Body Shape Model Research Articles

人体モデルを用いた乳房の３次元形状の分析と分類

The purpose of this research is to analyze Japanese women's breast shape based on body surface data described by a three-dimensional (3-D) human body shape model with a bi-cubic B-spline structure and to classify them. The data used for analysis were forty-nine 3-D control points selected from the right breast area on the model surface for each of 556 Japanese women aged 19 through 63 years. We examined the covariance matrix of the data using the principal component analysis method after normalization of their 3-D coordinates with the bust width for reducing the size factor. As a result, we obtained four principal components, which described 77% of breast shape. Then Japanese women's breast shape was classified into five classes in the principal component space using the first, second, third and forth-principal component scores. They could cover 92% of Japanese women's breasts. Therefore, we tried to analyze breast shape by clustering in order to classify all the breasts. For the cluster analysis we prepared two kinds of data; (1) principal component scores and (2) the normalized scores (μ=0, σ=1) of (1). With the clustering (1) and (2) we obtained four classes and five classes, respectively. Properties and advantages of the three kinds of classifications were also discussed. The classification of the principal component space is based on standard deviations of principal component scores, and therefore the resultant classes do not have clear boundaries. The classification according to the cluster analysis (1) can reflect the actual distribution of breast shape. In contrast the clustering (2) gives classification reflecting more principal components and tending to generate more classes than the clustering (1).

A Numerical Study of Worker Exposure to a Gaseous Contaminant: Variations on Body Shape and Scalar Transport Model

Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to investigate the distribution and level of contaminant concentrations in the true breathing zone (at the nose and mouth) when toxic airborne contaminants are released within an arm's length in front of the worker who has his back to the airflow. The effects of different body shapes on fluid flow and concentration patterns around the body in a wind tunnel were evaluated and clarified that a sharp body or a block may not be a good surrogate for the human form in consideration of occupational and environmental health studies. The comparison of the concentration field calculated with the Eulerian and Lagrangian methods revealed that the Eulerian method has a more diffusive nature than the Lagrangian method. The concentrations at different locations were also compared to determine the optimum sampling location. It was found that the concentration at the breathing zone may be significantly different from the one at the chest area. The influence of the heat flux from the body was studied at two different Reynolds numbers. Predictions indicate that the heat flux may have a significant impact on exposure especially when the convection induced by buoyancy dominates the flow.

Assessment of sociocultural influences on the body shape model in adolescent males with anorexia nervosa

Objective To produce a questionnaire for the assessment of sociocultural influences on the male body shape model; to study the role of sociocultural influences in the development of anorexia nervosa in adolescent males; to compare the results obtained with those from a similar study conducted in adolescent females. Method The CIMEC (Questionnaire on Influences on Body Shape Model), validated in girls, was adapted to create the CIMEC-V, a version for the male population. The CIMEC-V was administered to 34 adolescent males with anorexia nervosa attending consecutively at an eating disorders unit and the EAT-26 to 26 of them. Both questionnaires were administered to 240 male subjects from the general population. Anthropometric measurements were also recorded for all subjects. Results The CIMEC-V correlated significantly with the EAT-26 (p<0.001), but not with BMI. The 17 items that yielded significant differences between patients and controls were used to produce the CIMEC-V-17. The factor analysis identified four factors; Influence of advertising and information accounted for most of the variance. The questionnaire's internal consistency was 0.80–0.88. There were major differences in the results obtained by these male populations and the corresponding female populations. Discussion CIMEC-V and CIMEC-V-17 appear to be useful for the study of sociocultural influences on the body shape model in normal adolescent males and in those with eating disorders. In anorexic boys, the influence of conversations, magazine articles and advertisements may be greater than in anorexic girls. Anorexic boys present a contradiction: a desire for thinness on the one hand and for a muscular build on the other. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.

重回帰モデルによるブラジャー着装シミュレーションとその評価

This paper proposes a method of simulating breast shape modification by wearing a brassiere. For this purpose a three-dimensional (3D) human body shape model developed by one of the authors is used. The model is made of a bi-cubic B-spline surface and its control points can describe a woman's trunk shape by fitting it to plenty of her body surface points. Corresponding control points among models have the same meaning in the sense that they form the same region on the different women's body surfaces. This feature enables us to compare and analyze a local body shape using a subset of control points selected appropriately. Forty-nine control points were determined to analyze breast shape of any woman. One hundred forty-two Japanese women aged 20's to 50's (brassiere size ranged from A70 to E70) were measured by means of an optical range finder before and after putting on a brassiere. We also categorized softness of their breasts into three classes; soft, medial, and stiff. The multiple regression analysis established the relationship between the position of the control points on the models before and while wearing a brassiere using softness as a parameter. The best regression function was chosen among prepared 15 ones for each coordinate of every control points and was applied to simulation of brassiere-wearing breast figures based on the position of the control points before putting on it. The results showed that it is possible to estimate the body shape when wearing a brassiere. The same was confirmed based on average errors between silhouettes of brassiere-wearing and simulated breasts.

Swimming speed estimation of extinct marine reptiles: energetic approach revisited

Cruising speeds of Mesozoic marine reptiles have been estimated in the past by using a mathematical model of energetic equilibrium during steady swimming. This method suffered from a significant tendency to overestimate speeds of extant cetaceans for no clear reason, which raised questions about the validity of the approach itself. The present study identifies the factors that caused this shortcoming and proposes corrections and some additional modifications. These include the use of more accurate body shape models, updated metabolic rate models, and optimal rather than critical swimming speeds. The amended method successfully approximates published optimal speeds of several extant marine vertebrates, including cetaceans, showing that the basic framework of the energetic approach is valid. With this confirmation, the method was applied to Mesozoic marine reptiles, by assuming three different metabolic rate categories known in extant swimming vertebrates (i.e., average ectothermic, raised ectothermic, and marine endothermic levels). The results support previous inferences about the relative cruising capabilities of Mesozoic marine reptiles (i.e., ichthyosaurs &gt; plesiosaurs &gt; mosasaurs).Stenopterygius, a thunniform ichthyosaur, was probably capable of cruising at a speed at least comparable to those reported for some extant thunniform teleosts with similar diets (~1 m/second).

Body Shape Models in the Apparel Field and Their Application

Body Shape Models in the Apparel Field and Their Application

Weight, Body Image, and Weight Control Practices of Navajo Indians: Findings from the Navajo Health and Nutrition Survey ,

Historically, the Navajo exhibited a low prevalence of overweight, but a number of small studies over the past few decades indicate that the prevalence is increasing. In the population-based Navajo Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in 1991–92, overweight was defined as a body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) at or above the 85th percentile (BMI > 27.8 for men, > 27.3 for women) of the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. One third of men age 20 and 39 and one half of men age 40 and 59, but fewer than 10% of men age 60 and older were overweight. Two thirds or more of women in all age groups were overweight. Nineteen percent of the participants underestimated their weight status (underweight, appropriate, overweight) relative to their BMI category and 17% overestimated their weight status. Women overestimated their weight status more often than men (P < 0.05), and participants age 20–39 overestimated their weight status more often than older participants (P < 0.001). Men and women age 60 and older preferred heavier body shape models as ideals of health more often than younger participants (P < 0.001). Nearly half of the participants, regardless of their weight status, reported that they were trying to lose weight; most reported using diet and exercise. Because overweight is an important risk factor for many chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cancer, primary prevention of overweight and weight management for adults are recommended to prevent an increase in the burden of chronic disease among the Navajo.

Assessment of sociocultural influences on the aesthetic body shape model in anorexia nervosa.

The prevailing aesthetic body shape model in our culture-that of slenderness-plays a leading role in eating disorders. A questionnaire (CIMEC) was prepared in an attempt to measure the influence of the agents and situations that transmit this model. The CIMEC questionnaire was applied to 59 anorectics and 59 normal girls matched by age and social class. Highly significant differences were found between the scores obtained from both groups, showing the patients to have a much greater involvement with the sociocultural agents encouraging weight loss. Factorial analysis of the discriminating items gave rise to 5 factors, each of which also significantly differentiated between anorectics and the normal group. The questionnaire, in two versions, showed satisfactory internal consistency and appropriate sensitivity and specificity and would serve as a sound instrument for screening. It calls into question the causal relationship between anorexia nervosa and sociocultural influences.