Unified Description Model Research Articles

A bounding-surface-based cyclic “p–y+M–θ” model for unified description of laterally loaded piles with different failure modes in clay

The increasing turbine sizes have necessitated monopiles in soft clay to have larger diameter and rigidity, from early design of flexible piles to recent semi-rigid piles, with future anticipating rigid piles. Existing few cyclic soil–pile interaction models are developed for flexible pile associated with full-flow failure (above the rotation point, RP), with little attention paid to semi-rigid and rigid piles involving rotational-shear failure (below RP). This study aims to unify the description of piles with varying rigidity by proposing a cyclic two-spring model, where lateral resistances above and below RP are described with cyclic p–y and M– θ springs, respectively. It naturally recovers to a cyclic p–y model for flexible piles. The cyclic p–y and M– θ formulations are developed within the bounding-surface plasticity framework, based on numerical results of cyclic soil–pile interaction concerning full-flow and rotational-shear mechanisms, respectively. These numerical analyses are performed using a cyclic plasticity clay model developed and implemented numerically in this study. The cyclic “ p–y+M– θ” model quantitatively reproduces experimental results of cyclic shakedown and ratcheting for flexible, semi-rigid, and rigid piles. Ignorance of the M–θ spring could underestimate cyclic resistance of rigid piles by 25%, suggesting the model’s merit in reducing conservatism for monopiles in feature designs.

Internet-of-Things object model

Background: With the advancement of communication technology and advanced sensors, there are massive demands for Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications in buildings, communities, factories, parks, etc. Accessing IoT devices provides convenience for scene management and monitoring, ameliorating production and life intelligently. However, due to the lack of a unified model for IoT devices, data is often skipped over IoT platforms and transmitted to applications directly. This leads to the fact that each manufacturer needs to produce its devices and develop its customized software, which hugely increases the development cycle. On the other hand, it is difficult to convey information between different systems, limiting cross- system control. Moreover, digital twin relies on large amounts of heterogeneous data, and it is impracticable to provide enough data without a unified model for device description. Methods: First, we illustrate the motivation, design goals, and design principles for creating the Internet-of-Things Object Model (IoT-OM). Then we propose a unified description to define IoT devices. The proposed concept has been accepted by several companies, and we analyse one platform that adopts the model. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the model, we introduce two projects based on the platform. One project is an intelligent fire protection system, and another project is an intelligent air quality monitoring system. Results: We measured the time taken by five companies when developing IoT devices and their applications, including the development cycle duration without utilizing the proposed model and the duration using the model at China Mobile’s OneNET platform. The results prove that the proposed model can significantly shorten the development cycle. Conclusions: This paper proposes a model for IoT devices, which helps to unify heterogeneous data among different manufacturers and helps to shorten the development cycles for developers.

Phase-field model of ion transport and intercalation in lithium-ion battery

The unified 3D phase-field model for description of the lithium-ion cell as a whole is developed. The model takes into account the realistic distribution of particles in electrodes, percolative transport of ions, and difference in size of solute and solvent molecules. The model is based on the Cahn–Hilliard equation with spatially dependent interaction and dynamic parameters. The spatial dependences are determined through the order parameter field describing distribution of matter in nanostructured electrodes. The process of charging/discharging of a battery is simulated for constant chemical potential difference across the electrode/electrolyte interface, which naturally determines the electrochemical reaction. The proposed model is applied to study charging and discharging process in 3D lithium-ion cell with nanostructured electrodes. The current density over the cell depends linearly on the chemical potential difference. The obtained results indicate non-diffusive propagation of the concentration front during charging/discharging, nonuniform intercalation flux over the surface of electrode particles and violation of the equipartition of electric current density over the electrode surface. All these facts are not taken into account by most commonly used models.

Information integration and instruction authoring of augmented assembly systems

Augmented assembly (AA) is being gradually incorporated into manual assembly owing to its abundant instruction forms, high efficiency of information transmission, and robust interactivity. However, a lack of a unified description model for assembly information and irregular instruction design forms leads to difficulties in instruction authoring and generation, inconveniences for data management, and low system portability. To address these issues, this paper presents an information-integration and instruction-authoring method for AA systems. First, design guidelines for the AA instructions are established with the aim of minimizing the user's cognitive load. After that, the designing of visual elements is performed based on the design guidelines, and the information model of the assembly information and instructions is built using Unified Modeling Language. Based on Extensible Markup Language files and Unity3D engine, a standard and rapid development process is presented for deploying the AA system to Hololens2 devices. The usability and replicability of the designed system are demonstrated, and a user study is carried out. The user's task performance is evaluated using completion time and errors as metrics. The NASA-task load index scale is used to estimate the user's workload, and the Likert scale reflects the user's subjective perception of the system and instructions. The results show that the proposed AA instructions can effectively improve the user's task performance; reduce their workload, especially the cognitive load; and improve their assembly experience.

Review of Vehicle Routing Problems: Models, Classification and Solving Algorithms

With the rapid development of logistics industry, vehicle scheduling is the key to the optimization of transportation links. Vehicle transportation route planning is becoming more and more important to reduce logistics costs. In recent decades, the research on VRP and related derivative problems has become more and more extensive. Based on the basic VRP, this paper classifies VRP according to its characteristics and practical application. It focuses on the analysis of VRP with capacity constraint, VRP with time window, VRP with demand splitting and dynamic VRP, and gives the unified description and mathematical model of each type of problem, and then analyzes the solution methods of each type of VRP Finally, combined with other types of VRP, the future research and development trend of VRP are given.

Parameters for evaluating the main indicators of coloproctological care in the adult population in the subjects of the far Eastern Federal District in 2016–2018

Aim.To work out the unified model for description of coloproctological service at the level of federal district.Material and methods.The study is the summary analysis of data from the annual statistical observation “The Report of the Chief Coloproctologist of the Russian Federal District” in 2016–2018. The analysis included the following stages: the estimation of staff situation; the assessment of the main parameters of out- and inpatient coloproctological care in 2018 in the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) and in its federal subjects.Results.Staff number of doctors in federal subjects of the FEFD did not change significantly in 2016-2018, it was 0.7 per 100 thousand population. An extremely low availability of outpatient consultation of coloproctologist in all federal subjects of FEFD was found (550.2 per 100 thousand population vs 3000 per 100 thousand population in Russian Federation). The incidence of colonoscopy is the lowest among all Federal Districts of Russia as well – 5.5%. A mean number of endoscopists is above 7.0 per 100 thousand population, which can be considered as the minimal threshold parameter. The total average staffing of endoscopists in the far Eastern Federal district was 86.0% in 2016, 87.3% – in 2017, 85.8% – in 2018. The staffing situation improved in Khabarovsk Territory and in Sakhalin Region while other federal subjects showed negative trend.Conclusion.The analyzed parameters can be considered as an objective tool for the assessment of coloproctological care efficacy. In the FEFD it needs further development.

Cloud Service Description Model: An Extension of USDL for Cloud Services

There are a variety of well-designed specification-modelling-languages serving Internet services, however, none of them is capable of describing the special features of cloud services, from both technical and business points of view. The Unified Service Description Language (USDL) provides a new way to describe Internet services from business, operational, and technical perspectives. Nevertheless, there are various issues with USDL: it lacks a comprehensive specification model, particularly for cloud services, lacks a user-centric specification modeling paradigm, lacks a mechanism to measure cloud service attributes and to present the association relationship and re-usability of the attributes, and lacks semantic representation of cloud services. Based on the above issues, we propose a unified semantic Cloud Service Description Model (CSDM) in this paper. The proposed model will be extended from the basic structure of USDL, by defining cloud-service-specific attributes. Furthermore, an additional module, named transaction module, will be defined, which models the rating system of cloud services from several aspects, such as risk, trust, and reputation. The transaction module facilitates the capability of CSDM with regard to service ranking, and enhances its flexibility and extensibility by providing an extensible sub-module. In addition, we design an OWL-based annotation system to enrich the semantic expressivity of this model. Finally, a case study is provided to explain the application of this model in actual cloud services.

An OCCI Compliant Model for PaaS Resources Description and Provisioning

The proliferation of Cloud Computing platforms has led to the emergence of a large number of heterogeneous platform resources, services, application programming interfaces and supported frameworks and technologies. On one hand, supported frameworks vary from one Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) to another depending on their implementations and capacities. On the other hand, each PaaS provides a specific and proprietary scenario to provision adequate resources and to deploy applications. In this paper, we propose a new PaaS-independent approach to provision in a unified way, appropriate PaaS resources for applications deployment in Cloud platforms. Our approach aims at addressing vendor lock-in restrictions and applications portability issues in existing Cloud platforms. To that end, we define a unified description model based on the Open Cloud Computing Interface (OCCI) core model that allows describing and managing an abstract Cloud resource. Our defined model consists of two main parts: (1) an OCCI platform extension which describes PaaS resources that can be provisioned by a PaaS to set-up an appropriate environment and (2) an OCCI application extension which describes application resources to deploy an application in this environment. We show the feasibility of our approach with an implementation and a use case of a realistic deployment scenario in Cloud Foundry PaaS.

Unified Information Modeling for Achieving High-Performance Information Sharing in the Information Grid

In this paper, an unified information description model (“UIDM” for short) is proposed to model information from multiple sources in the Information Grid uniformly. In the UIDM: 1) An unified information description language derived from the ODLI3 is presented to describe information uniformly to resolve the information heterogeneity; 2) A set of diagrammatized information modeling symbols are defined to model the information diagrammatically to illustrate the semantic relationships between information classes; 3) An information capability model is advanced to model the capability of information from different information sources, based on which the high-performance global views for information sharing are to be constructed.

Numerical modelling of the activity concentration measurements of beta-radioactive noble gases by absorption in polycarbonates and external beta-counting

This work presents a unified numerical model for detailed description of the measurement of activity concentrations of radioactive noble gases by absorption in polycarbonates and external beta-counting. The model combines the numerical description of the kinetics of sorption and desorption processes with Monte Carlo simulations and calculates the measurement efficiency. The numerical model is compared to experimental data for 85Kr and 222Rn and a very good agreement is found. The numerical and experimental results show that for plate polycarbonates the measurement efficiency depends on the sorption and desorption times. In the case of 85Kr measurements the numerical modelling shows that this dependence is pronounced for thick polycarbonates and short exposure durations. For large exposure times 85Kr concentration inside the polycarbonate reaches homogeneous distribution, hence the efficiency of the system stays constant with time. In the case of 222Rn measurements no homogeneous activity distribution inside the polycarbonate can be reached due to the short half-life of 222Rn. The measurement efficiency in the case of 222Rn depends slightly on the desorption time. It is also demonstrated that in the case of 222Rn the measurement efficiency could be influenced by registration of the alpha-particles of 222Rn and its progeny. This influence increases the time dependence of the efficiency on the sorption and desorption times. Therefore, this effect must always be checked for and taken into account if an accurate measurement result is necessary. The developed numerical model allows to optimize the measurements by choosing appropriate experimental conditions in terms of polycarbonate thickness and sorption and desorption times. Results from several scenarios are presented, which allow the experimenter to chose a priori the optimal exposure and measurement conditions. Finally, we present results from pilot experiments on slowing down the desorption of the radioactive noble gases from the polycarbonates. We demonstrate that cooling the exposed polycarbonates to liquid nitrogen temperature practically stops the desorption of 222Rn from the polycarbonate specimen.

Quantitative calibration- and reference-free wavelength modulation spectroscopy

A unified model for quantitative description of harmonic spectra of gases obtained by wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) technique is presented. In the model, both intensity modulation (IM) and frequency modulation (FM) of the laser emission are taken into account using minimum number of parameters. For the first time, the static behavior of a laser is described as a limiting case of its dynamic response. Laser and its driver are considered as a single device converting applied bias to laser emission. This allows application of the model to any type of laser and the introduced parameters can be assigned to the corresponding laser and/or driver properties. The approach was tested using a distributed feedback (DFB) laser spectrometer. Correctness of the proposed model is justified by very good agreement between the measured and modeled/fitted spectra, which allowed evaluation of the setup performance and assessment of modulation parameters of the DFB laser. An algorithm to minimize the time of numerical calculation of harmonic spectra using numerically approximated Voigt lineshape function was developed. Absolute values of the absorption line parameters (line strength and line width) were obtained from a single calibration- and reference-free spectrum scan with accuracy better than 0.1%.

Bimodal Probability Law Model for Unified Description of Water Retention, Air and Water Permeability, and Gas Diffusivity in Variably Saturated Soil

Air and water permeabilities and gas diffusivity as functions of soil fluid phase (air or water) contents are governing chemical transport and fate processes in the vadose zone, and have frequently been identified as the three main transport parameters determining time and efficiency during soil vapor extraction (soil venting) at polluted soil sites. A mathematically flexible function that can accurately describe data for both soil water retention and all three transport parameters as functions of fluid phase contents in undisturbed soil with bi‐ or multimodal pore structure is required for numerical simulation studies. In this study, a bimodal probability law (BPL) model with a total of six fitting parameters is compared with new and literature data for soil water retention and the three transport parameters measured on undisturbed soils. Saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K) at six matric potentials (pF) were measured on four volcanic ash soils (Andisols) where data for soil water retention, air permeability (ka), and relative gas diffusivity (Dp/D0) were already available. The BPL model accurately described data for soil water retention and the three transport parameters (K, ka, Dp/D0) for the four Andisols and other soils with bimodal porosity behavior. BPL model parameters did not correlate well between transport processes, however, an existing model for relating saturated hydraulic conductivity to air permeability at −100 cm H2O matric potential performed well for 10 bimodal Andisols. Results indicate that relations between fluid phase transport parameters at given matric potentials may be valid across soil types and useful in the BPL model.

EJB기반 XML 상품 카탈로그의 구현 및 분석

인터넷 중심의 정보화 사회가 되면서 B2C나 B2B간에 상품 정보의 교환이 활발해지고 있다. 우리는 상품정보를 통합적으로 표현할 수 있는 XML기반 통합 상품 표현 모델을 제시한 바 있다. 이 모델은 상품을 통합적으로 표현할 수 있고, 데이터의 중복성을 회피할 수 있는 특징을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 Java의 컴포넌트 기술인 Java Bean과 Enterprise Java Beans)를 사용하여 제안된 상품 표현 모델을 구현하였고, 실제 웹 상의 상품 정보를 대상으로 하여 데이터 중복성 제거에 따른 효과를 분석한다. In the Internet based information technology community, the exchange of product information is more activated in e-commerce of B2C and B2B. We have suggested a XML based unified product description model with which all kinds of product informations can be represented. This model also has a feature to avoid duplication of the product information. In this paper, we will implement this model using Java Beans and EJB (Enterprise Java Beans) of the Java component technology, and then test this system over several products on the web. finally, we will analyze the effect due to the removal of the information duplication.