts in East and West. The paper aims to trace Turgenev’s literary and cultural contacts using the epistemological model of the net and current methods of analyzing social networks on a quantitative and qualitative level. In concrete terms, Turgenev’s postal relations from a single year (from June 1868 to May 1869) are presented and evaluated in tabular form and as GEPHI graphs. Beyond the purely quantitative network visualization and viewing, the attempt is made to provide a cultural weighting of the exchange, especially of Turgenev’s German contacts. The network-specific weighting of these contacts results in a different emphasis than usual in Turgenev research, which focuses on Turgenev’s contacts with important German writers. The qualitative analysis carried out on the basis of the visualization shows that Turgenev’s contacts with literary celebrities such as Theodor Storm, Berthold Auerbach, and Paul Heyse proved to be weak ties. In contrast, his relationship with the little-known literary figure Ludwig Pietsch deserves to be called a strong tie. Turgenev’s position and agency in the network can be described with Burt as a “broker” attitude.