Entrepreneurial Intention Model Research Articles

A chip off the old block? The role of dominance and parental entrepreneurship for entrepreneurial intention

The major aim of this article is to investigate the effect of individual dominance and entrepreneurial family background on entrepreneurial intentions (EI). By linking the EI model with social learning theory and the framework of the theory of planned behaviour, endogenous as well as exogenous factors for becoming an entrepreneur are considered simultaneously. Dominance (striving for autonomy and power) is conceptually connected with established antecedents of EI. By taking into account entrepreneurial family background, occurrence of social support (i.e. subjective norms) and effects of role modelling from childhood on competence beliefs (i.e. perceived behavioural control and dominance) are studied. Based on a sample comprising 3342 students from Austria and Liechtenstein, of whom at least one of the parents was self-employed, structural equation modelling confirms subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, and dominance as antecedents of EI. In line with previous entrepreneurship research but contrary to Ajzen’s initial model, attitudes towards entrepreneurship mediated this relationship, whereas entrepreneurial family background leads to higher scores in EI and its antecedents.

Entrepreneurial intentions amongst Master of Business students in efficiency-driven economies: South Africa and Poland

The purpose of this research was to determine the relevance of the constructs of the Liñán and Chen (2009) Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire for Master of Business students in two efficiency-driven economies, and to test the empirical validity of an entrepreneurial intention model. After the number of factors and the related items of each had been determined by exploratory factor analysis (EFA), a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to verify the factor structure and to enable testing of the hypotheses regarding the existence of relationships between observed variables and their underlying latent constructs. The CFA confirmed the entrepreneurial intention (EI), personal attitude (PA), perceived behavioural control (PBC), entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE), social valuation (SV), closer valuation (CV) and entrepreneurial Competence (EC) variables as a preliminary step for the structural equation model (SEM) analysis. The comparative fi t index and the root means square error of approximation (RMSEA) indicated that the proposed model had an acceptable fi t. The model parameters of all the components of the model were then determined to test the hypotheses relating to the model. Significant relationships between personal attitude and entrepreneurial intention and perceived behavioural control and entrepreneurial intention were proven. No other significant relationships between variables were identified.

Context, gender and entrepreneurial intentions

PurposeThis paper aims to explore how gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions (EI) change when entrepreneurship education (EE) is added to the force field of macro-social stimulants and inhibitors of female EI in the particular context of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a pre-post survey with entrepreneurship students and students with a similar profile enrolled in other courses (N = 246) at three universities. The three main hypotheses are evaluated through independent-samples t-tests and a hierarchical multiple regression analysis.FindingsThe findings indicate a negative effect of gender stereotypes on female students’ EI in the UAE, regardless of the course type. Furthermore, entrepreneurship courses appear to be more successful than other courses in raising the EI of students in general and female students in particular. Finally, adding EE to the equation of macro-social inhibitors and stimulants of female EI in the UAE seems to tip the balance in favor of the influence of economic affluence, rapid modernization and proactive governmental policies to stimulate the entrepreneurial spirit among female residents. That is, at the end of the entrepreneurship courses, there was no significant gender difference in EI anymore and female students are significantly more likely to experience a positive change in EI than male students.Research limitations/implicationsThe literature review identifies the need for future studies to evaluate the impact of variability in sampling and methods among previous studies on gender effects in EE. Building on the findings, future studies could identify which aspects of EE are pivotal for customizing female students’ specific local interests and needs. The study is limited in the sense that the data set did not enable tests of moderators at the course level (which mostly requires more qualitative data) and individual level. In addition, the sample is not representative for all female residents in the UAE at large.Practical implicationsThis study might stimulate (UAE) policymakers to increase the scope and quality of EE. In turn, university administrators are recommended to find ways to compensate the self-selection effect (overcome likely opt-out by female students) when entrepreneurship courses are elective.Originality/valueThis exploration was inspired by the strong emphasis that Julie Weeks put on the gendered impact of macro-level factors in business enabling environments (Weeks, 2011). The empirical analysis builds on a conceptual framework that integrates Krueger’s model of EI, theory on gender stereotypes in entrepreneurship and previous literature on the role of EE (reinforcing or mitigating stereotypes). The study is executed in the relatively unexplored context of the UAE, which offers strong macro-social inhibitors for ánd stimulants of female entrepreneurship.

A Model for Entrepreneurial Intention in University Students of Mexico

Background: Universities have shown to directly influence entrepreneurial activity in students [4-6], since they are concerned for the students to develop their entrepreneurial spirit [1-3], promoting Entrepreneurial Intention in University Students (EIUS). Objective: Therefore, the objective of this research is to determine a model of entrepreneurial intention of Mexican university students (EIUS), performing a multiple regression analysis, by the method of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), on a sample of 538, with 4 independent variables (Personal and social features, innovative features, performance features and creativity) to determine the influence on the EIUS. Results and Conclusion: The results indicate that the four variables proposed in the model are relevant to explain the level of the EIUS, without problems of multicollinearity and discarding the presence of heteroskedasticity with the Breusch-Pagan test; and with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normal distribution test it is determined that the predictor variable of the model does not require more independent variables; the contribution made with this research is of explanatory type, offering an elucidation of the empirical observations that characterize the university system in which the study was conducted.

The mediating role of entrepreneur education in the relationship between entrepreneur career and entrepreneurial self-efficacy

The purpose of the study is to examine the role of entrepreneur education in the relationshipbetween entrepreneur career and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. The study serves as substantiationfor the previous entrepreneurial career studies and promotes better understanding of factors promptingthe antecedents to entrepreneurial behavior. There is a need for more empirical research in this aspectbecause reviewed literature highlighted a number of problems associated with entrepreneurial educationand entrepreneurial career in many nations’ world over and particular the developing countries. Thestudy used survey-based method and SEM-PLS is employed to achieve the research objectives of thestudy. The data is collected from the manufacturing firms in Pakistan.The empirical evidence on the associationbetween entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career withmoderating effect of SEN will strengthened previously established models such as the entrepreneurial intentionmodel, which is modification in the theory of planned behavior and entrepreneurial event theory,both of which are linked to the theory of reasoned action. It is assumed that human actions are reasoned,controlled and planned. Thus, action is possible for the consequences of the reflected behavior. The findingsare in line with the proposed hypothesized results.The study could offer valuable insights into thestage of entrepreneurial education for a range of stakeholders in Pakistan at particular and the world atlarge. Perhaps it is among the earliest studies of this kind in Pakistan that examined the effects of entrepreneurialeducation on students’ attitude toward entrepreneurial career. The outcomes from this studywould be of beneficial for variety of interested parties including academicians, policymakers, learninginstitutions, supervisory bodies and the public in general.

The Application of Entrepreneurial Intention Model in Examining the Factors that Influence Small Scale Entrepreneurs to Become More Successful: The Malaysian Experience

The Application of Entrepreneurial Intention Model in Examining the Factors that Influence Small Scale Entrepreneurs to Become More Successful: The Malaysian Experience

ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS: GEM BASED EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ON THE NORTHERN EUROPE AND ASIAN COUNTRIES

The requirement to contextualize research in the field of entrepreneurship has converted into the main theme from the last two decades. Therefore, this study bridges the gap by analyzing the relationship between the entrepreneurial activity in northern Europe and the Asian region countries in perspective of an individuals’ perception skills, attitudes, and the subjective norms. Based on our research, we propose a new conceptual framework to analyze EI in the context of entrepreneurship by using the theory of planned behavior (TBP) and the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). We empirically examine the influence of key developmental differences on the entrepreneurial intentions (EI) model with structural equation modeling (SEM). In the studied GEM countries, our findings affirm the applicability of the EI model across countries confirming that entrepreneurial activities are the key drivers of economic growth. The findings also recommend that the progression from perception to intent is modified across the 23 European and Asian countries, though there exist several cultural differences to the extent of casual effects also including the differences of influential factors. This study contributes to the debate on entrepreneurship by analyzing key factors influencing the EI model and extends our understanding of entrepreneurship.

A Model of Entrepreneurial Intention Through Behavioral Approaches

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of entrepreneurial attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control on entrepreneurial intentions both directly and indirectly and to know the differences in entrepreneurial intentions in terms of gender, regional origin, and scientific fields. The research method used was explanatory survey method. The population was 19,919 students with a sample size of 377 respondents. The research sample taken from the UPI student population consisted of 13 sections, faculties and regional campuses. Data collection used a questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. Data processing techniques used descriptive analysis and path analysis. The results showed that entrepreneurial attitudes and control behaviour had a significant positive effect on entrepreneurial intentions. Perceived behaviour control had the greatest influence on entrepreneurial intentions. There was no difference in intention of entrepreneurship from the aspect of gender, as well as students who come from villages and cities, however there were differences in entrepreneurial intentions from the scientific aspects between science and humanities majors. Suggestions from the results of this study were lecturers and educators should maintain an entrepreneurial attitude by increasing indicators of interest in business opportunities.

Entrepreneurial Intentions and Economic Crisis

Economic crisis may inhibit the individual's intention to start a business. Yet, its study in entrepreneurship literature is overlooked. This observation does not come as a surprise, if one looks at how the role of environment has been slowly left out from the study of entrepreneurial intention. This article informs the current models of entrepreneurial intention by bringing back the role of environment and is a first step towards theorizing about the applicability of these predictive models under extremely adverse economic conditions. Using a fact-based approach and drawing upon a dataset of 618 graduates in Greece, the paper explores the role of perceived crisis both as an antecedent and a moderator in an extended model of entrepreneurial intention. Social support is introduced in the model as an additional determinant of entrepreneurial intention. Findings regarding the antecedent effects show that crisis affects all antecedents of intention, apart from attitude, while findings regarding the moderating effects show that crisis moderates only the desirability constructs - intention relationship and it does so in a rather unexpected way. Research and practical implications are discussed.

Entrepreneurial Intentions: Gem Based Emipirical Analysis on the Northern Europe and Asian Countries

Abstract The requirement to contextualize research in the field of entrepreneurship has converted into the main theme from the last two decades. Therefore, this study bridges the gap by analyzing the relationship between the entrepreneurial activity in northern Europe and the Asian region countries in perspective of an individuals’ perception skills, attitudes, and the subjective norms. Based on our research, we propose a new conceptual framework to analyze EI in the context of entrepreneurship by using the theory of planned behavior (TBP) and the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). We empirically examine the influence of key developmental differences on the entrepreneurial intentions (EI) model with structural equation modeling (SEM). In the studied GEM countries, our findings affirm the applicability of the EI model across countries confirming that entrepreneurial activities are the key drivers of economic growth. The findings also recommend that the progression from perception to intent is modified across the 23 European and Asian countries, though there exist several cultural differences to the extent of casual effects also including the differences of influential factors. This study contributes to the debate on entrepreneurship by analyzing key factors influencing the EI model and extends our understanding of entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurial intentions

PurposeThis study aims to inculcate personality traits in theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and analyze mediation of perceived behavior control (PBC) and attitude toward entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachData were collected with the help of a structured questionnaire from students at four universities located in capital city of Pakistan. SmartPLS has been used to run structural equation modeling technique.FindingsFindings of PLS analysis revealed that the relationship between entrepreneurial intentions (EI) and personality traits was mediated by PBC and attitude toward entrepreneurship.Originality/valueThis study contributes toward the understanding of EI of students in Pakistan – a developing economy. More specifically, it sheds light on the vitality of personality traits in determining the antecedents of EI. Leaning on TPB and intention models, the study incorporated personality traits to unveil a unique and testable multidimensional model of EI, which supports the notion that external factors such as personality characteristics can indirectly affect EI. This research also supports the incorporation of personality traits in TPB and suggests that these socio cognitive theories should concede the indirect effect of personality on intention and behavior.

Entrepreneurs as rulers? Insights from the relationship between social dominance orientation and entrepreneurial intention

AbstractCan individuals’ preference for social hierarchies and inequality affect their intention to pursue entrepreneurship? We surveyed university students in two countries and discovered that the answer may be context‐dependent. Findings suggest that the respondents’ views toward hierarchy and group‐based dominance in society, as indicated by social dominance orientation‐dominance (SDO‐D), is related to their Entrepreneurial Intentions (EI) for starting for‐profit companies. Perceived behavioral control (PBC) mediated the relationship between SDO‐D and EI, implying that higher SDO‐D influences people to think more positively about their own capabilities which in turn leads to higher EIs. These general patterns held in the U.S. sample. However, in South Korea's hierarchical society, respondents’ SDO‐D had little effect on EI as SDO‐D did not significantly affect PBC. Our findings suggest that individuals' SDO is an important and overlooked personality trait that may offer additional insights when added to models of EI.

Review of Classical Intention-Based Entrepreneurial Models and Construction of Framework from Combined Perspectives of Entrepreneurial Motivation and Cognition

An extraordinary proliferation of entrepreneurship education programs has been underway in recent years. One of the key purposes of entrepreneurship education is to foster entrepreneurial intention. So how to predict and interpret the process of entrepreneurial intention becomes a dominant topic in academia. Under related entrepreneurial and psychological theories, reasoning and reviewing related classical entrepreneurial intention models, this paper analyzes the influencing factors and interacting effects, and proposed a path-model of entrepreneurial intentions from combined perspectives of entrepreneurial motivation and cognition, in order to reveal the underlying psychological mechanism of entrepreneurial intention. The paper hopes to have added richness to ongoing further researches among academics and discusses among educators and policy-makers regarding the importance of entrepreneurial intention in entrepreneurial education.

Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intention of Business Students: Case Study of VNU University of Economics and Business:

This paper presents results of a research on determinants of entrepreneurial intention among business students. VNU – University of Economics and Business is chosen for survey location. 250 questionnaires were emailed to business students at VNU – UEB, and then 226 responses were valid for further analysis. Findings from this research show that knowledge and experience, attitude toward entrepreneurship and perceived behavior control are three most important factors that influence the entrepreneurial intention.
 Keyword
 Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial intention, business students
 References
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Innovation Capacity and Entrepreneurial Intention: The Moderating Effects of Entrepreneurial Atmosphere

There is natural relationship between innovative ability and entrepreneurial intentions (EI). Surprisingly, very little attention has been given to this important issue in previous literatures. Combining innovator’s DNA model with social cognitive theory, this paper collects 1263 samples to test the complex link between innovative capacity (operationalized as IC) and EI of potential entrepreneur. In addition, the effects of perceived entrepreneurial atmosphere (EA) on EI are examined. The results show that innovation capacity significantly affects EI, and perceived entrepreneurial desirability (ED) and feasibility (EF) mediates this relationship significantly. EA has direct effect on EI and indirectly changes the effect of IC through moderating the relationship between EF and EI. For robust test, we substitute dependent variable EI with entrepreneurial behavior and repeat the process above. The core results remain unchanged. The difference here is that actual entrepreneurial practice is not affected by attractiveness of start-up, innovator’s confidence to succeed in it is more important. This research confirms the necessary link between innovative capacity and EI, and substantially improves theexplaining efficacy of classical EI models based on personality traits. Our findings indicate that policymakers need to pay more attention to training and improving potential entrepreneurs’ innovative ability and create social atmosphere more suitable for innovators entering the process of starting a new venture. Through increasing attractiveness and the simplicity to be an entrepreneur, government can motivate innovators to be more willing to start a business and also help them succeed at ease.

Enhancing Social Entrepreneurial Intentions through Entrepreneurial Creativity: A Comparative Study Between Taiwan and Hong Kong

Attention toward social entrepreneurship has increased worldwide, particularly within younger generations. Based on the identified model of social entrepreneurial intentions, this study proposed a multiple mediation framework to examine the mediating role of entrepreneurial creativity for university students. It also compared the differences between Taiwanese (N = 311) and Hong Kong students (N = 311). Through a survey using both online and offline channels, the results of Study 1 confirmed the factor structures of the 3 scales, involving 5 antecedents of social entrepreneurial intention (i.e., empathy, moral obligation, self-efficacy, perceived social support, and prior experience with social problems), 2 factors of entrepreneurial creativity (i.e., originality and usefulness), and 2 factors of social entrepreneurial intention (i.e. conviction and preparation). The results of Study 2 supported the proposed multiple mediation model across regions. Prior experience with social problems, perceived social support, and originality were identified as the 3 most influential factors affecting the social entrepreneurial intentions of university students. The major differences between Taiwan and Hong Kong involved prior experience, empathy, self-efficacy, perceived social support, and usefulness.

Precursory effects on entrepreneurial behaviour in the agri-food industry

PurposePromoting entrepreneurship within agri-food sectors in developing countries can be a viable strategy towards economic development. Predicting which factors will foster entrepreneurial behaviour is somewhat complex. Specifically, a deeper understanding of precursory effects on entrepreneurial behaviour is required to enhance entrepreneurship in the agri-food sectors. This paper aims to explore what predicts the entrepreneurial decisions in the dairy industry of Pakistan.Design/methodology/approachThe research used an integrative framework built on the entrepreneurial event model and determinants of entrepreneurial intention. Using a partial least square approach to structural equation model estimation, this study tested a conceptual model and its hypotheses based on 174 cases sampled from Pakistan’s dairy industry.FindingsThe research showed that intention is a strong predictor to start entrepreneurial activities in the Pakistani dairy industry. Amongst precursory factors, perceived feasibility, readiness and conviction were found strongly linked to intention when explaining the causes of entrepreneurial start-ups. Surprisingly, the impact of attitude and triggering event was not significant in explaining the phenomenon under investigation.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that training and education programmes can enhance critical perceptions such as desirability, feasibility and conviction among farmers to become entrepreneur. For this purpose, government should establish dairy incubation centres in different cities and transform agricultural extension department to help farmers understand market-oriented dairy farming businesses and build their capacity in farm entrepreneurship.Originality/valueThis research attempted to shed light on fostering entrepreneurship in the context of agri-food sectors in developing countries such as Pakistan’s dairy industry.

The Guidance of College Students’ Entrepreneurship—A Case Study of 4 Colleges and Universities in Shandong Province

On the basis of constructing the model of entrepreneurial guidance perception and entrepreneurial intention, this paper investigated the 984 students of four different types of colleges and universities in Shandong province, and used PLS structural equation model analysis to verify the perception of students' entrepreneurial guidance on the attitude of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intentions. The results showed that the students' perception of the content and quality of the entrepreneurial guidance information has positively influenced the attitude and intention of entrepreneurship, but there are different significant among the four different types of colleges and universities. Therefore, universities should be based on their own actual situation of their students to develop entrepreneurial guidance policy.

Socially oriented entrepreneurial goals and intentions: the role of values and knowledge

Despite the notion that entrepreneurial intentions and opportunities are at the core of entrepreneurship, only limited attention has been paid to intention formation in social entrepreneurship. The goal of this paper is to examine which factors shape social entrepreneurial goals and socially-oriented entrepreneurial intentions. Moreover, we compare factors that drive both socially-oriented and general entrepreneurial intentions. Our results suggest that socially-oriented entrepreneurial intentions are driven by work values and knowledge that differ from those driving general entrepreneurial intentions, hence implying a need to include entrepreneurial opportunities in entrepreneurial intention models. The findings contribute to the entrepreneurship literature by providing empirical evidence about the differences in key drivers between socially-oriented entrepreneurial intentions and general entrepreneurial intentions.

Influence of the university environment in the entrepreneurial intention in public and private universities

This study analyses the entrepreneurial intention (EI) in different higher education institutional environments – public and private universities. To achieve the objectives, an EI model adapted from Krueger et al. (2000) was used, which is known as Entrepreneurial Intention Classical Model. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire applied in three public universities and three private universities in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Through comparative analysis and employing the Difference-in-Differences econometric method, it was seen that the results are in accordance with part of previous studies which pointed out that private university students have higher entrepreneurial intentions. However, the results also revealed that private university students already had higher EI before starting their graduation courses. Therefore, there is no evidence of difference of the influence of public and private university environments in EI, or in its underlying factors (that form EI), except for the factor that expresses the desire to learn about entrepreneurship.