Complementarity Model Research Articles

Impact of climate change on Taiwanese power market determined using linear complementarity model

The increase in the greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere causes significant changes in climate patterns. In turn, this climate change affects the environment, ecology, and human behavior. The emission of greenhouse gases from the power industry has been analyzed in many studies. However, the impact of climate change on the electricity market has received less attention. Hence, the purpose of this research is to determine the impact of climate change on the electricity market, and a case study involving the Taiwanese power market is conducted. First, the impact of climate change on temperature is estimated. Next, because electricity demand can be expressed as a function of temperature, the temperature elasticity of demand is measured. Then, a linear complementarity model is formulated to simulate the Taiwanese power market and climate change scenarios are discussed. Therefore, this paper establishes a simulation framework for calculating the impact of climate change on electricity demand change. In addition, the impact of climate change on the Taiwanese market is examined and presented.

The Practice of Integration with Postmodern Therapies: Exploring the Use of Ingram's (1995) Model with Emotionally Focused Therapy

Christians who counsel utilize many models to integrate psychology and theology (Enwistle, 2004; Johnson & Jones, 2010). Indeed, the literature on integration reveals four key areas of focus: the development of frameworks for theoretical integration (e.g., Farnsworth 1982; Ingram, 1995), identifying and discussing relevant theological themes that apply to the work of therapy (e.g., Anderson & Guernsey, 1985; Beck & Demarest, 2005), presenting and evaluating secular counseling theory (Tan, 2011; Yarhouse & Sells, 2009), and the practice of integration in the therapy room (e.g., Eck, 2002; McMinn & Campbell, 2007). One dimension of the practice of integration that remains unexplored is how specific models of Christian integration may be applied with reference to specific therapeutic approaches. This article seeks to address this gap by engaging Ingram's (1995) model of theological integration to examine Emotionally-Focused Couple's Therapy (EFCT). Ingram's Model of Theological reflection Rychlak (1993) argued for a model of complementarity in the field of psychology based on four upon which theories of psychology are derived: Physikos (non-biotic universe), Bios (biology), Socius (social conditions), and Logos (realm of meaning-making). Ingram (1995) expanded on this model in two significant ways: by adding a fifth ground, Theos (realm of spirituality), and by allowing for interaction between groundings. Ingram thus proposed a multiple ground interactive three-dimensional model (see Figure 1) which avoids the problems of linearity and conceptual dependence inherent in hierarchical models. This interactive model also avoids the problem of reductionism that results when a counseling theory is viewed through a single lens: i.e., Physikos, Bios, Socius, Logos, or Theos. By setting Theos apart from the other grounds Ingram reinforces that, for the Christian therapist, Theos does not merely provide one of a palette of worldviews but is that which stands apart from and grounds all things. In this way Theos both gives meaning to and critiques the other grounds. Ingram's proposal highlights an important but sometimes overlooked consideration in the work of theological integration. Namely, while the greatest level of conflict or difference between Christian and secular worldviews tends to be encountered at the level of the Logos (i.e. constructed meanings) there is frequent agreement with respect to the observed phenomena of life (Physikos, Bios). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Emotionally-Focused Couple's Therapy Emotionally-Focused Couple's Therapy (EFCT) has a strong research base (Denton, Burleson, Clark, Rodriquez, & Hobbs, 2000; Johnson & Lebow, 2000) and is capable of helping couples resolve primary attachment emotions activated as a result of life-cycle transitions (Dankoski, 2001); a chronically ill family member (Cloutier, Manion, Walker, & Johnson, 2002; Kowal, Johnson, & Lee, 2003; McLean et al., 2008); experiences of trauma (Johnson & Williams-Keeler, 1998; MacIntosh & Johnson, 2008); resolving attachment injuries in couples (Makinen & Johnson, 2006); and an emotionally withdrawn male spouse (Johnson & Talitman, 1997). The literature indicates that the creation of an emotionally safe relationship through increased empathy, a softening of blame, and an increased emotional awareness on the part of an emotionally unavailable partner, has value that lasts well beyond the end of therapy (Dandeneau & Johnson, 1994; Greenberg, James, & Conry, 1988; Johnson & Talitman, 1997; Johnson & Williams-Keeler, 1998). References to EFCT in the pastoral and Christian marital counseling literature highlight the importance of working with attachment in couples' therapy (Morris, 2002), providing a mechanism by which couples can learn to trust and foster mutual empathy and supportive stances with one another (Bailey, 2002), and examining the fit between EFCT and conservative Christians (Mutter, Ande, & Hugo, 2010). …

Reflections on simultaneous impact

Resolving simultaneous impacts is an open and significant problem in collision response modeling. Existing algorithms in this domain fail to fulfill at least one of five physical desiderata. To address this we present a simple generalized impact model motivated by both the successes and pitfalls of two popular approaches: pair-wise propagation and linear complementarity models. Our algorithm is the first to satisfy all identified desiderata, including simultaneously guaranteeing symmetry preservation, kinetic energy conservation, and allowing break-away. Furthermore, we address the associated problem of inelastic collapse, proposing a complementary generalized restitution model that eliminates this source of nontermination. We then consider the application of our models to the synchronous time-integration of large-scale assemblies of impacting rigid bodies. To enable such simulations we formulate a consistent frictional impact model that continues to satisfy the desiderata. Finally, we validate our proposed algorithm by correctly capturing the observed characteristics of physical experiments including the phenomenon of extended patterns in vertically oscillated granular materials.

Reflections on simultaneous impact

Resolving simultaneous impacts is an open and significant problem in collision response modeling. Existing algorithms in this domain fail to fulfill at least one of five physical desiderata. To address this we present a simple generalized impact model motivated by both the successes and pitfalls of two popular approaches: pair-wise propagation and linear complementarity models. Our algorithm is the first to satisfy all identified desiderata, including simultaneously guaranteeing symmetry preservation, kinetic energy conservation, and allowing break-away. Furthermore, we address the associated problem of inelastic collapse, proposing a complementary generalized restitution model that eliminates this source of nontermination. We then consider the application of our models to the synchronous time-integration of large-scale assemblies of impacting rigid bodies. To enable such simulations we formulate a consistent frictional impact model that continues to satisfy the desiderata. Finally, we validate our proposed algorithm by correctly capturing the observed characteristics of physical experiments including the phenomenon of extended patterns in vertically oscillated granular materials.

The Steric Hypothesis for DNA Replication and Fluorine Hydrogen Bonding Revisited in Light of Structural Data

In DNA, bases pair in a molecular interaction that is both highly predictable and exquisitely specific. Therefore researchers have generally believed that the insertion of the matching nucleotide opposite a template base by DNA polymerases (pols) required Watson-Crick (W-C) hydrogen bond formation. However pioneering work by Kool and co-workers using hydrophobic base analogs such as the thymine (T) isostere 2,4-difluorotoluene (F) showed that shape rather than H-bonding served as the primary source of specificity in DNA replication by certain pols. This steric hypothesis for DNA replication has gained popularity, perhaps discouraging further experimental studies to address potential limitations of this new idea. The idea that shape trumps H-bonding in terms of pol selectivity largely hinges on the belief that fluorine is a poor H-bond acceptor. However, the shape complementarity model was embraced in the absence of any detailed structural data for match (F:A) and mismatch pairs (F:G, F:C, F:T) in DNA duplexes or at active sites of pols. Although the F and T nucleosides are roughly isosteric, it is unclear whether F:A and T:A pairs exhibit similar geometries. If the F:A pair is devoid of H-bonding, it will be notably wider than a T:A pair. Because shape and size and H-bonding are intimately related, it may not be possible to separate these two properties. Thus the geometries of an isolated F:A pair in water may differ considerably from an F:A pair embedded in a stretch of duplex DNA, at the tight active site of an A-family replicative pol, or within the spacious active site of a Y-family translesion pol. The shape complementarity model may have more significance for pol accuracy than efficiency: this model appears to be most relevant for replicative pols that use specific residues to probe the identity of the nascent base pair from the minor groove side. However, researchers have not fully considered the importance of such interactions that include H-bonds compared with W-C H-bonds in terms of pol fidelity and the shape complementarity model. This Account revisits the steric hypothesis for DNA replication in light of recent structural data and discusses the role of fluorine as an H-bond acceptor. Over the last 5 years, crystal structures have emerged for nucleic acid duplexes with F paired opposite to natural bases or located at the active sites of DNA pols. These data permit a more nuanced understanding of the role of shape in DNA replication and the capacity of fluorine to form H-bonds. These studies and additional research involving RNA or other fluorine-containing nucleoside analogs within duplexes indicate that fluorine engages in H-bonding in many cases. Although T and F are isosteric at the nucleoside level, replacement of a natural base by F in pairs often changes their shapes and sizes, and dF in DNA behaves differently from rF in RNA. Similarly, the pairing geometries observed for F and T opposite dATP, dGTP, dTTP, or dCTP and their H-bonding patterns at the active site of a replicative pol differ considerably.

Inverse Parametric Quadratic Programming and an Application to Hybrid Control

We present the complete solution to the inverse parametric quadratic programming problem: from a given continuous piecewise affine function we construct both the constraints and objective function of a parametric quadratic program, such that the supplied function is the unique parametric minimizer for the constructed problem data. In contrast to past approaches to this problem, our method does not rely on prior knowledge of the constraint set or sufficient sampling of the optimizer function, and is guaranteed to solve the inverse optimization problem exactly if a solution exists. We then apply this inverse optimization technique to the control of piecewise affine systems. By recasting the hybrid system dynamics as the parametric solution to a quadratic program obtained from our inverse optimization technique, we derive an equivalent linear complementarity model via the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions of the identified optimization problem. This approach allows one to solve an optimal control problem for a piecewise affine system by solving a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints. Simulation results suggest that the computational effort required to solve such problems can be significantly smaller than that required for conventional mixed-integer quadratic programming approaches for systems with piecewise affine dynamics. We demonstrate via two numerical examples that globally optimal points can be identified using this approach.

Extended cognition and fixed properties: steps to a third-wave version of extended cognition

This paper explores several paths a distinctive third wave of extended cognition might take. In so doing, I address a couple of shortcomings of first- and second-wave extended cognition associated with a tendency to conceive of the properties of internal and external processes as fixed and non-interchangeable. First, in the domain of cognitive transformation, I argue that a problematic tendency of the complementarity model is that it presupposes that socio-cultural resources augment but do not significantly transform the brain’s representational capacities during diachronic development. In this paper I show that there is available a much more dynamical explanation—one taking the processes of the brain’s enculturation into patterned practices as transforming the brain’s representational capacities. Second, in the domain of cognitive assembly, I argue that another problematic tendency is an individualistic notion of cognitive agency, since it overlooks the active contribution of socio-cultural practices in the assembly process of extended cognitive systems. In contrast to an individualistic notion of cognitive agency, I explore the idea that it is possible to decentralize cognitive agency to include socio-cultural practices.

A linear complementarity model for multibody systems with frictional unilateral and bilateral constraints

The Lagrange-I equations and measure differential equations for multibody systems with unilateral and bilateral constraints are constructed. For bilateral constraints, frictional forces and their impulses contain the products of the filled-in relay function induced by Coulomb friction and the absolute values of normal constraint reactions. With the time-stepping impulse-velocity scheme, the measure differential equations are discretized. The equations of horizontal linear complementarity problems (HLCPs), which are used to compute the impulses, are constructed by decomposing the absolute function and the filled-in relay function. These HLCP equations degenerate into equations of LCPs for frictional unilateral constraints, or HLCPs for frictional bilateral constraints. Finally, a numerical simulation for multibody systems with both unilateral and bilateral constraints is presented.

Computation of Steady-State Oscillations in Power Converters Through Complementarity

Computation of periodic steady state in nonlinear circuits is a key issue. Power electronics converters represent an interesting class of switched nonlinear circuits. The behavior of the converter is obtained by the commutations of the electronic devices which determine the switchings among the different converter modes. Switchings can be classified as external, if forced by directly manipulable control variables, and internal if determined by state dependent conditions. The presence of internal switchings makes it difficult to know a priori the sequence of modes and also open loop steady-state behaviors are difficult to be obtained. In this paper the complementarity modeling framework is proposed as a possible approach for computing periodic steady-state oscillations in power converters with internal switchings. It is shown how linear complementarity systems can be used to model the behavior of a wide class of power converters. The discretization of such model allows to formulate a static complementarity problem whose solution provides the steady-state oscillation of the converter. It is proved that the backward zero-order-hold technique preserves passivity through the discretization and allows to determine the unique solution of the complementarity problem. A resonant converter and a dc/dc voltage-mode controlled buck converter are used as examples.

Analysis of biomass co-firing systems in Taiwan power markets using linear complementarity models

Biomass co-firing systems in power plants generate electric power by the simultaneous combustion of biomass and fossil fuels. The co-firing process reduces investment costs by converting biomass energy into electricity in existing conventional power plants. Biomass co-firing significantly reduces carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide emissions in power generation. To meet the increase in biomass demand, this paper has considered systematic energy crop production, which is expected to increase in the near future. Our aim is to analyze biomass co-firing systems in the Taiwanese electricity market. In this paper, we study two emerging biomass feedstocks: switchgrass and Miscanthus. We focus on the impact of energy crop co-firing on carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide emissions for electricity generation. A Nash–Cournot competition model, which simulates potential biomass co-firing scenarios, is formulated for power markets. A case study conducted in the Taiwanese electricity market showed that biomass co-firing lowers total electricity demand and sale. Miscanthus is more economical than switchgrass in terms of the production cost and the land required to generate biopower for the same levels of biomass co-firing.

Occurrence of extra‐pair paternity is connected to social male's MHC‐variability in the scarlet rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus

Genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) represent an essential component of the vertebrate acquired immune system. In the last decades, the role of MHC genes in mate choice has been subject of particular scientific interest. However, results of studies dealing with this topic in different species are equivocal and mechanisms conducting MHC‐based mate choice are still puzzling. We investigated the impact of MHC class I variability on within‐pair and extra‐pair fertilisation success in a wild population of a socially monogamous passerine bird with considerable rates of extra‐pair paternity, the scarlet rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus. We found some support for the ‘good‐genes‐as‐heterozygosity model’, as social males of high MHC‐heterozygosity were cheated by their females less frequently than less MHC‐heterozygous males. However, cuckolding males were not more MHC‐heterozygous than the cheated social males, nor were extra‐pair young more MHC‐heterozygous than within‐pair young. We did not find any evidence for mating preferences according to the complementarity model.

The World Gas Model

Abstract We provide the description, mathematical formulation and illustrative results of the World Gas Model, a multi-period complementarity model for the global natural gas market with explicit consideration of market power in the upstream market. Market players include producers, traders, pipeline and storage operators, LNG (liquefied natural gas) liquefiers and regasifiers as well as marketers. The model data set contains more than 80 countries and regions and covers 98% of world wide natural gas production and consumption. We also include a detailed representation of cross-border natural gas pipelines and constraints imposed by long-term contracts in the LNG market. The model is calibrated to match production and consumption projections from the PRIMES [EC. European energy and transport: trends to 2030–update 2007. Brussels: European Commission; 2008] and POLES models [EC. World energy technology outlook – 2050 (WETO-H2). Brussels: European Commission; 2006] up to 2030. The results of our numerical simulations illustrate how the supply shares of pipeline and LNG in various regions in the world develop very differently over time. LNG will continue to play a major role in the Asian market, also for new importers like China and India. Europe will expand its pipeline import capacities benefiting from its relative proximity to major gas suppliers.

Pricing American options with uncertain volatility through stochastic linear complementarity models

We consider the problem of pricing American options with uncertain volatility and propose two deterministic formulations based on the expected value method and the expected residual minimization method for a stochastic complementarity problem. We give sufficient conditions that ensure the existence of a solution of those deterministic formulations. Furthermore we show numerical results and discuss the usefulness of the proposed approach.

Long-Run Equilibrium Modeling of Emissions Allowance Allocation Systems in Electric Power Markets

Carbon dioxide allowance trading systems for electricity generators are in place in the European Union and in several U.S. states. An important question in the design of such systems is how allowances are to be initially allocated: by auction, by giving away fixed amounts (grandfathering), or by allocating based on present or recent output, investment, or other decisions. The latter system can bias investment, operations, and product pricing decisions and increase costs relative to the other systems. A nonlinear complementarity model is proposed for investigating the long-run equilibria that would result under alternative systems for power markets characterized by time-varying demand and multiple technology types. Existence of equilibria is shown under mild conditions. Solutions for simple systems show that allocating allowances to new capacity based on fuel use or generator type can yield large distortions in capacity investment, invert the operating order of power plants, and inflate consumer costs. The distortions can be smaller for tighter CO2 restrictions and are somewhat mitigated if there is also a market for electricity capacity or minimum-run restrictions on coal plants. Distortions are also less if allowances are allocated to plants in proportion to sales rather than capacity.

The World Gas Model: A Multi-Period Mixed Complementarity Model for the Global Natural Gas Market

We provide the description and illustrative results of the World Gas Model, a multi-period complementarity model for the global natural gas market. Market players include producers, traders, pipeline and storage operators, LNG liquefiers and regasifiers as well as marketers. The model data set contains more than 80 countries and regions and covers 98% of world wide natural gas production and consumption. We also include a detailed representation of cross-border natural gas pipelines and constraints imposed by long-term contracts in the LNG market. The Base Case results of our numerical simulations show that the rush for LNG observed in the past years will not be sustained throughout 2030 and that Europe will continue to rely on pipeline gas for a large share of its imports and consumption.

Analysis of the World Market for Steam Coal Using a Complementarity Model

With its resource availability and the prospect of climate friendly technology, coal continues to play an important role in the global energy sector. We develop a complementarity model of the international market for steam coal. We want to analyze the level of competition in this market which is strategic for the importers’ security of energy supply. In a spatial equilibrium framework, we assume the steam coal exporters to maximize their prots by choosing the optimal quantity to sell to each importing country. We compare two possible scenarios: perfect competition and Cournot competition. The results, especially the price levels, indicate that the Cournot model is not realistic, suggesting that the producing countries do not exert market power. However, the trade ows and prices observed in reality suggests that there

A New Perspective for Modeling Power Electronics Converters: Complementarity Framework

The switching behavior of power converters with ldquoidealrdquo electronic devices (EDs) makes it difficult to define a switched model that describes the dynamics of the converter in all possible operating conditions, i.e., a ldquocompleterdquo model. Indeed, simplifying assumptions on the sequences of modes are usually adopted, also in order to obtain averaged models and discrete-time maps. In this paper, we show how the complementarity framework can be used to represent complete switched models of a wide class of power converters, with EDs having characteristics represented by piecewise-affine (even complicated) relations. The model equations can be written in an easy and compact way without the enumeration of all converter modes, eventually formalizing the procedure to an algorithm. The complementarity model can be used to perform transient simulations and time-domain analysis. Mathematical tools coming from nonlinear programming allow to simulate numerically the transient behavior of even complex power converters. Also rigorous time-domain analysis is possible without excluding pathological situations like, for instance, inconsistent initial conditions and simultaneous switchings. Basic converter topologies are used as examples to show the construction procedure for the complementarity models and their usefulness for simulating the dynamic evolution also for nontrivial operating conditions.

Solving Over-production and Supply-guarantee Problems in Economic Equilibria

The classical Spatial Price Equilibrium of economic markets may result in over-production at supply markets and under-supply at demand markets. This paper considers the policy instruments of levying taxes at supply markets to avoid over-production and granting subsidy for traders to guarantee supply at demand markets. The decision process of determining appropriate rates of tax and subsidy is characterized by an implicit complementarity problem. Consequently, a direct type algorithm is applied to solve the complementarity model. Preliminary numerical results are also reported.

A complementarity model for the European natural gas market

In this paper, we present a detailed and comprehensive complementarity model for computing market equilibrium values in the European natural gas system. Market players include producers and their marketing arms which we call “traders”, pipeline and storage operators, marketers, LNG liquefiers, regasifiers, tankers, and three end-use consumption sectors. The economic behavior of producers, traders, pipeline and storage operators, liquefiers and regasifiers is modeled via optimization problems whose Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions in combination with market-clearing conditions form the complementarity system. The LNG tankers, marketers and consumption sectors are modeled implicitly via appropriate cost functions, aggregate demand curves, and ex post calculations, respectively. The model is run on several case studies that highlight its capabilities, including a simulation of a disruption of Russian supplies via Ukraine.

A link-node complementarity model and solution algorithm for dynamic user equilibria with exact flow propagations

In this paper, we propose a link-node complementarity model for the basic deterministic dynamic user equilibrium (DUE) problem with single-user-class and fixed demands. The model complements link-path formulations that have been widely studied for dynamic user equilibria. Under various dynamic network constraints, especially the exact flow propagation constraints, we show that the continuous-time dynamic user equilibrium problem can be formulated as an infinite dimensional mixed complementarity model. The continuous-time model can be further discretized as a finite dimensional non-linear complementarity problem (NCP). The proposed discrete-time model captures the exact flow propagation constraints that were usually approximated in previous studies. By associating link inflow at the beginning of a time interval to travel times at the end of the interval, the resulting discrete-time model is predictive rather than reactive. The solution existence and compactness condition for the proposed model is established under mild assumptions. The model is solved by an iterative algorithm with a relaxed NCP solved at each iteration. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the proposed model and solution approach. We particularly show why predictive DUE is preferable to reactive DUE from an algorithmic perspective.