Model Analysis Research Articles

Regional hippocampal thinning and gyrification abnormalities and associated cognition in children with prenatal alcohol exposure

Abstract Background Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) impacts hippocampal structure and function, contributing to deficits in memory and decision-making in affected individuals. Here, we evaluate hippocampal anomalies in children with PAE and an unexposed comparison group using advanced MRI methods that characterize hippocampal curvature and thickness. Methods Participants, ages 8 to 16 years, included children with PAE (n = 48) and an unexposed comparison group (n = 46) who underwent a dysmorphology exam, neuropsychological assessment, and an MRI scan. Height, weight, head circumference, and dysmorphic facial features were evaluated. Of those with PAE, 4.2% had fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 22.9% had partial FAS, and 72.9% had alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Neuropsychological testing included measures of intelligence and memory functioning. T1-weighted anatomical data were processed with the Hippunfold pipeline, which “unfolds” the complex hippocampal structure onto a template surface and provides measures of thickness and gyrification/curvature at each vertex. Permutation Analysis of Linear Models (PALM) was used to test for group differences (PAE vs. comparison) in hippocampal thickness and gyrification at each vertex and also to assess correlations with cognitive functioning. Results There were significant regional differences in thickness and gyrification across bilateral hippocampi, with the PAE group showing substantially thinner tissue and less curvature than the comparison group, especially in CA1 and subiculum regions. For those with PAE, thinner subicular tissue (bilateral) was associated with lower IQ. Also in the PAE group, lower episodic memory performance was associated with thinness in the right hippocampus, especially in the subiculum region. There were no significant regional hippocampal patterns that were associated with cognitive functioning for individuals in the unexposed comparison group. Conclusions We used a novel MRI method to evaluate hippocampal structure in children with PAE and an unexposed comparison group. The data suggest that PAE disrupts hippocampal development, impacting both the early-stage folding of the structure and its ultimate thickness. The data also demonstrate that these developmental anomalies have functional consequences in terms of core memory functions as well as global intellectual functioning in children with PAE.

Research on Water-Entry Hydrodynamics for a Cross-Wing Underwater Vehicle

The optimization of the water-entry strategy for cross-wing underwater vehicles has become a research hotspot in the field of engineering, and its water-entry process is quite different from that of wedges and cylinders. In order to address this problem, a water-entry numerical model for the cross-wing underwater vehicle was first established based on the CFD method. The governing equations and boundary conditions of the dynamic model were defined, along with the basic principles of discretization and turbulent flow of the governing equations. The overset mesh and the VOF multiphase flow model were introduced, and a mesh size independence analysis of the numerical model was conducted. Furthermore, the numerical results were compared with the experimental results to ensure the accuracy of the numerical model. The research focused on the cross-wing underwater vehicle’s impact with calm water and regular waves, respectively. The results show that: (1) the numerical simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results (the maximum predictive error is less than 10%), which verifies the accuracy of the numerical model in this paper; (2) when the cross-wing underwater vehicle impacts calm water, the slamming pressure curve firstly shows a trend of increasing, reaching a peak, and then decreasing sharply, and finally stabilizes. As the water-entry velocity increases, the peak slamming pressure exhibits a gradual increase; (3) during the water entry of the cross-wing underwater vehicle into calm water, the acceleration profile demonstrates a trend of initial increase, followed by a decrease, another increase, and then a subsequent decrease as the entry velocity continues to rise. It should be noted that there are two peaks in the acceleration, with the first peak being significantly smaller than that of the second; (4) when the cross-wing underwater vehicle impacts a regular wave, the slamming pressure is lowest when impacting the crest and highest when impacting the trough.

The Burden of Asymptomatic Malaria Infection in Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Exploring Barriers to Elimination and Prevention

Abstract Background Malaria remains a major public health problem that continues to cause death in under-five children nearly every minute. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the pooled prevalence and predictors of asymptomatic malaria in children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods Relevant studies were retrieved from Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, Gray Literature, Embase, and African Online Journal databases published between 2014 and 2024. Data quality was assessed by a tool developed by Hoy and colleagues and classified as low, moderate, or high risk of bias. We performed a random effects model and sub-group analysis by age group, region, and diagnostic methods. The protocol was registered in the PROSPERO (CRD42024584354). Results A total of 24 cross-sectional studies with 19,169 participants from 10 Sub-Saharan Africa countries were included in the analyses under the age of 15 years. The overall prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was 25% (95% CI: 20–30%) and showed no evidence of publication bias. Utilization of insecticide-treated nets was significantly associated with asymptomatic malaria. In addition, the overall prevalence of anemia in asymptomatic Plasmodium-infected children under the age of 15 was found to be 35% (95% CI: 24–46%). Subgroup analysis showed significant regional and diagnostic tool differences in asymptomatic Plasmodium infection. Conclusion The findings of this study revealed a high prevalence of asymptomatic plasmodium infection in children with significant regional variations. There was a significant association with anemia and the utilization of insecticide-treated nets.

Association between vertebral fractures and brain volume: insights from a community cohort study.

Vertebral fractures (VF) due to osteoporosis impact morbidity and quality of life in the elderly. The relationship between VF and changes in brain structure remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the association between VF and gray matter volume (GMV) reductions in specific brain regions and to explore potential sex differences. Data from 1,751 participants (571 males, 1,180 females; mean age 64.9, range 18-97) in the fourth survey of the population-based Research on Osteoarthritis/Osteoporosis Against Disability study (2015-2016) were used. Participants were classified into those with and without VF (VF + and VF - groups) based on Genant's semiquantitative method, assessed by spine radiographs. Voxel-based morphometry was applied to MRI images to measure GMV, and a general linear model analysis was performed to compare GMV between groups, adjusting for age, sex, total brain volume, and Mini-Mental State Examination scores as covariates. Additionally, a two-way analysis of variance was conducted on the significant GMV cluster, with sex and VF presence as independent variables, to explore interaction effects. The VF+ group consisted of 113 participants, while the VF- group included 1,638 participants.The analysis identified a significant cluster with reduced GMV in the VF + group compared to the VF - group. This cluster included the right hippocampus, right amygdala, and right parahippocampal gyrus. Further analysis revealed that males in the VF + group exhibited more pronounced GMV reductions in the significant cluster compared to females. These findings suggest that VF is associated with significant reductions in brain regions critical for memory, emotional processing, and visuospatial memory, with more severe effects observed in males.

A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial to Determine the Effects of Three Nostril Regulated Breathing Practices on Attention and Mood.

Previous studies on nostril regulated breathing have contrasting findings attributed to lack of controls or not taking into account baseline nostril patency. This randomized crossover study on the effects of three nostril regulated yoga breathing practices and two controls on mood states and attention attempted to address these issues. Forty-five participants between 20 and 45 years (group mean age ± SD; 24.3±3.8 years; M;F 23:22) were assessed in five sessions in random order on five separate days. Nostril patency recorded pre-interventions in 225 sessions showed right nostril dominant at rest (RNDR) in 136 and left nostril dominant at rest (LNDR) in 89 sessions. The sessions were: (i) SAV or right uninostril breathing, (ii) CAV or left unnostril breathing, (iii) (AV or alternate nostril yoga breathing, (iv) breath awareness (BAW), and (v) quiet seated rest (QS). The practices were for 15 min each. Nostril patency was recorded pre, Brief mood introspection scale (BMIS), Global Vigor and Affect Scale (GVA) and Six letter cancellation test (SLCT) were recorded pre and post each session. Data analysis used general linear mixed model analysis, with fixed effects of states (pre and post), sessions and baseline nostril dominance (right or left). A significant interaction of sessions, states and nostril dominance at baseline was observed for total global affect (GA) (F9,396.194=2.871, p=0.003) which increased after SAV, CAV, AV and QS in participants right nostril dominant at rest (NDR) (padj<0.05 in all cases). A significant main effect of states was observed followed by significant post-hoc pair wise comparison in right NDR for (i) pleasant mood after SAV, CAV, AV and QS, (ii) positive mood after SAV and AV, and (iii) global vigor after SAV, CAV, AV and QS, and (iv) a decrease in negative mood after CAV and AV. While the volunteers who had left NDR showed a significant increase in (i) PU after CAV, AV, and QR, (ii) PT after CAV, and (iii) GV after CAV and QS. Nostril dominance pre intervention appears to influence the effects of nostril regulated yoga breathing practices.

Pengaruh Training &amp; Development, Collectivism Based Organizational Culture, dan Career Development Terhadap Work Performance dengan Organizational Commitment Sebagai Variabel Mediasi

This study aims to investigate the impact of Training &amp; Development (T&amp;D), Career Development (CD), and Collectivism-based Organizational Culture (COC) on Organizational Commitment (OC) and Work Performance (WP) at the Communication and Information Office (Kominfo) of South Tangerang City. The majority of respondents are female (56.9%), within the productive age range (25–40 years), and have a medium tenure (4–12 years), reflecting a workforce profile that is capable of supporting digital transformation and public service delivery. Descriptive analysis shows that respondents hold positive views on TD, CD, COC, OC, and WP, with a focus on skill development, group support, and individual contributions to the organization’s shared goals. The study employs the PLS-SEM method to test the validity, reliability, and relationships between variables. The results indicate that all indicators meet the criteria for validity and reliability. The inner model analysis shows that T&amp;D and COC have a positive impact on OC, while CD has a positive impact on WP. Organizational Commitment mediates the relationship between T&amp;D, COC, and WP, but does not mediate the relationship between CD and WP. Based on the Importance-Performance Matrix Analysis (IPMA), the main recommendation is to improve the TD program, which, despite its high importance, still shows low performance. Meanwhile, CD and OC already exhibit good performance and should be maintained. These findings emphasize the need for more consistent and effective training programs to optimize work performance.

An unconstrained four pool model analysis of proton relaxation and magnetization transfer in ex vivo white matter

Abstract Understanding proton relaxation in the brain’s white matter remains an active field of magnetic resonance imaging research. Models of varying complexity have been proposed to link measurements to tissue composition/microstructure, in particular myelination. Although the presence of multiple aqueous and nonaqueous proton pools is well established experimentally, so-called “quantitative MRI” is usually based on simpler models due to the large number of model parameters. In this work, a comprehensive set of parameters characterizing a four-pool model is obtained. A piece of fixed porcine spinal-cord WM was investigated at 3 T and temperatures between 21 and 35 °C. Measurements included a wide range of preparations of the spin system in combination with long echo trains to achieve sensitivity to all model parameters. The results allow the extraction of all intrinsic relaxation and exchange rates as well as assigning them to specific dynamic processes involving tissue water. A critical assessment indicates that simpler models often lack specificity to myelin.

MONet: cancer driver gene identification algorithm based on integrated analysis of multi-omics data and network models

Cancer progression is orchestrated by the accrual of mutations in driver genes, which endow malignant cells with a selective proliferative advantage. Identifying cancer driver genes is crucial for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of cancer, advancing targeted therapies, and uncovering novel biomarkers. Based on integrated analysis of Multi-Omics data and Network models, we present MONet, a novel cancer driver gene identification algorithm. Our method utilizes two graph neural network algorithms on protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to extract feature vector representations for each gene. These feature vectors are subsequently concatenated and fed into a multi-layer perceptron model (MLP) to perform semi-supervised identification of cancer driver genes. For each mutated gene, MONet assigns the probability of being potential driver, with genes identified in at least two PPI networks selected as candidate driver genes. When applied to pan-cancer datasets, MONet demonstrated robustness across various PPI networks, outperforming baseline models in terms of both the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the area under the precision-recall curve. Notably, MONet identified 37 novel driver genes that were missed by other methods, including 29 genes such as APOBEC2, GDNF, and PRELP, which are corroborated by existing literature, underscoring their critical roles in cancer development and progression. Through the MONet framework, we successfully identified known and novel candidate cancer driver genes, providing biologically meaningful insights into cancer mechanisms.

A simple competition model can predict rainforest tree diversity, species abundance and ecosystem functions

Abstract The coexistence of tree species in tropical forests has remained challenging to explain, characterise and predict with simple theoretical models. To address this phenomenon researchers have focused on processes and factors omitted in simple competition models. Meantime, theoretical considerations of simple models have sought out conditions for stable coexistence of many species. Here we show that a simple competition model parameterised by repeated forest tree inventory data can estimate the stable coexistence of numerous tree species and predict their biomass abundance and productivity in equilibrium communities. We apply a simple Lotka–Volterra competition model to describe species aboveground biomass, and employ leaf biomass as a proxy for exploitative competition among species. In such systems a globally stable multispecies equilibrium arises when, for every species, susceptibility of biomass growth to conspecific (same species) leaf biomass exceeds that to heterospecific leaf biomass. We applied this approach to tree species in the Pasoh 50‐ha plot of Malaysian lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. We parameterised species aboveground biomass productivity by tree growth, by recruitment, and losses from tree mortality. Biomass gains minus losses yields the biomass growth of each species population. Using variation in leaf biomass among quadrat subplots, we estimated the susceptibility of productivity by tree growth to conspecific and heterospecific leaf biomass. Our model analyses with plot census data predicted the stable coexistence of 351 of the 487 tree species assessed. Susceptibility to conspecific versus heterospecific leaf biomass was greater across all species (median: 95 times). The implied effect of conspecific competition appears to reflect ontogeny, that is declining relative tree growth with tree size. The equilibrium biomasses for predicted persistent species were broadly similar to observations. Removal of species indicates that ecosystem biomass and productivity at equilibrium increases asymptotically with species richness. Synthesis. Our analyses with simple model provide a range of non‐trivial insights into tree species coexistence, community structure and ecosystem stability within a species‐rich rainforest. The insights available from such simple models provide references for a reassessment of the insights from more complex models and approaches.

Analysis of a Malaria Transmission Model with Vaccination Proportion and Vaccine-Induced Immunity

This study presents a mathematical model to describe the transmission dynamics of malaria in a highly endemic region, with a focus on vaccination and vaccine-induced immunity as primary control measures. By determining the basic reproduction number (R0), we evaluate the impact of these interventions on malaria-free and malaria-persistent equilibria. Our analysis shows that the malaria-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when R0&lt;1 and unstable otherwise. Numerical simulations demonstrate that increasing vaccination coverage and improving vaccine-induced immunity significantly reduce R0. A sensitivity analysis using partial rank correlation coefficients highlights the influence of key parameters, such as the mosquito-to-human transmission rate and mosquito birth and death rates, on malaria transmission. These findings underscore the potential of integrated strategies, combining vaccination with other interventions, to manage malaria effectively in highly endemic regions.

Non-isothermal mathematical model of blocking tecnogenic fractures

Nowadays, large oil fields have moved to the stage of declining production, to maintain reservoir pressure, it is necessary to apply flooding technologies. To maintain the previous rates of oil production, it is necessary to force selections by increasing the value of downhole pressure on the injection wells. However, the risks of exceeding the fracturing pressure are increasing, which can lead to the formation of technogenic fractures. An intensive increase in the fracture can lead to an increase in the risks of premature water reaching through it into the drainage zone of the producing wells, which will lead to an increase in the value of the water oil ratio. The analysis of current numerical mathematical models of colmatation of technogenic fracture has shown the status of determining the volume of leaks of the colmatation agent beyond the fracture, considering changes in the temperature field at the bottom of the injection well. This problem is relevant, since special research complexes have been conducted at several oil and gas fields to determine the growth of technogenic fractures that arose because of excess fracturing pressure and fell into the drainage zone of producing wells. A change in the temperature field of the reservoir will allow direct changes in the viscosity of the injected colmatation agent, as well as determine the amount of leakage of the agent beyond the limits of the technogenic fractures. The article describes the construction of a non-isothermal physico-mathematical model of injection of a suspension system (water-reagent) into the reservoir, considering changes in the temperature field of the reservoir, the volume of reagent leaks beyond the limits of the technogenic fracture, considered for the first time. The aim of the work is to establish the dependences of the leakage volume of the colmatation agent, the critical time of filling the fracture from changes in the temperature field at the bottom of the injection well. A nonisothermal reservoir simulation model has been constructed showing the stages of initiation of a technogenic fracture with its subsequent colmation. The distribution of the concentration of the colmatation reagent both in the fracture and outside it, depending on the change in the temperature field at the bottom of the well, is obtained. It is determined that the volume of reagent leaks decreases if changes in the temperature field at the bottom of the injection well are considered with identical well operation parameters and geological and physical characteristics of the formation.

Analysis and applications of Nakagami constant-stress model using progressive type-II censored data

Abstract In the case of trustworthy products, accelerated life tests are crucial techniques used to gather information regarding the lifetime of the target population with a shorter time frame compared to routine investigations. The received data in higher stress levels than normal are then used to predict the reliability of the product under consideration in regular working circumstances. In this paper, the constant-stress accelerated life tests are employed when the data are obtained through a progressive Type-II censoring strategy from Nakagami populations. Besides estimating the model parameters, the reliability function under the usual use conditions is predicted using four estimation procedures. The maximum likelihood, least squares, weighted least squares and maximum product of spacing estimation approaches are utilized for estimation purposes. In addition, two interval estimation methods are considered utilizing the asymptotic features of the maximum likelihood and maximum product of spacing estimates. A simulation investigation is conducted to evaluate the efficiency of diverse point and interval estimations beneath various strategies involving sample sizes, effective number of failures, and removal designs. From a practical perspective, a pair of datasets are explored to confirm the effectiveness of the theoretical findings.

GLOBAL EXPERIENCE OF ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSES IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction. The literature review emphasizes the growing role of advanced practice nurses (APNs) in primary healthcare at the international level. Amid global changes in healthcare systems, these professionals are becoming pivotal in enhancing both access to healthcare services and the quality of care. Aim of the Study. To investigate the global experience of advanced practice nurses within the context of primary healthcare. Materials and Methods. A search of scientific publications was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases, employing the following keywords: «advanced practice nurses,» «primary health care,» and «registered nurse.» Study Results. The study results indicate that advanced practice nurses significantly improve the quality of care and patient satisfaction. An analysis of various international models demonstrates the successful integration of these professionals into a team-based approach to treatment, leading to a reduction in physician workload and better population health outcomes. Moreover, the presence of clear regulatory frameworks and educational programs has been noted to enhance the efficacy of nurse practice, making them an integral part of the healthcare system. Conclusion. The international experience of advanced practice nurses showcases their significant impact on the efficiency of primary healthcare delivery. Recommendations for adapting successful practices can serve as a foundation for optimizing healthcare systems in various countries, ensuring more sustainable and effective healthcare provision.

Structural Analysis of Multi-Core Processor and Reliability Evaluation Model

In the present paper, the models of structural analysis and evaluation of efficiency indicators (reliability, fault tolerance, viability, and flexibility) of a multi-core processor with variable structure, equipped with multi-functional cores, are considered. Using logical–probabilistic methods, the following has been developed: models for evaluating the reliability and fault tolerance of processor cores as multi-functional elements; logical–probabilistic models of the shortest paths, flexibility, and performance conditions for successful operation of multi-core processors based on multi-functional cores; and models for estimating the reliability, fault tolerance, and lifetime of multi-core processors considering all possible states of performance. The results of the structural analysis of two-core and four-core processors and the trends of increasing the efficiency indicators of multi-core processors are presented.

Pengembangan E-modul Berbasis Problem Based Learning untuk Memfasilitasi Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Siswa

The purpose of this study was to develop an e-module based on problem based learning to facilitate students' higher order thinking skills (HOTS) with the material taken being trigonometric comparisons. The research design used in this study was the ADDIE development model (analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation). The subjects in this study were the development subjects and the product trial subjects. The development subjects were validators and the product trial subjects were students of class X Phase E1 of SMA Negeri 1 Belitang. The results of this study were: (1) the developed e-module obtained very valid criteria with media validity reaching 92% and material validity reaching 93%, (2) the e-module met practical criteria based on the results of student and teacher response questionnaires with practicality reaching 89.5%, (3) the effectiveness of the e-module was seen based on the results of the student posttest with an index percentage of 73.1% with effective criteria.

The association of lipid accumulation product with inflammatory parameters and mortality: evidence from a large population-based study

BackgroundObesity is closely associated with lipid metabolism, and the accumulation of lipids leads to low-level inflammation in the body, which can trigger cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to explore the association between a novel marker of lipid accumulation, the abdominal volume index (AVI), inflammatory parameters, and mortality.MethodsThis study enrolled 2,109 older adult senior citizens (aged over 60 years) with hypertension from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The primary endpoints included all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality, which were assessed by linking the data to the National Death Index records. Cox regression model and subgroup analysis were constructed to investigate the associations between AVI and both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Restricted cubic splines were employed to further explore the relationships among AVI, inflammatory parameters, and mortality. By considering inflammatory factors as mediators, we investigate the mediating effects of AVI on mortality.ResultsAfter a median follow-up of 69 months, there were 1,260 deaths, with 337 attributed to cardiovascular causes within the older adult population studied. In the multivariable-adjusted model, AVI was positively associated with both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality [Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.06–1.11 for all-cause mortality; HR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.03–1.12 for cardiovascular mortality]. Kaplan-Meier survival plots indicated an overall median survival time of 144 months. Mediation analysis revealed that Systemic Inflammatory Response Index (SIRI), Monocyte-to-HDL ratio (MHR), and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) mediated 27.15%, 35.15%, and 16.55%, respectively, of the association between AVI and all-cause mortality.ConclusionAVI is positively associated with all-cause mortality in older adults with hypertension, and this association appears to be partially mediated by inflammatory parameters.

Evolutionary strategies in live-streaming e-commerce: A four-player game model analysis

Background: Live-streaming e-commerce has boomed during the COVID-19 pandemic, leveraging short video platforms to fulfill social and shopping needs. However, its development is hampered by issues like misleading advertising by hosts, weak consumer protection, and inadequate platform oversight. Objective: This study aims to address these challenges and propose solutions for a healthy live-streaming e-commerce ecosystem. Methods: A four-player game model is constructed, considering interactions between live-streaming hosts, consumers, platforms, and suppliers. MATLAB is employed to analyze the model and identify optimal strategies for each player. Results: The model demonstrates that government regulation is essential. It incentivizes positive behavior from platforms and hosts while balancing consumer protection with potential misuse of complaint systems. Conclusions: Without government regulation, the live-streaming e-commerce industry cannot develop sustainably. This research highlights the importance of a multifaceted approach, including reducing consumer protection costs and implementing proactive government regulations for both platforms and hosts.

Predicting Placement in Residential Treatment in a Drug Court Program

With a growing emphasis on alternatives to incarceration for high-risk/high-need individuals who use drugs or alcohol, there is an increased need for intensive treatment services in the community. The current study examines referrals to residential treatment in a drug court setting. Using a sample of 378 drug court participants, this study compares characteristics of drug court participants who received traditional drug court services and those who received residential services. Multivariable logistic regression model analyses indicate that drug of choice (i.e., heroin/opiate use), substance use severity (i.e., early onset of drug use at 15 years and below), and noncompliance (i.e., rearrests prior to referral) were significant predictors of referral to and placement in residential treatment, when controlling for demographic characteristics (i.e., age, race, gender). Research and policy implications are discussed.

Effects of Radiation Dose of Photon and Electron Beam Energies and Angles in Radiation Therapy

This study explores the effects of varying radiation beam energy levels and angles on the doses administered to adjacent healthy tissues and tumors during cancer treatment. While electron beams are best suited for superficial tumors because of their shallow penetration depth, photon beams produced by linear accelerators are useful for deep-seated tumors. Radiation doses were measured at different angles with 6 MV and 15 MV photon beams at 0° and 60° and with 6 MeV, 12 MeV, and 15 MeV electron beams at 0° and 15°. The findings demonstrate that larger angles and higher energy produce higher doses at different positions in photon therapy. Energy levels in electron therapy have a greater effect on dose distribution than angles. Our linear regression model analysis found that energy level angles and dose measurements in photon therapy strongly correlate with high R2 scores (above 0.8). Substantial and inconsistent correlations were observed with electron therapy. Despite these variations, a positive correlation was seen between various dose measurements for both treatments. These results emphasize the significance of choosing the right angles and energy levels to maximize treatment efficacy and minimize harm to healthy tissues. The use of these treatment protocols in clinical settings is supported by comparing our results with international standards which guarantee safety and efficacy.

Model analysis of biases in the satellite-diagnosed aerosol effect on the cloud liquid water path

Abstract. The response in cloud water content to changes in cloud condensation nuclei remains one of the major uncertainties in determining how aerosols can perturb cloud properties. In this study, we used an ensemble of large eddy simulations of marine stratocumulus clouds to investigate the correlation between cloud liquid water path (LWP) and the amount of cloud condensation nuclei. We compare this correlation directly from the model to the correlation derived using equations which are used to retrieve liquid water path from satellite observations. Our comparison shows that spatial variability in cloud properties and instrumental noise in satellite retrievals of cloud optical depth and cloud effective radii results in bias in the satellite-derived liquid water path. In-depth investigation of high-resolution model data shows that in large part of a cloud, the assumption of adiabaticity does not hold, which results in a similar bias in the LWP–CDNC (cloud droplet number concentration) relationship as seen in satellite data. In addition, our analysis shows a significant positive bias of between 18 % and 40 % in satellite-derived cloud droplet number concentration. However, for the individual ensemble members, the correlation between the cloud condensation nuclei and the mean of the liquid water path was very similar between the methods. This suggests that if cloud cases are carefully chosen for similar meteorological conditions and it is ensured that cloud condensation nuclei concentrations are well-defined, changes in liquid water can be confidently determined using satellite data.