Image Segmentation Model Research Articles

Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation of Urban Scenes via Cross-Modal Distillation

Abstract Semantic image segmentation models typically require extensive pixel-wise annotations, which are costly to obtain and prone to biases. Our work investigates learning semantic segmentation in urban scenes without any manual annotation. We propose a novel method for learning pixel-wise semantic segmentation using raw, uncurated data from vehicle-mounted cameras and LiDAR sensors, thus eliminating the need for manual labeling. Our contributions are as follows. First, we develop a novel approach for cross-modal unsupervised learning of semantic segmentation by leveraging synchronized LiDAR and image data. A crucial element of our method is the integration of an object proposal module that examines the LiDAR point cloud to generate proposals for spatially consistent objects. Second, we demonstrate that these 3D object proposals can be aligned with corresponding images and effectively grouped into semantically meaningful pseudo-classes. Third, we introduce a cross-modal distillation technique that utilizes image data partially annotated with the learnt pseudo-classes to train a transformer-based model for semantic image segmentation. Fourth, we demonstrate further significant improvements of our approach by extending the proposed model using a teacher-student distillation with an exponential moving average and incorporating soft targets from the teacher. We show the generalization capabilities of our method by testing on four different testing datasets (Cityscapes, Dark Zurich, Nighttime Driving, and ACDC) without any fine-tuning. We present an in-depth experimental analysis of the proposed model including results when using another pre-training dataset, per-class and pixel accuracy results, confusion matrices, PCA visualization, k-NN evaluation, ablations of the number of clusters and LiDAR’s density, supervised finetuning as well as additional qualitative results and their analysis.

Posttraining Network Compression for 3D Medical Image Segmentation: Reducing Computational Efforts via Tucker Decomposition.

"Just Accepted" papers have undergone full peer review and have been accepted for publication in Radiology: Artificial Intelligence. This article will undergo copyediting, layout, and proof review before it is published in its final version. Please note that during production of the final copyedited article, errors may be discovered which could affect the content. Purpose To investigate whether the computational effort of 3D CT-based multiorgan segmentation with TotalSegmentator can be reduced via Tucker decomposition-based network compression. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, Tucker decomposition was applied to the convolutional kernels of the TotalSegmentator model, an nnU-Net model trained on a comprehensive CT dataset for automatic segmentation of 117 anatomic structures. The proposed approach reduced the floating-point operations (FLOPs) and memory required during inference, offering an adjustable trade-off between computational efficiency and segmentation quality. This study utilized the publicly available TotalSegmentator dataset containing 1228 segmented CTs and a test subset of 89 CTs, employing various downsampling factors to explore the relationship between model size, inference speed, and segmentation accuracy, evaluated using the Dice score. Results The application of Tucker decomposition to the TotalSegmentator model substantially reduced the model parameters and FLOPs across various compression ratios, with limited loss in segmentation accuracy. Up to 88% of the model's parameters were removed, with no evidence of differences in performance compared with the original model for 113 of 117 classes after fine-tuning. Practical benefits varied across different graphics processing unit architectures, with more distinct speed-ups on less powerful hardware. Conclusion The study demonstrates that posthoc network compression via Tucker decomposition presents a viable strategy for reducing the computational demand of medical image segmentation models without substantially impacting model accuracy. ©RSNA, 2025.

Automatic segmentation model and machine learning model grounded in ultrasound radiomics for distinguishing between low malignant risk and intermediate-high malignant risk of adnexal masses

ObjectiveTo develop an automatic segmentation model to delineate the adnexal masses and construct a machine learning model to differentiate between low malignant risk and intermediate-high malignant risk of adnexal masses based on ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system (O-RADS).MethodsA total of 663 ultrasound images of adnexal mass were collected and divided into two sets according to experienced radiologists: a low malignant risk set (n = 446) and an intermediate-high malignant risk set (n = 217). Deep learning segmentation models were trained and selected to automatically segment adnexal masses. Radiomics features were extracted utilizing a feature analysis system in Pyradiomics. Feature selection was conducted using the Spearman correlation analysis, Mann–Whitney U-test, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. A nomogram integrating radiomic and clinical features using a machine learning model was established and evaluated. The SHapley Additive exPlanations were used for model interpretability and visualization.ResultsThe FCN ResNet101 demonstrated the highest segmentation performance for adnexal masses (Dice similarity coefficient: 89.1%). Support vector machine achieved the best AUC (0.961, 95% CI: 0.925–0.996). The nomogram using the LightGBM algorithm reached the best AUC (0.966, 95% CI: 0.927–1.000). The diagnostic performance of the nomogram was comparable to that of experienced radiologists (p > 0.05) and outperformed that of less-experienced radiologists (p < 0.05). The model significantly improved the diagnostic accuracy of less-experienced radiologists.ConclusionsThe segmentation model serves as a valuable tool for the automated delineation of adnexal lesions. The machine learning model exhibited commendable classification capability and outperformed the diagnostic performance of less-experienced radiologists.Critical relevance statementThe ultrasound radiomics-based machine learning model holds the potential to elevate the professional ability of less-experienced radiologists and can be used to assist in the clinical screening of ovarian cancer.Key PointsWe developed an image segmentation model to automatically delineate adnexal masses.We developed a model to classify adnexal masses based on O-RADS.The machine learning model has achieved commendable classification performance.The machine learning model possesses the capability to enhance the proficiency of less-experienced radiologists.We used SHapley Additive exPlanations to interpret and visualize the model.Graphical

Convolutional neural network (CNN) configuration using a learning automaton model for neonatal brain image segmentation.

CNN is considered an efficient tool in brain image segmentation. However, neonatal brain images require specific methods due to their nature and structural differences from adult brain images. Hence, it is necessary to determine the optimal structure and parameters for these models to achieve the desired results. In this article, an adaptive method for CNN automatic configuration for neonatal brain image segmentation is presented based on the encoder-decoder structure, in which the hyperparameters of this network, i.e., size, length, and width of the filter in each layer along with the type of pooling functions with a reinforcement learning approach and an LA model are determined. These LA models determine the optimal configuration for the CNN model by using DICE and ASD segmentation quality evaluation criteria, so that the segmentation quality can be maximized based on the goal criteria. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been evaluated using a database of infant MRI images and the results have been compared with previous methods. The results show that by using the proposed method, it is possible to segment NBI with higher quality and accuracy.

Tongue-LiteSAM: A Lightweight Model for Tongue Image Segmentation with Zero-Shot

Tongue-LiteSAM: A Lightweight Model for Tongue Image Segmentation with Zero-Shot

From U-Net to Transformer: Progress in the Application of Hybrid Models in Medical Image Segmentation

From U-Net to Transformer: Progress in the Application of Hybrid Models in Medical Image Segmentation

Improved region-based active contour segmentation through divergence and convolution techniques

&lt;p&gt;In this paper, we present a novel approach to improve the robustness of region-based active contour models for image segmentation, particularly in the presence of noise. Traditional active contour methods often struggle with noise sensitivity and intensity variations within the image. To overcome these limitations, we propose an enhanced segmentation model that integrates the average convolution with entropy-based mean gray level values. Our method leverages the local statistical information by introducing a local similarity factor and local region relative entropy to build a robust energy functional. This energy functional balances the intensity differences between neighboring pixels and regions within the local window, while reducing the impact of noise. By incorporating convolution and entropy into the energy formulation, our model distinguishes between the interior and exterior regions of an image more effectively, thus leading to more accurate segmentation results. We demonstrate the numerical implementation of the proposed model, along with its convexity properties, to ensure stability and reliability. The experimental results show that our method significantly improves the segmentation performance, even in challenging scenarios with varying noise levels. This advancement has the potential to improve image analyses in fields such as medical imaging, object detection, and texture classification.&lt;/p&gt;

A variational image segmentation model with intensity correction in the presence of high level multiplicative noise

A variational image segmentation model with intensity correction in the presence of high level multiplicative noise

Attention-based image segmentation and classification model for the preoperative risk stratification of thyroid nodules.

Despite widespread use of standardized classification systems, risk stratification of thyroid nodules is nuanced and often requires diagnostic surgery. Genomic sequencing is available for this dilemma however, costs and access restricts global applicability. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to overcome this issue nevertheless, the need for black-box interpretability is pertinent. We aimed to create an ultrasonographic segmentation and classification model that offers explainability and risk accountability. Four hundred and fourteen ultrasonography images were collected from 105 patients undergoing thyroidectomy, divided into training and testing groups. Classification ground truth used is exclusively surgical histopathology. Relevant nodules were manually annotated by a dedicated study radiologist and surgeon. Three AI architectures with and without block attention modules were trained to identify the relevant nodule and the best performing was selected for the subsequent task in classifying identified nodules into benign or malignant. Gradient-Weighted Class Activation Map is used to provide saliency mapping for visual interpretability. Superior performance was recorded by the block attention model which stratified thyroid nodules into benign versus malignant with an accuracy of 93% versus 90%, F-score 90% versus 89%, sensitivity 93% versus 91% and specificity 92% versus 91% on a training dataset versus a testing dataset respectively. Visual interpretability maps demonstrate salient areas for a benign nodule diagnosis overlaps spongiform areas and malignant diagnosis salient areas overlap solid components of a partially cystic-solid nodule and microcalcifications within nodules. These findings are consistent with established diagnostic criteria for benign and malignant nodules. We developed an image segmentation and classification model for the risk stratification of thyroid nodules benchmarking surgical histopathology as ground truth and providing visual interpretability.

Advancing a Vision Foundation Model for Ming-Style Furniture Image Segmentation: A New Dataset and Method

This paper tackles the challenge of accurately segmenting images of Ming-style furniture, an important aspect of China’s cultural heritage, to aid in its preservation and analysis. Existing vision foundation models, like the segment anything model (SAM), struggle with the complex structures of Ming furniture due to the need for manual prompts and imprecise segmentation outputs. To address these limitations, we introduce two key innovations: the material attribute prompter (MAP), which automatically generates prompts based on the furniture’s material properties, and the structure refinement module (SRM), which enhances segmentation by combining high- and low-level features. Additionally, we present the MF2K dataset, which includes 2073 images annotated with pixel-level masks across eight materials and environments. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the segmentation accuracy, outperforming state-of-the-art models in terms of the mean intersection over union (mIoU). Ablation studies highlight the contributions of the MAP and SRM to both the performance and computational efficiency. This work offers a powerful automated solution for segmenting intricate furniture structures, facilitating digital preservation and in-depth analysis of Ming-style furniture.

Material Visual Perception and Discharging Robot Control for Baijiu Fermented Grains in Underground Tank.

Addressing the issue of excessive manual intervention in discharging fermented grains from underground tanks in traditional brewing technology, this paper proposes an intelligent grains-out strategy based on a multi-degree-of-freedom hybrid robot. The robot's structure and control system are introduced, along with analyses of kinematics solutions for its parallel components and end-effector speeds. According to its structural characteristics and working conditions, a visual-perception-based motion control method of discharging fermented grains is determined. The enhanced perception of underground tanks' positions is achieved through improved Canny edge detection algorithms, and a YOLO-v7 neural network is employed to train an image segmentation model for fermented grains' surface, integrating depth information to synthesize point clouds. We then carry out the downsampling and three-dimensional reconstruction of these point clouds, then match the underground tank model with the fermented grain surface model to replicate the tank's interior space. Finally, a digging motion control method is proposed and experimentally validated for feasibility and operational efficiency.

A Multi-Source Circular Geodesic Voting Model for Image Segmentation.

Image segmentation is a crucial task in artificial intelligence fields such as computer vision and medical imaging. While convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved notable success by learning representative features from large datasets, they often lack geometric priors and global object information, limiting their accuracy in complex scenarios. Variational methods like active contours provide geometric priors and theoretical interpretability but require manual initialization and are sensitive to hyper-parameters. To overcome these challenges, we propose a novel segmentation approach, named PolarVoting, which combines the minimal path encoding rich geometric features and CNNs which can provide efficient initialization. The introduced model involves two main steps: firstly, we leverage the PolarMask model to extract multiple source points for initialization, and secondly, we construct a voting score map which implicitly contains the segmentation mask via a modified circular geometric voting (CGV) scheme. This map embeds global geometric information for finding accurate segmentation. By integrating neural network representation with geometric priors, the PolarVoting model enhances segmentation accuracy and robustness. Extensive experiments on various datasets demonstrate that the proposed PolarVoting method outperforms both PolarMask and traditional single-source CGV models. It excels in challenging imaging scenarios characterized by intensity inhomogeneity, noise, and complex backgrounds, accurately delineating object boundaries and advancing the state of image segmentation.

MCPA: multi-scale cross perceptron attention network for 2D medical image segmentation

The UNet architecture, based on convolutional neural networks (CNN), has demonstrated its remarkable performance in medical image analysis. However, it faces challenges in capturing long-range dependencies due to the limited receptive fields and inherent bias of convolutional operations. Recently, numerous transformer-based techniques have been incorporated into the UNet architecture to overcome this limitation by effectively capturing global feature correlations. However, the integration of the Transformer modules may result in the loss of local contextual information during the global feature fusion process. In this work, we propose a 2D medical image segmentation model called multi-scale cross perceptron attention network (MCPA). The MCPA consists of three main components: an encoder, a decoder, and a Cross Perceptron. The Cross Perceptron first captures the local correlations using multiple Multi-scale Cross Perceptron modules, facilitating the fusion of features across scales. The resulting multi-scale feature vectors are then spatially unfolded, concatenated, and fed through a Global Perceptron module to model global dependencies. Considering the high computational cost of using 3D neural network models, and the fact that many important clinical data can only be obtained in two dimensions, our MCPA focuses on 2D medical image segmentation. Furthermore, we introduce a progressive dual-branch structure (PDBS) to address the semantic segmentation of the image involving finer tissue structures. This structure gradually shifts the segmentation focus of MCPA network training from large-scale structural features to more sophisticated pixel-level features. We evaluate our proposed MCPA model on several publicly available medical image datasets from different tasks and devices, including the open large-scale dataset of CT (Synapse), MRI (ACDC), and widely used 2D medical imaging datasets captured by fundus camera (DRIVE, CHASE_DB1, HRF), and OCTA (ROSE). The experimental results show that our MCPA model achieves state-of-the-art performance.

An Enhanced U-Net Model for Segmenting CT Images of COVID-19 Patients

In the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic, medical imaging technology has played a crucial role in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Accurate segmentation of lesion areas in CT images is critical for assessing the condition and formulating treatment plans. This paper first outlines the importance of medical image segmentation. It then delves into the main challenges faced in image segmentation for COVID-19 diagnosis, including the diversity of lesions, inconsistencies in image quality, and the need for real-time processing. Following this discussion, the paper reviews existing medical image segmentation models, encompassing traditional methods such as watershed and threshold segmentation, as well as advanced deep learning models like U-Net and RCNN. Building on this foundation, the paper proposes an improved image segmentation framework aimed at enhancing the accuracy and processing speed of lesion area segmentation. The goal is to provide a more reliable decision support tool for clinical practice.

Shadclips: When Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning with Multimodal Meets Shadow Removal

Segment Anything Model (SAM), an advanced universal image segmentation model trained on an expansive visual dataset, has set a new benchmark in image segmentation and computer vision. However, it faced challenges when it came to distinguishing between shadows and their backgrounds. To address this, we proposed ShadClips, which consists of SAM-optimizer and SONet. It has dramatically enhanced SAM’s ability to segment shadow images, differentiating between the background and both soft and hard shadows adeptly. Due to its dependence on pixel point inputs, the SAM-Optimizer interface could do better. This method presents challenges, especially when dealing with long, extended shadows. To make the user experience more intuitive and effective, we incorporated the capabilities of CLIPs. Therefore, simple text descriptions like “A photo of a shadow” can be used to guide the SAM-Optimizer, allowing it to select the most relevant shadow mask from SAM’s comprehensive category list. Meanwhile, we introduce SONet to shadow removal. A large number of experiments on ISTD/SRD prove that the proposed method is effective and satisfactory. The source code of the ShadClips can be accessed from https://github.com/zhangbaijin/SAM-helps-Shadow .

Developing a nearly automated open-source pipeline for conducting computational fluid dynamics simulations in anterior brain vasculature: a feasibility study

Intracranial aneurysms (IA) pose significant health risks and are often challenging to manage. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding lesion-specific hemodynamics in and around IAs, aiding in the clinical management of patients with an IA. However, the current workflow of CFD simulations is time-consuming, complex, and labor-intensive and, thus, does not fit the clinical environment. To address these challenges, we have developed a semi-automated pipeline integrating multiple open-source software packages to streamline the CFD simulation process. Specifically, the study utilized medical angiography data from 18 patients. An in-house open-source DL image segmentation model (ARU-Net) was employed to generate 3D computer models of the anterior circulation. The segmented intracranial vasculature models, including IAs, were further refined using the Vascular Modeling Toolkit (VMTK), an open-source Python package. This step involved smoothing the surface of the models and extending the inlet and outlet regions to ensure a realistic representation of the vascular geometry. The refined vascular models were then converted into computational meshes using an open-source mesh generator known as TetGen. This process was nearly automated and required minimal user interaction(s). Blood flow simulations of the cerebral vascular models were performed using established SimVascular solvers (an open-source finite element platform for vascular applications) through an application programming interface (API). The CFD simulation process was also conducted using the manual workflow for comparative purposes. The initial assessment compared the geometries derived from manual and DL-based segmentation. The DL-based segmentation demonstrated reliable performance, closely aligning with manually segmented results, evidenced by excellent Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) values and low relative difference (RD) values ranging from 3% to 10% between the computed geometrical variables derived from both methods. The statistical analysis of the computed hemodynamic variables, including velocity informatics and WSS-related variables, indicated good to excellent reliability for most parameters (e.g., ICC of 0.85–0.95). Given the data investigated, the proposed automated workflow streamlines the process of conducting CFD simulations. It generates results consistent with the current standard manual CFD protocol while minimizing dependence on user input.

Ground-Based Cloud Image Segmentation Method Based on Improved U-Net

Cloud image segmentation is a technique that divides images captured by meteorological satellites or ground-based observations into different regions or categories. By extracting the distribution, shape, and dynamic features of clouds, it provides precise data support for the meteorological and environmental fields, significantly influencing photovoltaic (PV) power generation forecasting, astronomical telescope observatory site selection, and weather forecasting. A ground-based cloud image segmentation model based on an improved U-Net is proposed, which adopts an overall encoder–decoder structure. In the encoder phase, this paper constructs a dilated convolution–atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP)–dilated convolution structure to enhance early cloud feature extraction. Dilated convolution is a novel type of convolution that expands the receptive field by inserting holes into standard convolution, thereby capturing a larger range of contextual information. ASPP maintains high resolution while paying attention to both local details and global structures of the image. In the decoder stage, the bicubic interpolation method is used for up-sampling to restore the feature map resolution and improve the clarity of the segmented image. The bicubic interpolation method refers to the use of cubic polynomial functions to interpolate the pixel values of the input image. In addition, this paper designs a novel skip connection layer structure between the encoder and decoder, composed of a depthwise separable path (DS path) and an improved channel spatial attention module (Im-CSAM) connected in sequence. The DS path combines depthwise separable convolutions and residual structures to facilitate information exchange between high-level and low-level features. The Im-CSAM is a modular attention mechanism that focuses on important cloud features in spatial and channel dimensions to enhance segmentation accuracy. Experiments show that compared to the traditional U-Net, the accuracy, precision, and MIoU of this model improved by 2.2%, 4.1%, and 5.0%, respectively, in the SWINySEG dataset, and by 3.2%, 3.6%, and 5.8%, respectively, in the TCDD dataset, proving that the improved method has a better generalization ability and segmentation performance.

Research on a Panoramic Image Stitching Method for Images of Corn Ears, Based on Video Streaming

Background: Corn is the main grain crop grown in China, and the ear shape index of corn is an important parameter for breeding new varieties, including ear length, diameter, row number of ears, row number of grains per ear, and so on. Objective: In order to solve the problem of limited field of view associated with computer detection of the corn ear shape index against a complex background, this paper proposes a panoramic splicing method for corn ears against a complex background, which can splice 10 corn ear panoramic images at the same time, to improve information collection efficiency, display comprehensive information, and support data analysis, so as to realize automatic corn seed examination. Methods: A summary of corn ear panoramic stitching methods under complex backgrounds is presented as follows: 1. a perceptual hash algorithm and histogram equalization were used to extract video frames; 2. the U-Net image segmentation model based on transfer learning was used to predict corn labels; 3. a mask preprocessing algorithm was designed; 4. a corn ear splicing positioning algorithm was designed; 5. an algorithm for irregular surface expansion was designed; 6. an image stitching method based on template matching was adopted to assemble the video frames. Results: The experimental results showed that the proposed corn ear panoramic stitching method could effectively solve the problems of virtual stitching, obvious stitching seams, and too-high similarity between multiple images. The success rate of stitching was as high as 100%, and the speed of single-corn-ear panoramic stitching was about 9.4 s, indicating important reference value for corn breeding and disease and insect detection. Discussions: Although the experimental results demonstrated the significant advantages of the panoramic splicing method for corn ear images proposed in this paper in terms of improving information collection efficiency and automating corn assessment, the method still faces certain challenges. Future research will focus on the following points: 1. addressing the issue of environmental interference caused by diseases, pests, and plant nutritional status on the measurement of corn ear parameters in order to enhance the stability and accuracy of the algorithm; 2. expanding the dataset for the U-Net model to include a wider range of corn ears with complex backgrounds, different growth stages, and various environmental conditions to improve the model’s segmentation recognition rate and precision. Recently, our panoramic splicing algorithm has been deployed in practical applications with satisfactory results. We plan to continue optimizing the algorithm and more broadly promote its use in fields such as corn breeding and pest and disease detection in an effort to advance the development of agricultural automation technology.

A lightweight multi-scale multi-angle dynamic interactive Transformer-CNN fusion model for 3D medical image segmentation

Combining Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) and Transformer has become one of the mainstream methods for three-dimensional (3D) medical image segmentation. However, the complexity and diversity of target forms in 3D medical images require models to capture complex feature information for segmentation, resulting in an excessive number of parameters which are not conducive to training and deployment. Therefore, we have developed a lightweight 3D multi-target semantic segmentation model. In order to enhance contextual texture connections and reinforce the expression of detailed feature information, we designed a multi-scale and multi-angle feature interaction module to enhance feature representation by interacting multi-scale features from different perspectives. To address the issue of attention collapse in Transformers, leading to the neglect of other detailed feature learning, we utilized local features as dynamic parameters to interact with global features, dynamically grouping and learning critical features from global features, thereby enhancing the model's ability to learn detailed features. While ensuring the segmentation capability of the model, we aimed to keep the model lightweight, resulting in a total of 9.63M parameters. Extensive experiments were conducted on public datasets ACDC and Brats2018, as well as a private dataset, Temporal Bone CT. The results indicate that our proposed model is more competitive compared to the latest techniques in 3D medical image segmentation.

Deep-DM: Deep-driven deformable model for 3D image segmentation using limited data.

Objective - Medical image segmentation is essential for several clinical tasks, including diagnosis, surgical and treatment planning, and image-guided interventions. Deep Learning (DL) methods have become the state-of-the-art for several image segmentation scenarios. However, a large and well-annotated dataset is required to effectively train a DL model, which is usually difficult to obtain in clinical practice, especially for 3D images. Methods - In this paper, we proposed Deep-DM, a learning-guided deformable model framework for 3D medical imaging segmentation using limited training data. In the proposed method, an energy function is learned by a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and integrated into an explicit deformable model to drive the evolution of an initial surface towards the object to segment. Specifically, the learning-based energy function is iteratively retrieved from localized anatomical representations of the image containing the image information around the evolving surface at each iteration. By focusing on localized regions of interest, this representation excludes irrelevant image information, facilitating the learning process. Results and conclusion - The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated for the tasks of left ventricle and fetal head segmentation in ultrasound, left atrium segmentation in Magnetic Resonance, and bladder segmentation in Computed Tomography, using different numbers of training volumes in each study. The results obtained showed the feasibility of the proposed method to segment different anatomical structures in different imaging modalities. Moreover, the results also showed that the proposed approach is less dependent on the size of the training dataset in comparison with state-of-the-art DL-based segmentation methods, outperforming them for all tasks when a low number of samples is available. Significance - Overall, by offering a more robust and less data-intensive approach to accurately segmenting anatomical structures, the proposed method has the potential to enhance clinical tasks that require image segmentation strategies.