Faculty Development Model Research Articles

Teaching While Learning While Practicing

Soaring costs of health care, patients living longer with chronic illnesses, and continued attrition of interest in primary care contribute to the urgency of developing an improved model of health care delivery. Out of this need, the concept of the team-based, patient-centered medical home (PCMH) has developed. Amidst implementation in academic settings, clinical teachers face complex challenges not previously encountered: teaching while simultaneously learning about the PCMH model, redesigning clinical delivery systems while simultaneously delivering care within them, and working more closely in expanded interprofessional teams.To address these challenges, the authors reviewed three existing faculty development models and recommended four important adaptations for preparing clinical teachers for their roles as system change agents and facilitators of learning in these new settings. First, many faculty find themselves in the awkward position of teaching concepts they have yet to master themselves. Professional development programs must recognize that, at least initially, health professions learners and faculty will be learning system redesign content and skills together while practicing in the evolving workplace. Second, all care delivery team members influence learning in the workplace. Thus, the definition of faculty must expand to include nurses, pharmacists, social workers, medical assistants, patients, and others. These team members will need to accept their roles as educators. Third, learning to deliver health care in teams will require support of both interprofessional collaboration and intraprofessional identity development. Fourth, learning to manage change and uncertainty should be part of the core content of any faculty development program within the PCMH.

Systems Patterns and Possibilities

Six guiding intuitions and values have informed my life and work: the conviction that truth lies “in the between;” the importance of integrating polarities; the centrality of pattern and multiple facets; epistemological and ontological concerns for wholeness and coherence; the role of metaphor, models, and symbols; and dynamic organicity and congruence in living what we know. These resonances have contributed to my work in systems theory, specifically in teaching, theory-construction, philosophy of science, integrative models of personality, faculty development and higher education, and religion–science dialogue. Possibilities and perplexities for future systems theory are outlined for education; the study of consciousness; the challenge of changing stuck patterns; transpersonal/systems models of self; positive roles for boundaries; the relevance of emotion; and ontological issues.

Looking out and looking in: Exploring a case of faculty perceptions during e-learning staff development

<p>This explorative study captured the perceptions of faculty members new to technology enhanced learning and the longitudinal observations of the e-learning manager during dedicated professional development in order to compile a socially transformative emergent learning technology integration framework for open and distance learning at the School of Continuing Teacher Education at North-West University, South Africa. A pragmatic approach guided the bounded case study. The study followed a fully mixed sequential equal status design of mixing sequential qualitative and quantitative findings. Data collection strategies concern a custom-made questionnaire, interviews with faculty members, and longitudinal observations by the e-learning manager. The first phase uncovered 34 qualitative codes. After quantitating of the data, a <em>t</em>-test indicated significant differences for 17 variables between faculty perceptions and observations of the e-learning manager. Ward’s method of Euclidean distances grouped the variables into five clusters according to the researchers’ paradigm of <em>looking in</em> and<em> looking out</em> from the development context. The clusters formed the basis of a model for faculty development towards socially transformative learning technology integration for open distance learning. The five aspects of the model comprise (i) the environment in which faculty members should gain support from the institution; (ii) the environment in which faculty have to address the realities of adopting TEL; (iii) human factors relating to the adoption of TEL; (iv) concerns and reservations about the use of TEL; and (v) continuing professional development needs, expectations, and motivators. The sustainable integration of ICT into higher education institutions remains a major challenge for the adoption of TEL.</p>

Full-Time Faculty View Information Literacy as Important but Are Unlikely to Incorporate it Into Their Teaching

A Review of:
 Bury, S. (2011). Faculty attitudes, perceptions and experiences of information literacy: A study across multiple disciplines at York University, Canada. Journal of Information Literacy, 5(1). Retrieved from http://ojs.lboro.ac.uk/ojs/index.php/JIL/article/view/PRA-V5-I1-2011-1
 
 Objective – To explore faculty attitudes towards information literacy (IL); in particular, faculty perception of student IL competencies, importance of IL skills and instruction, and ideal means of planning and delivering IL instruction.
 
 Design – Online survey questionnaire. 
 
 Setting – Large public research university located in Toronto, Canada. 
 
 Subjects – 221 full-time faculty. 
 
 Methods – The author designed and distributed an online survey to all full-time York University faculty (n=1,451) in March 2007 using Zoomerang software. The survey consisted of between 26 and 36 questions depending on responses selected by respondents, and included both open- and closed-ended questions. The author hand coded the qualitative data and used SPSS to analyze the quantitative data. The survey had 221 usable responses giving a response rate of 15.2%.
 
 Main Results – The study revealed a high degree of concern among survey respondents regarding undergraduate students’ information literacy skills, accompanied by a perceived gradual increase in IL abilities corresponding to student year. Faculty ranked each of the Association of College and Research Libraries’ (ACRL) Information Literacy Standards for Higher Education as being extremely important. No ACRL standard ranked below 6 on a scale of 1 to 7, suggesting full agreement with the value of IL proficiency. Of the faculty 78.7% felt that IL education should be a joint collaboration between faculty and librarians. A considerable majority of respondents (81.7%) answered that IL instruction should be required for all students. Far fewer faculty incorporated IL teaching in practice, with 52.9% engaging in IL instruction and 47.1% not incorporating IL instruction at all. Of the faculty who incorporated librarian-led IL sessions into their courses, 85% of faculty perceived a “substantial impact” or “some impact” on their students’ IL competencies.
 
 Conclusions – The author concludes that this study adds evidence to the claim that a disconnect exists between faculty beliefs about the importance of IL and their teaching practices. Faculty consistently express concern regarding student IL abilities and support collaborative IL instruction, yet the rate of IL integration within their classes remains low. The results corroborate that faculty perceptions and attitudes towards IL remain relatively consistent when compared with other studies. The author recommends that librarians be flexible regarding IL instruction models and encourage further investigation of faculty development models to achieve wider IL integration. A stronger advocacy role is also advised to increase instruction opportunities and the promotion of information literacy at the institutional level. The author identifies four areas for future research, including examining why faculty do not incorporate IL instruction into their classes, disciplinary differences in IL attitudes and adoption, which IL instruction models faculty view as most effective, and replication of this study to test generalizability. As of the study’s publication, the author was conducting a qualitative follow-up study in the form of semi-structured interviews with faculty.

Faculty Development for Underrepresented Minority Dental Faculty and Residents

This report describes the implementation and evaluation of the Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center Dental Faculty Development Program (DFDP) for fifteen participants: five advanced dental education faculty members and ten residents. The 100-hour DFDP, designed in the longitudinal immersion model for faculty development, was conducted in four phases at the Bronx-Lebanon Department of Dentistry in the Bronx, New York, in 2010-11. The DFDP was implemented to help underrepresented minority (URM) dental residents and clinical faculty members develop skills necessary for academic careers and enhanced teaching effectiveness. The program's curriculum had four themes: teaching and learning, scholarship, academic leadership, and career planning. For each phase, the participants completed pre- and post-training assessments of their knowledge, attitudes, and confidence, as well as qualitative evaluation of DFDP organization, content, activities, and value. The participants' pre-instruction mean knowledge score for all phases combined was 48.3 percent, and the post-test score was 81.1 percent (p=0.01). The participants showed minimal change in their attitudes about educational issues, but they reported enhanced confidence for twenty-five skills addressed in the DFDP. The total confidence score was 77.5 (25 skills × 3.1 group mean) on all pre-tests combined and 100.2 (25 × 4.0 group mean) on the post-tests (p=0.01). The participant ratings for overall DFDP implementation and for twenty-four topical sessions were uniformly positive. The faculty and resident participants in this year-long faculty development initiative at an advanced dental education program with a high URM representation demonstrated enhanced knowledge and confidence and provided positive program evaluations. This report also describes curricular and assessment enhancements for subsequent years of the DFDP based on the first-year outcomes.

An Open, Online Class to Prepare Faculty to Teach Online

Professional development opportunities are too limited for faculty who are learning to teach online. Preparation is typically provided in the form of technology training, with little focus on the pedagogy of teaching over the web. In addition, most professional development programs offer their workshops on campus instead of providing an opportunity for faculty to be learners online. The Program for Online Teaching Certificate Class created a possible model for better preparation with a free, open, year-long online class focused on pedagogy and tool choice, with participants engaged in active reflection as part of a community. Participants in the 2011-12 class were surveyed regarding several objectives, including whether their learning goals were achieved within the framework of the class. Participants, including 16 who earned a certificate through full participation, overwhelmingly indicated the achievement of their personal learning goals, satisfaction with the community developed within the class, and increased confidence in their ability to build online classes around their pedagogy rather than being led by the technology tools. The results of the study indicate that an open, online class may be an effective model for faculty development in online teaching.

An Innovative Process for Faculty Development in Residency Training

Background: For programs to accomplish the goals of the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Outcome Project, faculty must be trained to deliver and assess education that is level-specific, competency-based, standardized, integrated, and easily accessible. Description: An innovative faculty development model that accomplishes these goals is described. This model trained faculty to analyze curricular needs and then to design, disseminate, and evaluate their curricula. This model utilized guided experiential learning that promoted the creation of residency program curricula and faculty buy-in. Evaluation: Key outcomes included high levels of resident satisfaction and use of the curricula, improved tracking of rotation progress, improved faculty satisfaction with their role as educators, perceived improvement in resident evaluations, and increased involvement of faculty in creating and teaching to the curriculum. Conclusion: This process may be adapted by other programs based on their available resources to address faculty development needs. The process serves as a model for meeting ACGME requirements.

Evaluación de una experiencia de capacitación en planificación educacional para directores de programas de las especialidades médicas

Few medical teaching institutions provide faculty development in curriculum development to program directors of medical specialties (PD), despite the increased demand for renewal of residency programs and the evaluation of outcomes. To describe and evaluate a training program in curriculum development for PD developed in 2008 and 2009. Thirty PD attended an on campus course of fifteen hours. Evaluation was done using Kirkpatrick model through an end-of-course questionnaire, a retrospective pre/post self-assessment test of skills, the assessment of learning and the final projects developed by PD. All PD finished the course and answered the questionnaire. In level 1 (Reaction), 100% reported high satisfaction and would recommend it highly to others, with perceived mean achievement of course objectives of 81%. In level 2 (Learning), all the differences between the retrospective pre and posttest were statistically significant (p < 0.01), and achievement of learning was in average 82.9%. In level 3 (Behavior), 100% felt they would apply what was learnt and 17 PD (57%) sent projects. This model of faculty development was highly accepted by PD and had a positive evaluation based in high satisfaction, the improvement in pre/posttest assessment, the achievement of learning objectives and the development of projects.

Technology Adoption in Higher Education: Overcoming Anxiety Through Faculty Bootcamp

The reluctance to design and teach online courses in higher education is often attributed to technology anxiety in faculty. This article documents a faculty development model that has successfully helped faculty overcome this obstacle. “Bootcamps,” faculty development programs held at Carroll University in Waukesha, WI, were specifically and intentionally designed to be consistent with the principles of andragogy and transfer of learning to assist faculty in technology adoption for teaching and learning in an online environment. The faculty development “Bootcamps” can be easily adapted for implementation at other higher education institutions.

Faculty Development for E-Learning: A Multi-Campus Community of Practice (COP) Approach

Faculty development is a critical process, enabling instructors to remain abreast of new discipline specific content and innovations in the scholarship of teaching and learning. The explosion of online higher education and unbounded advances in technology provide examples and rationale for why faculty development for e-learning is needed. Literature on faculty development and e-learning is reviewed and a multi-campus faculty development program using distance technology and a community of practice model for nursing educators will be described. Successful strategies, barriers and an evaluation of the multi-campus faculty development model experience will be presented in a format that allows for replication across disciplines.

A Conceptual Model for Faculty Development in Academic Medicine: The Underrepresented Minority Faculty Experience

In May 2010, the Association of American Medical Colleges reported that nonwhite professors have a lower promotion rate than white professors. A cohort of 30 underrepresented minority (URM) junior faculty who participated in a structured faculty development program at a public, research-intensive, academic medical center were followed in a 10-year longitudinal study. This paper reports on the career status of 12 of the 30 URM faculty who were eligible for promotion during this period. Ninety-two percent (11/12) of URM faculty eligible for promotion were promoted to associate professor. When asked what factors contributed to their success, these URM faculty identified access and support of senior faculty mentors, peer networking, professional skill development, and knowledge of institutional culture. A faculty development program that addresses these components can promote the success of URM faculty in academic medicine.

16: TEACHING AND LEARNING TOGETHER

Most models of professional development assume that faculty learning is the purview of faculty colleagues or teaching and learning center staff. A program at Bryn Mawr College challenges that assumption by inviting undergraduate students to serve as pedagogical consultants to faculty members. Feedback from participants suggests that this approach affords faculty and students an unusual opportunity to coconstruct a more informed model of faculty development, deepens the learning experiences of both faculty and students, and recasts the responsibility for those learning experiences as one that faculty and students share.

Integrating quality and safety science in nursing education and practice

Worldwide, health care delivery systems are applying new quality and safety science in response to startling reports of negative patient outcomes. Many health care professionals lack the knowledge, skills and attitudes to change the systems in which they work, calling for radical redesign of nursing education to integrate new safety and quality science. This paper describes the transformation underway in nursing education in the United States to integrate quality and safety competencies through the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) project. A national expert panel defined the competencies and surveyed US schools of nursing to assess current implementation. To model the changes needed, a 15-school Pilot Learning Collaborative completed demonstration projects and surveyed graduating students to self-assess their achievement of the competencies. A Delphi process assessed level and placement of the competencies in the curriculum to offer educators a blueprint for spreading across curricula. Specialty organisations are cross-mapping the competencies for graduate education, educational standards have incorporated the competencies into their essentials documents, and a train the trainer faculty development model is now helping educators transform curriculum. Two key questions emerge from these findings: Are any of these projects replicable in other settings? Will these competencies translate across borders?

Reframing Research on Faculty Development

Research on faculty development has focused primarily on individual participants and has produced relatively little generalizable knowledge that can guide faculty development programs. In this article, the authors examine how current research on faculty development in medical education can be enriched by research in related fields such as teacher education, quality improvement, continuing medical education, and workplace learning. As a result of this analysis, the authors revise the old model for conceptualizing faculty development (preferably called professional development). This expanded model calls for research on educational process and outcomes focused on two communities of practice: the community created among participants in faculty development programs and the communities of teaching practice in the workplace (classroom or clinic) where teaching actually occurs. For the faculty development community, the key components are the participants, program, content, facilitator, and context in which the program occurs and in which the faculty teach. For the workplace community, associated components include relationships and networks of association in that environment, the organization and culture of the setting, the teaching tasks and activities, and the mentoring available to the members of that academic and/or clinical community of teaching practice. This expanded model of faculty development generates a new set of research questions, which are described along with six recommendations for enhancing research, including establishment of a national center for research in health professions education.

Model for Faculty, Student, and Practitioner Development in Sustainability Engineering through an Integrated Design Experience

Sustainable development and the green building movement have been adopted faster than any recent movement in the engineering field. With over 40% of the total U.S. energy usage servicing the operation of commercial and residential buildings, this trend is well founded. Recent surveys of the industry indicate that within 4 to 5 years, a vast majority of engineering firms expect their business will be significantly dedicated to green building designs. In contrast, current academic institutions are not well positioned to prepare young engineers for this challenge, and current faculty are not well trained in the tenets of sustainability or the roles of engineers in this movement. Change must occur if the engineering and design professions are to remain relevant and responsive to societal needs. To accommodate this challenge, the writers have designed and implemented the Integrated Design Experience (IDeX), a capstone course in which undergraduate and graduate students interact with faculty and practitioners o...

Development, implementation, and outcomes of an initiative to integrate evidence-based medicine into an osteopathic curriculum.

In response to the American Osteopathic Association's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation (COCA) standards set forth in 2008, osteopathic medical schools are restructuring curricula to demonstrate they are teaching the seven core competencies and integrating evidence-based medicine (EBM) throughout all 4 years of training. To describe and evaluate the efforts of a college of osteopathic medicine to integrate EBM concepts into its curriculum while maintaining existing course content and faculty contact hours. One-group pre- and posttest study. Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine-A.T. Still University (KCOM) in Missouri. KCOM course directors in workshop series I (n=20) and KCOM faculty workshop series II (n=14). A faculty development workshop series based on the diffusion of innovations model was instituted to facilitate cultural change, gain faculty support, and accelerate the implementation of EBM throughout KCOM's curriculum. Faculty attitudes, confidence levels, and the number of courses that included instruction of EBM concepts were measured in August 2007 and May 2008. Faculty attitudes about integrating EBM into the curriculum and confidence levels measured pre- and postworkshop series found that 21 of 26 participants believed they improved their ability to locate primary EBM resources using the Internet; 21 of 28 improved their ability to teach EBM concepts to students. Fifteen of 16 faculty course directors agreed to find ways to incorporate EBM into their classes. Review of KCOM's course syllabi in April 2009 demonstrated a statistically significant difference (P<.001) in the number of faculty teaching EBM concepts after the faculty development workshop series concluded in March 2008 compared to before the series commenced in March 2006. An unexpected outcome was the implementation of a faculty-conceived, standalone EBM course in fall 2007. A workshop series based on the diffusion of innovations model is effective in garnering faculty support for the implementation of a change in curriculum that emphasizes EBM content without increasing faculty contact hours or eliminating existing curricular content. A faculty development model emphasizing a "bottom-to-top" approach is effective in achieving workplace culture changes and seamless curricular transitions. Results have shown that a consensus building model is conducive to engaging faculty and garnering its support to effect curricular change, which, ultimately, ensures success.

Offering reflection to an organization

AbstractThis chapter offers a faculty development model based on contemplative practice within a multiple‐campus community college system.

Toward ‘hybridised’ faculty development for the twenty‐first century: blending online communities of practice and face‐to‐face meetings in instructional and professional support programmes

This manuscript begins with a synthesis of research on communities, communities of practice (CoPs), and the potential for their development in online forums, while specifically discussing the value of virtual CoPs for educational professionals in higher education. Working within constructivist and sociocultural frameworks, this manuscript addresses how online forums for faculty support can be beneficial in ways distinct from face‐to‐face environments. Further, this paper presents an argument for the hybridisation of faculty development by suggesting that online forums for collegial interaction are viable and culturally sensitive complements to traditional face‐to‐face faculty support, socialisation, and mentoring programmes. In conclusion, resources that can assist in designing a hybrid model of faculty development are offered.

A Comprehensive Faculty Development Model for Nursing Education

Professional nursing education has undergone profound legislative changes requiring a university baccalaureate in nursing as entry to practice as a registered nurse (RN) in Ontario, Canada. Subsequent partnerships between colleges and universities were mandated by the ministry of post secondary education in order to maximize existing resources, such as faculty, and capitalize on the strenghts of both sectors. Faculty, in partnered collaborative undergraduate nursing programs, are challenged by the ever-evolving transition in conceptualization, development, and delivery of nursing education; consequently, the design, dissemination, and evaluation of effective faculty development programs is of paramount importance (Steinert, 2000). This paper focuses on the creation of the Comprehensive Faculty Development Model implemented by a collaborative BScN program partnership in south-western Ontario. It describes the model's contextual underpinnings, illustrates the component parts, explains their relationship, and provides an in-depth discussion of foundational concepts. The model was developed under the auspices of a collaborative faculty development committee with representation from all partners. Summaries of four research studies designed and implemented by members of the partnership provide a useful assessment of how faculty members experienced the inaugural BScN program; however, more study is needed in order to understand what approaches to faculty development are most effective and sustainable.

Supervision in Medical Education: Logical Fallacies and Clear Choices

Editor's Note: The ACGME News and Views section of JGME includes data reports, updates, and perspectives from the ACGME and its review committees. The decision to publish the article is made by the ACGME. Underlying the clamor for reform of health care insurance, financing, and delivery is a demand for accountability in medical education. Academic medicine must overcome complexity and inertia to accommodate unprecedented societal expectations for safety, quality, and reliability. To achieve this shift, the academic community must rethink and transform learner supervision, autonomy, observation, and feedback. Deep-rooted logical fallacies impede this transformation. Several key items are discussed in the following sections.