Law Model Research Articles

Criminal-Legal Characterization and Problems of Qualification of the Facts of Committing Bullying

Relevance: The relevance of the study is due to the fact that currently only administrative responsibility is provided for bullying (cyberbullying). However, the facts of bullying, which entailed serious consequences, require qualification according to the elements of crimes provided for by criminal law, which in practice causes certain difficulties. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to consider the normative legal norms establishing the legal consequences of harassment, to present its criminal legal characteristics and to analyze the characteristics of the qualification of the facts of its commission. Methodology: In the course of the study, the formal legal method and the method of analysis and synthesis were used, which made it possible to achieve the purpose of the study. Results: The result of the study was the study of the main legislative novelties concerning bullying (bullying), as well as the presentation of a theoretical criminal law model of the phenomenon under consideration. The main problems faced by the domestic law enforcement officer in qualifying the fact of bullying are highlighted and possible solutions are presented. Conclusions: The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that it is the scientific study of such a phenomenon as bullying (cyberbullying) that will contribute to solving the issue of its criminalization. The establishment of clear scientific criteria for criminalization of acts should become reliable guidelines for the research process.

Combining nanofiltration and electrooxidation for complete removal of nanoplastics from water.

Nanoplastics (NPs) have emerged as significant water contaminants, attracting increasing attention due to their potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human health. In addressing the environmental and health hazards posed by NPs in water, this new study explores a combined nanofiltration (NF) and electrooxidation (EO) approach. The proposed process begins with NF to concentrate the NPs in the water, followed by EO to degrade the NPs in the NF rejection. The results indicated that the employed NF system could completely eliminate NPs at different transmembrane pressures and times. The study also highlighted the influence of NP concentrations on recovery rates, showing a reduction in recovery at higher concentrations. Moreover, following the NF process, the EO process was examined for its efficiency in removing NPs over time and at various initial NP concentrations. The results revealed that the most effective durations were 20, 30, and 40min for NP concentrations of 10, 22.5, and 35mg/L, respectively. As a kinetic study, the rate of NPs degradation by the EO process was modeled using Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) as well as power law models. The comparison between the models' predictions and the experimental data demonstrated that the power law and L-H models had good predictability for NP concentrations exceeding 10mg/L and 2mg/L, respectively. At concentrations below the 2mg/L, deviations from the model were observed, likely due to changes in the reaction mechanism. It can be concluded from these results that, at low concentrations, the surface reactions were no longer the rate-determining step.

On the Issue of the Organizational and Legal Form of a Research Consortium

The implementation of state-significant tasks in the field of scientific and technological development implies the need to apply effective options for legal regulation of relations arising within the framework of innovative cooperation and technology transfer, as well as the search for optimal ways of legal registration of emerging structures and formations. The concept of technological development for the period up to 2030 provides for the consolidation of a new organizational and legal form in Russian legislation in order to integrate research and production and technological activities — a research consortium, which is entrusted with the mission of implementing large-scale projects. The article highlights the features inherent in such associations, and substantiates the insufficiency of existing civil law models for their adequate regulation. The possible means of legal support for research consortia are also considered, taking into account the possibility of their formation on a contractual basis and as a subject with the rights of a legal entity, including the directions for the development of legislation in order to adequately organize research consortia and effectively regulate their activities.

Pressure-Dependent Nonlinearities of a Compact Hydropneumatic Strut with Integrated Gas–Oil Chamber

<div>Hydropneumatic Struts (HPS) are widely implemented in automobile, aerospace, and construction industries, mainly for the purpose of vibration and shock absorption. The HPS design with integrated gas–oil chamber is relatively more compact and robust, while mixing gas and oil inside the HPS generates gas–oil emulsion and more nonlinearities. This study formulated a nonlinear analytical model of the compact HPS with gas–oil emulsion, considering the real gas law and pressure-dependent LuGre friction model. The polytropic version of the van der Waals (vdW) method for real gas is applied to represent the thermodynamic behavior of nitrogen. The experimental data were collected at a near temperature of 30°C with three charging pressures under excitations in the frequency range of 0.5–6 Hz, considering two flow connection configurations between chambers as one- and two-bleed orifice. The nonlinear behavior of the gas volume fraction of the emulsion was identified based on peak strut velocity and charge pressure. Discharge coefficients of bleed and check valves were determined as a function of the instantaneous pressure difference between chambers. The parameters of the pressure-dependent LuGre model, such as the stiction force and Coulomb force apart from stiffness and damping coefficient of bristle deflection, were also investigated considering the effect of pressure variation. Compared to the generally used ideal gas and models, the proposed model considerably improved the prediction accuracy of the total force and pressures of HPS, with normalized root-mean-square deviations of about 8%.</div>

Criminal law protection of the private life in the Kingdom of Spain

The article analyzes the state of criminal law protection of respect for private life (inviolability of private life) in the Kingdom of Spain, its basis, scope and peculiarities of criminalizing infringements on this right, as well as problematic issues arising in the doctrine and law enforcement activity. It is established that criminal law protection of private life of an individual in Spain, as well as in Ukraine, is based primarily on the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as well as on the provisions of the Constitution of Spain, art. 18 of which guarantees: (1) the right to honor, personal and family privacy and to one’s own image; (2) the inviolability of the home, which means that no entry or search may take place without the consent of the owner or a lawful warrant, except in cases of (flagrante delicto); (3) privacy of communications, especially postal, telegraphic and telephone communications, except in cases of a court order; (4) legal restriction of the personal data processing usage in order to guarantee the honor and personal and family privacy of citizens and the full exercise of their rights. It is this understanding of private life that both defines it as an object of criminal law protection and forms the basis of its model in criminal law. This model, unlike in Ukraine, involves a thoughtful consolidation of infringements on an individual’s private life in a single section of the Criminal Code of Spain and is characterized by a distinctive approach, at least in comparison with Ukraine, to recognizing legal entities as subjects of commitment such offenses and, conversely, recognizing of a legal public or private entity as a victim of these offenses. The practice of applying the provisions on liability for violation of an individual’s private life in Spain presents its own challenges, as evidenced by the examples of cassation court decisions provided in this article. The decisions of the Constitutional Courts regarding the interpretation of the content of the right to inviolability of private life significantly influence the criminal law doctrine in Spain, as well as in Ukraine.

Prediction of heavy metal contamination in soil-groundwater systems at contaminated sites

ABSTRACT The diffusion of heavy metal pollutants in polluted industrial areas can cause severe environmental pollution in surrounding areas. However, the migration of pollutants into groundwater is a complex process that requires consideration of local geological and hydrological conditions, solute transport, and geochemistry factors to better predict the flow paths and plume dispersion of pollutants. This study is based on numerical models of Darcy's law and the Richards equation. A numerical model is used to predict the pollution risk of a certain abandoned metallurgical site. The results indicate that the risk of heavy metal leaching is extremely high under natural conditions, potentially affecting downstream reservoirs after 1500 days. The use of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) can effectively prevent the migration of heavy metals. However, even with PRBs, 28%–30% of pollutants may still continue to spread outward through lateral flow pathways. The use of impermeable Funnel-and-gate PRB design can effectively reduce lateral pollutant migration, reducing lateral leakage by up to 27%. Based on these results, the rational design of PRBs can effectively reduce remediation costs and time, enhance groundwater remediation effectiveness, and provide strong support for environmental protection and ecological health.

Photokinetics of Photothermal Reactions.

Photothermal reactions, involving both photochemical and thermal reaction steps, are the most abundant sequences in photochemistry. The derivation of their rate laws is standardized, but the integration of these rate laws has not yet been achieved. Indeed, the field still lacks integrated rate laws for the description of these reactions' behavior and/or identification of their reaction order. This made difficult a comprehensive account of the photokinetics of photothermal reactions, which created a gap in knowledge. This gap is addressed in the present paper by introducing an unprecedented general model equation capable of mapping out the kinetic traces of such reactions when exposed to light or in the dark. The integrated rate law model equation also applies when the reactive medium is exposed to either monochromatic or polychromatic light irradiation. The validity of the model equation was established against simulated data obtained by a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. It was then used to describe and quantify several situations of photothermal reactions, such as the effects of initial concentration, spectator molecules, and incident radiation intensity, and the impact of the latter on the photonic yield. The model equation facilitated a general elucidation method to determine the intrinsic reaction parameters (quantum yields and absorptivities of the reactive species) for any photothermal mechanism whose number of species is known. This paper contributes to rationalizing photokinetics along the same general guidelines adopted in chemical kinetics.

Economic Growth and Gender-Specific Unemployment: Comparison of Selected Oil Exporters and Eastern European Countries (1996 - 2021)

In this study, the relationship between economic growth and gender-based unemployment in developing economies was analyzed for the period 1996-2021. Eastern European countries and oil exporting countries constitute the scope of the study. Gender-specific unemployment data consists of annual changes in male, female, and total unemployment. The real GDP growth rate has been included in the model as the dependent variable. In the study using the panel data method, the GDP gap model of Okun's Law was tested for oil-exporting Middle Eastern countries (Model 1) and Eastern European countries (Model 2). According to the PMG and FMOLS results of the First Model, the unemployment rates of women and men in oil-exporting Middle Eastern countries negatively affect economic growth. In other words, as unemployment increases, economic growth slows down and even turns negative. In the second model, the effect of unemployment by gender on growth in Eastern European countries is different from the first model. According to the PMG and FMOLS results, the female unemployment rate positively affects growth, while the direction of the impact of male unemployment rates on growth is negative for both country groups, as expected. There is a same-directional relationship between female unemployment and growth in Model 2 countries. This result shows the prevalence of unemployment benefits and suggests that labor laws in these countries can be effective in reducing the impact of unemployment.

CoLE: A collaborative legal expert prompting framework for large language models in law

CoLE: A collaborative legal expert prompting framework for large language models in law

Spatial-temporal evolution of the allometric relationship between urban economic and health resources in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration.

The evolution of the spatiotemporal relationship between urban economic growth and health resources within the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration provides an important context for understanding the regional development dynamics in China. Previous studies focused on equity in health-resource allocation and service efficiency, often overlooking the allometric growth relationships between health resources and economic variables. This study employs an allometric growth model to elucidate the changing interactions between the number of medical beds, doctors, and urban economic indicators in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2009 to 2022. Employing Zipf's law and allometric growth modeling, this study analyzed growth trends and revealed significant differences in resource allocation and size changes over time. The main findings suggest that, although resource centralization is a general trend, differences persist, especially in less economically developed regions. This study innovatively introduces an allometric growth model that offers a new perspective on understanding the mechanisms of regional health-resource growth and underscores the significant influence of economic factors on health-resource allocation. This study significantly contributes to the sustainability of urban health systems and provides theoretical support for policy formulations aimed at optimizing the allocation of health resources and strengthening regional economic strategies in the Yangtze River Delta region.

KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS STUDIES ON OIL EXTRACTION FROM SOUTHERN KADUNA PALM KERNEL SEEDS USING SUBCRITICAL WATER EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY

Subcritical water has the potential to be highly efficient, non-toxic and low-cost alternative extraction solvent due to its unique properties under certain conditions. In this current study, we used the process variables (extraction temperature, time and particle size) to investigate the kinetics of palm kernel oil (PKO) extraction using subcritical water as solvent by considering the power law and Elovich’s kinetic law models. The laws of thermodynamics were employed to determine the spontaneity and nature of the PKO extraction process by evaluating thermodynamic parameters such as the Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS). The experimental result showed that the conditions for the optimum yield of PKO using subcritical water were established at 0.5 mm, 120 minutes and 493K (200 ◦C) where the highest oil yield was (49.02%). The experimental data was found to best fit the power law model compared to the Elovich’s model, as a result of its highest R2 and lowest SD and RMS values. Thermodynamics analysis showed that PKO extraction has positive enthalpy and entropy values of 7.23×10-4kJ/mol and 0.0304kJ/molK respectively, indicating an endothermic and irreversible process. The negative values of Gibbs free energy (– 12.56 to -14.99kJ/molK) indicated that the extraction process is spontaneous. Gas chromatography analysis showed that lauric acid (48.1%) appears as the predominant fatty acid in the extracted oil followed by myristic acid (16.0%) and linoleic acid (14.9%). The subcritical water technology was therefore, highly recommended for the extraction of PKO due to its high potentials as shown in the high oil yield obtained. The power law model was also recommended due to the overall comparative fitness to the experimental data while the thermodynamics specifications as verified in this work were also recommended to be used for process design of PKO extraction.

Defining global health law

Global health law has become an established field of education, practice and research, with its importance as each of these being beyond doubt. At the same time, however, its definition remains elusive and subject to peculiar contest. Discourses on what it is, or is about, result in the advancing of challenging contrasts, paradoxes, contradictions and concessions. Against that background, this paper addresses global health law’s ‘coherence anxiety’. It is argued that particular definitional problems emerge where it is assumed or given that global health law is somehow a sub-field or sub-discipline of international law; that its distinction comes in its concerning ‘global law’ and ‘health’, rather than ‘global health’ and ‘law’. It is, of course, the case that the practical, institutional and governance ‘space’ of global health inevitably presents a key role for public international law and international health law. However, on examination, it is less than obvious that international law should be seen as the pivotal concern, less still defining, of the field. Insofar as an established reference point might provide a basis, frame or model for global health law, the field of public health law, rather than the discipline of international law, offers the more suited area.

Immobilization and in vitro kinetic controlled release study of doxorubicin from temperature-sensitive mPEG-Ala-Asp polypeptide hydrogel

The loading of the doxorubicin drug into a new polyethylene glycol-polypeptide based temperature-sensitive hydrogel and the investigation of its properties have been carried out. It was determined that during the immobilization of the drug, equilibrium is reached, and saturation occurs within 3 hours in a solution with an initial antibiotic concentration of approximately 4.8 mg/mL. Currently, 84-87 % of the drug is adsorbed, meaning that 100 mg of gel drug capacity was 405.8 mg/gr. The samples were kept in different pH solutions (pH = 2, 7.4, and 8.6) at 37 °C, and the release of doxorubicin was kinetically studied over intervals ranging from 0-300 minutes. It was determined that changes in the ionic strength of the solution lead to a change in the polarity degree of the chemical bond between the hydrogel and doxorubicin. The results of doxorubicin release from the gel were tested against various kinetic models, including zero-order, first-order, Higuchi square root law, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Hixson-Crowell square root models. When applying the kinetic results of doxorubicin release from the gel to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, in acidic and neutral mediums, the value of n > 1, which is attributed to the breaking of protein segments in the terminal groups of the matrix. This makes the creation of thin-coated drug formulations from the matrix more advantageous. In an alkaline medium, however, n < 1, indicating that the release follows a non-Fickian mechanism, characterized by both diffusion and erosion. To ensure release in an alkaline medium, it is more appropriate to prepare cylindrical, spherical, or film-type drug forms from the PEG-Ala-Asp gel. Also, since the gel formation time can be adjusted, such systems can be recommended as analogues of injectable thermosetting insulation composites for the oil and gas industry. Keywords: temperature sensitive; polyethyenglycol; polypeptide gel; release kinetic; doxorubicine.

An Extended Fitts’ Law Model for Hand Interaction Evaluation in Virtual Reality: Accounting for Spatial Variables in 3D Space and the Arm Fatigue Influence

Fitts’ law is a standard tool for assessing user performance and interaction device effectiveness in human-computer interaction (HCI). However, it disregards spatial variables in 3D space and arm fatigue impacts. To address these limitations in evaluating hand interaction performance in virtual reality (VR), a target pointing and acquisition experiment was conducted in which two mapping principles of hand movements (translation, angular rotation) and two interaction methods (hand controller, freehand) were compared. The results indicated that (1) in target acquisition, azimuth and inclination angles exhibited a sinusoidal relationship with hand movement time (MT); (2) arm fatigue significantly affected MT, demonstrating an exponential relationship with task duration; (3) in the case of translational movement mapping, freehand interaction exhibited less influence from fatigue compared to controller interaction; while (4) in the angular rotation mapping case, controller pointing demonstrated greater stability, with fewer declines in efficiency than freehand pointing. Based on the findings, new model formulations were developed to accommodate varying conditions.

Axisymmetric Free Vibration of Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Circular Plates

An analytical solution is presented for axisymmetric free vibration analysis of a functionally graded piezoelectric circular plate on the basis of the three-dimensional elastic theory of piezoelectric materials. The material properties are assumed to follow an exponential law distribution through the thickness of the circular plate. The state space equations for the free vibration behavior of the functionally graded piezoelectric circular plate are developed based on the state space method. The finite Hankel transform is utilized to obtain an ordinary differential equation with variable coefficients. By virtue of the proposed exponential law model, we have ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients. Then, the free vibration behaviors of the functionally graded piezoelectric circular plate with two kinds of boundary conditions are investigated. Some numerical examples are given to validate the accuracy and stability of the present model. The influences of the exponential factor and thickness-to-span ratio on the natural frequency of the functionally graded piezoelectric circular plate, constrained by different boundary conditions, are discussed in detail.

Changes in Functional Properties and In Vitro Digestibility of Black Tartary Buckwheat Starch by Autoclaving Combination with Pullulanase Treatment.

The processing properties of resistant starch (RS) and its digestion remain unclear, despite the widespread use of autoclaving combined with debranching in its preparation. In this study, the physicochemical, rheological and digestibility properties of autoclaving modified starch (ACB), autoclaving-pullulanase modified starch (ACPB) and native black Tartary buckwheat starch (NB) were compared and investigated. The molecular weight and polydispersity index of modified starch was in the range of 0.15 × 104~1.90 × 104 KDa and 1.88~2.82, respectively. In addition, the SEM results showed that both modifications influenced the morphological characteristics of the NB particles, and their particles tended to be larger in size. Autoclaving and its combination with pullulanase significantly increased the short-range ordered degree, resistant starch yield and water- and oil-absorption capacities, and decreased the syneresis properties with repeated freezing/thawing cycles. Moreover, rheological analysis showed that both ACB and ACPB exhibited shear-thinning behavior and lower gel elasticity as revealed by the power law model and steady-state scan. The degradation of starch chains weakened the interaction of starch molecular chains and thus changed the gel network structure. The in vitro digestion experiments demonstrated that ACB and ACPB exhibited greater resistance to enzymatic digestion compared to the control, NB. Notably, the addition of pullulanase inhibited the hydrolysis of the ACB samples, and ACPB showed greater resistance against enzymatic hydrolysis. This study reveals the effects of autoclaving combined with debranching on the processing properties and functional characteristics of black Tartary buckwheat starch.

Mathematical Modelling of Multiphase Hybrid Gyro-tactic Nanofluid Flow Through Porous Convergent Pipe with Injection and Suction Using BVP4c

This research focuses on enhancing fluid mobility by optimizing heat transfer, a crucial aspect in various industrial applications, including oil recovery. The study introduces an innovative framework that integrates microorganisms, hybrid nanoparticles, non-Newtonian fluid properties, a power law model, and inclined magnetic fields. The underlying dynamics are described by nonlinear partial differential equations, which are converted to ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation and subsequently solved through the BVP4c method. Key results demonstrate that fluid velocity increases with higher Reynolds, Hartman, Thermal Grashof, and Mass Grashof numbers due to factors such as reduced viscous drag, the Lorentz force’s acceleration effect, and enhanced buoyancy. On the other hand, a higher Prandtl number slightly reduces velocity, while an increased Schmidt number raises it by steepening the velocity gradient. Regarding temperature, higher Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, along with increased Eckert and Radiation parameters, result in elevated fluid temperatures due to enhanced convective heat transfer, decreased thermal diffusivity, viscous dissipation, and radiative heat effects. The insights gained from this study are valuable for improving oil extraction efficiency by identifying and manipulating key parameters that affect fluid behavior.

Physicochemical properties of CF3OCF = CF2 in high-voltage switchgear: part 1. Decomposition characteristics and thermodynamic parameters

Abstract Recently, perfluoromethyl vinyl ether (CF3OCF = CF2) has been proposed to have the potential to replace SF6, but its arc-extinguishing ability is still unknown. To provide the necessary basic parameters for further study of arc extinguishing characteristics, this series of papers focuses on the physical and chemical properties of CF3OCF = CF2 arc plasma. The research content of this paper is decomposition characteristics and thermodynamic parameters. The geometric configuration, rotational inertia, and vibration frequency characteristics of CF3OCF = CF2 and its decomposition products were obtained at the B3LYP/6–311G(d,p) level. The energy of each particle was calculated at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ level. The most likely decomposition path was CF3OCF = CF2→CF3+CF2CFO→CF2+CFO. The equilibrium compositions of arc plasma were calculated by the mass action law model. The main components of pure CF3OCF = CF2 after arc were C3F8, C3F6, C2F6, CF4, and CO. When CO2 was mixed in CF3OCF = CF2, with the increase of CO2 content, the main components after arc gradually became CF2O, CF4, CO2, and CO. The thermodynamic parameters such as density, specific enthalpy, and specific heat at constant pressure were obtained by thermodynamic relationship. Through ρC p and ρh, it can be inferred that the radial heat transfer capacity of CF3OCF = CF2 is not as good as SF6, but the energy dissipation capacity of axial heat convection is stronger than SF6, and the arc presents the characteristics of large radius and long length.

Effects of γ-polyglutamic acid on the rheological, microstructural and sensory properties of low-fat yogurt.

While low-fat yogurt offers numerous health benefits, its texture and sensory qualities are poor. This study aimed to investigate the effects of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) on the rheological, microstructural and sensory properties of low-fat yogurt using rheological tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the syneresis of low-fat yogurt added with 0.15% γ-PGA was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to 23.03%, compared to that of low-fat yogurt without γ-PGA (42.87%). An improvement in storage and loss moduli (G', G") and apparent viscosity was also observed. The power law model fitted to rheological data indicated that γ-PGA enhanced the viscoelasticity and strength of the gel network though interaction with casein gel, which might lead to changes in the moduli of yogurts. Microstructural observation via SEM confirmed the enhanced crosslinking between casein micelles and the filling effect of γ-PGA. Sensory liking scores were strongly correlated with rheological properties and apparent viscosity. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the positive effects of γ-PGA on quality and rheological attributes of low-fat yogurt. The results of this study provided valuable references for the potential use of γ-PGA as a fat replacer to stabilize the sensory quality of low-fat yogurt. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

An Enhanced Lagrangian‐Eulerian Method for a Class of Balance Laws: Numerical Analysis via a Weak Asymptotic Method With Applications

ABSTRACTIn this work, we designed and implemented an enhanced Lagrangian‐Eulerian numerical method for solving a wide range of nonlinear balance laws, including systems of hyperbolic equations with source terms. We developed both fully discrete and semi‐discrete formulations, and extended the concept of No‐Flow curves to this general class of nonlinear balance laws. We conducted a numerical convergence study using weak asymptotic analysis, which involved investigating the existence, uniqueness, and regularity of entropy‐weak solutions computed with our scheme. The proposed method is Riemann‐solver‐free. To evaluate the shock‐capturing capabilities of the enhanced Lagrangian‐Eulerian numerical scheme, we carried out numerical experiments that demonstrate its ability to accurately resolve the key features of balance law models and hyperbolic problems. A representative set of numerical examples is provided to illustrate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method.