Model-independent Parameters Research Articles

Quantitative analysis of the molecular gas morphology in nearby disk galaxies

Abstract We present a quantitative and statistical analysis of the molecular gas morphology in 73 nearby galaxies using high spatial resolution CO (J = 2–1) data obtained from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) by the PHANGS large program. We applied three model-independent parameters: concentration (C), asymmetry (A), and clumpiness (S), which are commonly used to parametrize the optical and infrared morphology of galaxies. We find a clear apparent correlation between A and S, with a Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient of 0.52 with a p-value of $2\times 10^{-6}$. This suggests a higher abundance of molecular clumps (i.e., giant molecular cloud associations) in galaxies that display stronger distortion or biased large-scale molecular gas distribution. In addition, the analysis of the C parameter suggests high central molecular concentration in most barred spiral galaxies investigated in this study. Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between the length of the bar structure ($R_\mathrm{bar}/R_{25}$) and the C parameter, with a Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient of 0.63 with a p-value of $3.8 \times 10^{-5}$, suggesting that a larger bar structure can facilitate overall molecular gas transport and yield a higher central concentration than galaxies with shorter bars. Finally, we offer a possible classification scheme for nearby disk galaxies based on the CAS parameters of molecular gas.

Constrain the Jerk Parameters with DESI 2024 Data

Abstract The deceleration coefficient q and the jerk coefficient j obtained by the Taylor expansion of the scale factor a(t) play an important role in the study of cosmology. The current value of these coefficients for a cosmological model reflects the transition time between the phases dominated by dark energy and matter and can be used to determine if and how much the universe is decelerating. Thus, these coefficient values offer a way of constraining a particular cosmology model. Research based on this scenario was completed by Orlando Luongo and Marco Muccino. However, some approaches in this method should be tested prudently because some conditions such as dd L dz > 0 and dH dz > 0 may not be guaranteed. In this study, we used the MAPAge model to reconstruct the jerk parameters (q 0 and j 0) with DESI 2024 data. Using the MAPAge model ensures particular physical circumstances are satisfied in the approach of determining the jerk parameters. Compared to the previous method, which used the Taylor expansion series q 0, j 0, and s 0 as model-independent parameters, we obtained more physical and slightly different results for the jerk parameters. Our results suggest that the DESI 2024 BAO data set favours different jerk parameters compared to the jerk parameters in the standard ΛCDM model.

Convolution approach to estimate the in vivo behavior of ibuprofen soft gelatin capsules from in vitro release data of USP Apparatus 4

Hypothetical plasma concentration-time profiles of ibuprofen gelatin soft capsules were calculated using data from the USP apparatus IV (flow-through cell method). Four ibuprofen formulations (reference and generic products at 400 and 600 mg) were tested with laminar flow at 16 ml/min in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. Samples were withdrawn at 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes, and dissolved drug levels were measured using UV derivative spectrophotometric analysis. Dissolution curves were compared by calculating model-dependent and model-independent parameters, employing Student’s t-test for statistical analysis (significance set at p < 0.05). The dissolution data were fitted to various mathematical models to explain ibuprofen's in vitro dissolution. Hypothetical plasma concentration-time profiles were also calculated using published pharmacokinetic data from in vivo studies combined with a convolution approach. Validation of results was assessed using prediction error (PE) data for two key pharmacokinetic parameters: peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve from zero to infinity (AUC0-inf), with validity determined by a PE of ≤ 10%. Similar dissolution profiles were identified for the 400 mg formulations (f2 similarity factor), while dissimilarities were noted in other comparisons (f2 < 50, p < 0.05). The Weibull function best described the dissolution rate of the tested formulations. For the 400 mg reference product, PE values for Cmax and AUC0-inf were < 10%. A discriminatory dissolution method is essential for the 600 mg products, and further in vivo testing is necessary to corroborate the findings.

In vitro comparative quality evaluation of different brands of Amlodipine Tablets Commercially available in Jimma Town, South-western Ethiopia.

The incidence of hypertension in persons 25 years of age and older is estimated to be 46% in Africa, where it is still very common. This concerning rate could be explained by the pharmaceutical markets' accessibility to poor quality antihypertensive drugs. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the quality different brands of Amlodipine Tablets Commercially available in Jimma Town, South-western Ethiopia. The quality control test was conducted from August 30, 2019 to February 27, 2020 at Jimma University in the Laboratory of Drug Quality Control (JuLaDQ). The laboratory test was carried out in accordance with WHO inspection guidelines and United States Pharmacopeia. A statistically significant was considered when P<0.05. For further comparison of the in-vitro dissolution profiles of amlodipine tablets, model-independent model-dependent parameters and statistical Dunnetts tests for ensuring bioequivalence were used to further compare the in-vitro dissolution profiles. With the exception of brand AMD-5 (1/10), the remaining nine (n = 9) brands were within WHO visual inspection criteria. The quality control parameters such as friability, weight variation, identity, assay, and dissolution test were within the United States Pharmacopeia. The model independent parameters (f1, and f2) confirmed that, all generic products were bio-equivalence, and interchangeable with comparator product. The model dependent approaches revealed the Weibull model (AMD-10), the Zero order (AMD-3), and the Korsemeyer-Peppas models were the most effective predictions for the release of the pharmaceutical substance from the dosage form. The Korsemeyer-Peppas model (r2 ≥0.9695) was the best descriptive model for determining the amlodipine drug kinetics from the point of view of all brands examined. The evaluated amlodipine brand tablets were in line with quality standards. The model independent methods confirmed that the generic brand tablets were interchangeable in clinical practice. The tested products follow more than two drug release kinetics. The study revealed a manifest discrepancy in the dissolution profiles' releases. Therefore, it is strongly advised to use appropriately designed dissolution profile evaluation methods with various pH values in the dissolution media, as well as to do comprehensive visual inspections. This will make it easier to do a thorough investigation of any potential quality issues that might be related to various generic products available in the pharmaceutical market.

A comprehensive study of five candidate δ Scuti-type pulsators in detached eclipsing binaries

Context. Pulsating stars in eclipsing binaries (EBs) provide an excellent opportunity to obtain precise, model-independent stellar parameters for studying these oscillations in detail. One of the most common classes of pulsators found in such EBs exhibits δ Scuti-type oscillations. Characterising these pulsators using the precise stellar parameters obtained using EB modelling can help us better understand such stars, and provide strong anchors for asteroseismic studies. Aims. We performed a comprehensive photometric and spectroscopic analysis of candidate pulsators in detached EBs, to add to the sample of such systems with accurately determined absolute parameters. Methods. We performed radial velocity and light curve modelling to estimate the absolute stellar parameters, and detailed spectroscopic modelling to obtain the global metallicity and temperatures. Frequency power spectra were obtained using residuals from binary modelling. Finally, we used isochrones to determine the age of the stars, and compared the estimated physical parameters to the theoretically obtained values. Results. We present a detailed analysis of four candidate δ Scuti-type pulsators in EBs, and update the light curve analysis of the previously studied system TIC 308953703. The masses and radii of components are constrained to a high accuracy, which helps us constrain the age of the systems. We perform a Fourier analysis of the observed oscillations, and try to explain their origin. For TIC 81702112, we report tidal effects causing amplitude variation in the oscillation frequencies over the orbital phase.

Modeling and comparison of dissolution profiles for different brands of albendazole boluses

BackgroundAddressing critical veterinary drugs, especially drugs with solubility problems like albendazole, and their implications for therapeutic efficacy, in-vitro dissolution studies can indeed provide valuable insights into how different brands of albendazole boluses perform under standardized conditions, helping to assess their dissolution profiles and potential bioavailability.MethodsSix brands of albendazole 300 mg boluses were collected from December 2020 to May 2021 G.C. The laboratory work was conducted from December 2020 to May 2021 in the National Animal Products and Veterinary Drugs and Feed Quality Assessment Centre (APVD-FQAC) laboratories. The collected brands from government veterinary clinics and private veterinary shops were subjected to model independent and dependent parameters. The dissolution test was conducted according to the USP monograph.ResultsThe study found that none of the six brands met the requirements of the dissolution test, as their API release was less than 80% within the specified 60-minute timeframe according to USP standards. Model independence indicated that only one brand (Alb002 = 3.72) achieved a difference factor of ≤ 15%. The remaining four brands (4/6) did not meet this criterion. However, the similarity factor (f2) revealed that all five brands (5/6) were comparable to the comparator products, with f2 values of \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:\\ge\\:$$\\end{document}50%. The mean dissolution time results confirmed that three brands (3/6) had the highest dissolution rate and the fastest onset of action. The model-dependent kinetics indicated that the Weibull and Korsemeyer-Peppas models were the best fit for the release of drug substances.ConclusionThe study highlights issues with albendazole boluses’ quality, highlighting the need for national in-vitro dissolution studies. These recommendations could improve quality control, streamline regulatory frameworks, and offer practical, cost-effective methods for evaluating drug efficacy and safety, ensuring veterinary pharmaceuticals meet safety and efficacy standards.

Distribution Clearance: Significance and Underlying Mechanisms

PurposeEvaluation of distribution kinetics is a neglected aspect of pharmacokinetics. This study examines the utility of the model-independent parameter whole body distribution clearance (CLD) in this respect.MethodsSince mammillary compartmental models are widely used, CLD was calculated in terms of parameters of this model for 15 drugs. The underlying distribution processes were explored by assessment of relationships to pharmacokinetic parameters and covariates.ResultsThe model-independence of the definition of the parameter CLD allowed a comparison of distributional properties of different drugs and provided physiological insight. Significant changes in CLD were observed as a result of drug-drug interactions, transporter polymorphisms and a diseased state.ConclusionTotal distribution clearance CLD is a useful parameter to evaluate distribution kinetics of drugs. Its estimation as an adjunct to the model-independent parameters clearance and steady-state volume of distribution is advocated.

Image denoising and model-independent parameterization for IVIM MRI

Objective. To improve intravoxel incoherent motion imaging (IVIM) magnetic resonance Imaging quality using a new image denoising technique and model-independent parameterization of the signal versus b-value curve. Approach. IVIM images were acquired for 13 head-and-neck patients prior to radiotherapy. Post-radiotherapy scans were also acquired for five of these patients. Images were denoised prior to parameter fitting using neural blind deconvolution, a method of solving the ill-posed mathematical problem of blind deconvolution using neural networks. The signal decay curve was then quantified in terms of several area under the curve (AUC) parameters. Improvements in image quality were assessed using blind image quality metrics, total variation (TV), and the correlations between parameter changes in parotid glands with radiotherapy dose levels. The validity of blur kernel predictions was assessed by the testing the method's ability to recover artificial ‘pseudokernels’. AUC parameters were compared with monoexponential, biexponential, and triexponential model parameters in terms of their correlations with dose, contrast-to-noise (CNR) around parotid glands, and relative importance via principal component analysis. Main results. Image denoising improved blind image quality metrics, smoothed the signal versus b-value curve, and strengthened correlations between IVIM parameters and dose levels. Image TV was reduced and parameter CNRs generally increased following denoising. AUC parameters were more correlated with dose and had higher relative importance than exponential model parameters. Significance. IVIM parameters have high variability in the literature and perfusion-related parameters are difficult to interpret. Describing the signal versus b-value curve with model-independent parameters like the AUC and preprocessing images with denoising techniques could potentially benefit IVIM image parameterization in terms of reproducibility and functional utility.

Sustainable management of produced water supply chain system: the validation of model-independent parameters for Kuwait oil company case study

ABSTRACT A substantial amount of wastewater is generated during the extraction of oil and gas. Wastewater that is generated as a result of oil and gas extraction activities is known as produced water (PW), and managing PW is one of the greatest challenges faced by the oil and gas industry. Effective management of PW requires an understanding of the complex impact it may have on both oil production and water treatment operations. Here, a numerical model has been applied to a real-world case study, that of Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), to examine the relationships among various input and output factors in PW supply chain management. Specifically, the numerical model is a multi-objective optimisation model for the management of PW supply chains that takes into account economic as well as environmental objectives. A global sensitivity analysis has also been performed to assess the economic and operational factors that can influence the management of PW in KOC. The findings of this study show that the operational costs, treatment costs and environmental impacts can be assessed and used to guide the management of the PW supply chain in KOC.

Quality evaluation of the Azithromycin tablets commonly marketed in Adama, and Modjo towns, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.

Azithromycin is a therapeutically" relevant macrolide antibiotic registered on the Essential Medicines List of the World Health Organization. The fact that medicine is selected as an essential drug doesn't mean that it is of good quality. Hence, a continuous quality evaluation of the drug should be mandated to verify that the right medication is available on the market. To evaluate the quality of Azithromycin Tablets commonly marketed in Adama, and Modjo town, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. All six brands were subjected to in-vitro quality control tests, which were carried out according to procedures described in the manufacturer's method, the United States Pharmacopeia, and the WHO inspection tool. All quality control parameters were compared by one-way ANOVA. Statistically, significant difference was considered when P<0.05. The in-vitro dissolution profiles of the brands were also compared statistically using the post-hoc Dunnett test, model-independent and model-dependent approaches. All of the evaluated brands agreed with WHO visual inspection criteria. All of the tablets achieved the thickness, and diameter test requirements of the manufacturer's specification (±5%). All brands passed the hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration, identity, and assay tests as stipulated by USP. The dissolution rate was more than 80% in 30 minutes, which was within the USP specification. The model-independent parameters have confirmed that only two brands (2/6) were deemed better brands for interchangeability. Weibull and Korsemeyer's Peppas model were the best release models. All of the evaluated brands passed the quality specification. The model dependent approaches revealed that drug release data fit well to the Weibull, and Korsemeyer's Peppas release models. However, the model-independent parameters have confirmed that only two brands were deemed better brands (2/6) for interchangeability. Due to the dynamic nature of low-quality medications, the Ethiopian Food, and Drug Authority should keep an eye on marketed products to guarantee their quality, especially for drugs like azithromycin for which non-bioequivalence data from the study has revealed a clinical concern.

A Dynamic Calibration of Optical Fiber DTS Measurements Using PEST and Reference Thermometers.

Temperature measurements are widely used in structural health monitoring. Optical fiber distributed temperature sensors (DTS) are developed, based on Raman spectroscopy, to measure temperature with relatively high accuracy and short temporal and spatial resolutions. DTS systems provide an extensive number of temperature measurements along the entire length of an optical fiber that can be extended to tens of kilometers. The efficiency of the temperature measurement strongly depends on the calibration of the DTS data. Although DTS systems internally calibrate the data, manual calibration techniques were developed to achieve more accurate results. Manual calibration employs reference sections or points with known temperatures and the DTS scattering data to estimate the calibration parameters and calculate temperature along the optical fiber. In some applications, manual calibration is subjected to some shortages, based on the proposed fiber installation configuration and continuity of calibration. In this article, the manual calibration approach was developed using the model-independent Parameters Estimation (PEST), together with the external temperature sensors as references for the DTS system. The proposed method improved manual calibration in terms of installation configuration, continuity of dynamic calibration, and estimation of the calibration parameters.

Structures and Dynamics of Anionic Lipoprotein Nanodiscs.

Nanolipoprotein particles known as nanodiscs (NDs) have emerged as versatile and powerful tools for the stabilization of membrane proteins permitting a plethora of structural and biophysical studies. Part of their allure is their flexibility to accommodate many types of lipids and precise control of the composition. However, little is known about how variations in lipid composition impact their structures and dynamics. Herein, we investigate how the introduction of the anionic lipid POPG into POPC NDs impacts these features. Small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS) of variable-composition NDs are complemented with molecular dynamics simulations to interrogate how increasing the concern of POPG impacts the ND shape, structure of the lipid core, and the dynamics of the popular membrane scaffold protein, MSP1D1(-). A convenient benefit of including POPG is that it eliminates D2O-induced aggregation observed in pure POPC NDs, permitting studies by SANS at multiple contrasts. SAXS and SANS data could be globally fit to a stacked elliptical cylinder model as well as an extension of the model that accounts for membrane curvature. Fitting to both models supports that the introduction of POPG results in strongly elliptical NDs; however, MD simulations predict the curvature of the membrane, thereby supporting the use of the latter model. Trends in the model-independent parameters suggest that increases in POPG reduce the conformational heterogeneity of the MSP1D1(-), which is in agreement with MD simulations that show that the incorporation of sufficient POPG suppresses disengagement of the N-terminal helix from the lipid core. These studies highlight novel structural changes in NDs in response to an anionic lipid and will inform the interpretation of future structural studies of membrane proteins embedded in NDs of mixed lipid composition.

Model independent approach to the study of f(R) cosmologies with expansion histories close to ΛCDM

We propose a new framework for studying the cosmology of $f(R)$ gravity which completely avoids using the reconstruction programme. This allows us to easily obtain a qualitative feel of how much the $\Lambda$CDM model differs from other $f(R)$ theories of gravity at the level of linear perturbation theory for theories that share the same background dynamics. This is achieved by using the standard model independent cosmographic parameters to develop a new dynamical system formulation of $f(R)$ gravity which is free from the limitation of having to first specify the functional form of $f(R)$. By considering a set of representative trajectories, which are indistinguishable from $\Lambda$CDM, we use purely qualitative arguments to determine the extent to which these models deviate from the standard model by including an analysis of the linear growth rate of density fluctuations and also whether or not they suffer from the Dolgov-Kawasaki instability. We find that if one demands that a late time $f(R)$ cosmology is observationally close to the $\Lambda$CDM model, there is a higher risk that it suffers from a Dolgov-Kawasaki instability. Conversely, the more one tries to construct a physically viable late time $f(R)$ cosmology, the more likely it is observationally different from the $\Lambda$CDM model.

Sound Field Modeling with Bottom Reflective Parameters (P,Q) Based on Parabolic Equation

Acoustical properties of the sea bottom can be described using geoacoustic (GA) models. Most existing propagation models use GA parameters as the bottom properties. It is difficult to obtain GA parameters for a layered bottom because of inter parameter coupling. These problems can be solved by inverting the model-independent reflective parameters P and Q. For a multilayered bottom, a sound field computation model, RamPQ, is developed using the mapping of GA and (P, Q) spaces. The mean square error of the transmission loss in numerical simulations and experimental data for low-frequency sound propagation are employed to validate RamPQ and demonstrate the performance of the model.

Epinephrine delivery via EpiPen\xae Auto-Injector or manual syringe across participants with a wide range of skin-to-muscle distances

BackgroundIntramuscular (IM) injection of epinephrine (adrenaline) at the mid-anterolateral (AL) thigh is the international standard therapy for acute anaphylaxis. Concerns exist regarding implications of epinephrine auto-injector needles not penetrating the muscle in patients with greater skin-to-muscle-distances (STMD).MethodsThis open-label, randomized, crossover study investigated pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following injection of epinephrine in healthy volunteers. Individuals were stratified by maximally compressed STMD (low, < 15 mm; moderate, 15–20 mm; high, > 20 mm). Participants received epinephrine injections via EpiPen® Auto-Injector (EpiPen; 0.3 mg/0.3 mL) or IM syringe (0.3 mg/0.3 mL) at mid-AL thigh or received saline by IM syringe in a randomized order. Eligible participants received a fourth treatment (EpiPen [0.3 mg/0.3 mL] at distal-AL thigh). Model-independent pharmacokinetic parameters and pharmacodynamics were assessed.ResultsThere were numerical trends toward higher peak epinephrine concentrations (0.52 vs 0.35 ng/mL; geometric mean ratio, 1.40; 90% CI 117.6–164.6%) and more rapid exposure (time to peak concentration, 20 vs 50 min) for EpiPen vs IM syringe at mid-AL thigh across STMD groups. Absorption was faster over the first 30 min for EpiPen vs IM syringe (partial area under curve [AUC] over first 30 min: geometric mean ratio, 2.13; 90% CI 159.0–285.0%). Overall exposure based on AUC to the last measurable concentration was similar for EpiPen vs IM syringe (geometric mean ratio, 1.13; 90% CI 98.8–129.8%). Epinephrine pharmacokinetics after EpiPen injection were similar across STMD groups. Treatments were well tolerated.ConclusionsEpinephrine delivery via EpiPen resulted in greater early systemic exposure to epinephrine vs IM syringe as assessed by epinephrine plasma levels. Delivery via EpiPen was consistent across participants with a wide range of STMD, even when the needle may not have penetrated the muscle.Trial registrationsThis trial was registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS-ID: DRKS00011263; secondary ID, EudraCT 2016-000104-29) on 23 March 2017.

Chandra Survey of Nearby Highly Inclined Disk Galaxies. V. Emission Structure and Origin of Galactic Coronae

Abstract The origin of the extended soft X-ray emission around nearby highly inclined disk galaxies (often called the X-ray corona) remains uncertain. The emission could arise from volume-filling hot gas and/or its interaction with cool gas. Morphological properties of the X-ray emission can provide additional information to distinguish these different origins. We define model-independent parameters H 50, H 75, and H 95—vertical scales that enclose 50%, 75%, and 95% of the total flux of the emission, respectively. We study the correlation of these parameters with galaxy properties inferred from infrared observations of a sample of nearby highly inclined disk galaxies with high-quality Chandra data. We find weak negative correlations between H 50 or H 75 and the surface star formation rate (I SFR), and no correlation for H 95. However, we detect strong negative correlations of the vertical concentration of the emission, defined as H 50/H 95 or H 75/H 95, with I SFR. Our findings suggest that the X-ray emission around disk galaxies is likely comprised of two components: the extended, weak emission, characterized by H 95, is influenced by the outflowing hot gas entrained in star formation driven winds, whereas the strong emission close to the disk, which is often rich in cool gas characterized by H 50 or H 75, is largely impacted by cool–hot gas interaction.

ІМІТАЦІЙНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ Й АНАЛІЗ МАТРИЦЬ ПЕРВИННИХ БАЛІВ ПЕДАГОГІЧНОГО ТЕСТУВАННЯ ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ МОВИ R

The article researches methods of imitational modeling of matrixes containing primary grading obtained in educational testing by the means of statistical programming language R. Unique algorithms and functions were developed to allow generating of matrix of the primary grades according to corresponding test of the defined structure. The importance of this approach is defined by several reasons, specifically the needs to: create reference samples; analyze primary grades by means of CTT (Clasic Test Theory) and IRT; predict basic statistical test characteristics; clarify parameters for the calibrated tasks; model independent parameters for the test takers; increase and development educator’s competency. It should be noted that input parameters could be generated or set up manually. Comparable analysis was conducted for created functions against already existing function packages, such as eRm, ltm, mcIRT, as well as statistical analysis of the generated matrixes. This analysis took into consideration the following procedures: verification of hypothesis about compatibility between generated matrixes and set parameters for the testing tasks per criteria; verification of hypothesis about equivalence of average grades in entire matrix according Student criteriа; verification of hypothesis about equality for vectors of correct answers relative frequencies by columns according to Hotteling criteriа; comparison of theoretical characteristic curves with empirical probabilities; comparison of set parameters for task complexity and parameters graded by generated matrixes with consideration of errors in grading. An experimental system of imitational modeling and analysis for testing results was created. Such system combines contemporary methods of IRT and methods of Classical Testing Theory (CTT). It allows generating matrixes of primary testing grades and performing test results analysis; permits computation of basic statistical characteristics of the test, estimation of the latent parameters, construction of characteristic curves and informational functions. The system graphic shell was generated with the help of the package Shiny. The system utilizes modeling and analysis for testing results according to basic IRT models: Rasch, Birnbaum, Suh-Bolt, Rasch-Masters. A performance verification for algorithms and functions implemented into the system has been done by utilizing several noted statistical methods and procedures; and correct execution of these algorithms has been confirmed.

Coherent μ−e conversion at next-to-leading order

We analyze next-to-leading order (NLO) corrections and uncertainties for coherent $\mu-e$ conversion . The analysis is general but numerical results focus on ${}^{27}\textrm{Al}$, which will be used in the Mu2E experiment. We obtain a simple expression for the branching ratio in terms of Wilson coefficients associated with possible physics beyond the Standard Model and a set of model-independent parameters determined solely by Standard Model dynamics. For scalar-mediated conversion, we find that NLO two-nucleon contributions can significantly decrease the branching ratio, potentially reducing the rate by as much as 50%. The pion-nucleon $\sigma$-term and quark masses give the dominant sources of parametric uncertainty in this case. For vector-mediated conversion, the impact of NLO contributions is considerably less severe, while the present theoretical uncertainties are comparable to parametric uncertainties.

Studying W′ boson contributions in decays within general SU(2)1 ⨂ SU(2)2 ⨂ U(1)X models

Recently, the Belle collaboration reported the first measurement of the τ lepton polarization Pτ(D*) in decay and a new measurement of the rate of the branching ratios R(D*), which are consistent with the Standard Model (SM) predictions. These could be used to constrain the New Physics (NP) beyond the SM. In this paper, we probe (ℓ = e, μ, τ) decays in the model-independent way and in the specific G(221) models with lepton flavour universality. Considering the theoretical uncertainties and the experimental errors at the 95% C.L., we obtain the quite strong bounds on the model-independent parameters and the specific G(221) model parameter rates. We find that the constrained NP couplings have no obvious effects on all (differential) branching ratios and their rates, nevertheless, many NP couplings have very large effects on the lepton spin asymmetries of decays and the forward–backward asymmetries of . So we expect precision measurements of these observables would be researched by LHCb and Belle-II.

Searching for cosmological preferred axis using cosmographic approach

Recent released Planck data and other astronomical observations show that the universe may be anisotropic on large scales. This hints a cosmological privileged axis in our anisotropic expanding universe. This paper proceeds a modified redshift in anisotropic cosmological model as $ 1+\tilde{z}(t,\hat{\textbf{p}})=\frac{a(t_{0)}}{a(t)}(1-A(\hat{\textbf{n}}.\hat{\textbf{p}}))$ (where $A$ is the magnitude of anisotropy ,$\hat{\textbf{n}}$ is the direction of privileged axis, and $\hat{\textbf{p}}$ is the direction of each SNe Ia sample to galactic coordinates) along with anisotropic parameter $\delta=\frac{A(\hat{\textbf{n}}.\hat{\textbf{p}})}{1+A(\hat{\textbf{n}}.\hat{\textbf{p}})}$. The luminosity distance is expanded with model-independent cosmographic parameters as a function of modified redshift $\tilde{z}$. As the transformation matrix $M(n\times n)$ is obtained to convert the Taylor series coefficients of isotropic luminosity distance to corresponding anisotropic parameters. These results culminate the magnitude of anisotropy about $\mid A\mid \simeq 10^{-3}$ and the direction of preferred axis as $(l,b)=(297^{-34}_{+34},3^{-28}_{+28})$, which are consistent with other studies in $1-\sigma$ confidence level.