Mode Power Supply Research Articles

Порівняльний розрахунок потужності та вироблення електроенергії фотоелектричними станціями (ФЕС) для цивільних об’єктів та автостоянок

Designing residential power supply systems using rene-wable energy sources is an urgent task, as it allows to ensure energy-efficient modes of power supply and power consumption, to reduce the cost of consumed electric power. The article proposes approaches to the design of a photo¬voltaic power station (PPS), which is installed on the roof of an apartment building, a multi-story parking lot, taking into account the architectural features of buildings, which significantly affect the roof area for photovoltaic cells and the consumption of electrical energy. The classification of mul¬ti-apartment residential buildings (MARB) according to architectural features is presented. Design of PPS and calculation of electric loads for MARB of various architectural groups was carried out. The calculation of electrical loads was carried out separately for the MARB and for the life support system of the MARB. The calculation was carried out using information on previously collected data on resi¬dential buildings and specific loads of apartments. The spe¬cific calculated loads of apartments take into account the lighting load of general building premises, as well as the load of low-current devices and low-power power equipment. The calculated load of the MARB power receivers was determined as the sum of the calculated loads of elevator installations and the load of sanitary and technical devices. For MARB of different architectural forms with different number of apartments, simulation of PPS operation modes was performed: taking into account the location of the PPS installation, solar radiation, features of the generating equipment, forecast values of generated power and electric energy for different periods of the year were calculated. Modeling was carried out using the SAM software package. Financial assessment of PPS projects was carried out. Capital investments for the FES and the payback period of the project were calculated.

Next generation of dielectric barrier discharge hydride atomizers for atomic absorption spectrometry: A case study on Pb, Bi, Se and Te

The performance of hydride atomizers based on dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) was evaluated by atomic absorption spectrometry as a detector employing Pb, Bi, Se and Te as model analytes. Two designs of DBD atomizers either with glued or sputtered electrodes were investigated in combination with sinusoidal or square-wave modulated high voltage power supply sources. Moreover, the effect of gas phase dryers on analyte response was studied. Nafion tubes were found as universal dryers capable of efficient water vapor removal with no losses of analyte. Sensitivity was compared among individual DBD configurations being related also to conventional externally heated quartz tube (multi)atomizers (MM)QTA. For Te and Se comparable sensitivities were reached in all configurations of DBD atomizers and MMQTA. On the contrary, QTA provided three times higher sensitivity for Bi and Pb than DBD atomizers. Sensitivity reached among DBD atomizers was the same regardless of their electrode design and high voltage waveform modulation for Se, Te and Bi. Differences in sensitivity were observed for Pb depending on DBD atomizer configuration. Here the best sensitivity was found in DBD with sputtered electrodes coupled to power source with square-wave modulation of high voltage. It was twice higher than that reached in the DBD atomizer with glued electrodes powered by sine-wave voltage. The sensitivity in DBD atomizers correlates negatively with the amount of analyte deposited in the atomizer during atomization. >90% of Bi and Pb introduced into the system is deposited while the deposited fraction of Te and Se, respectively, decreases to 60% and 35%.

Performance Simulation of Long-Stator Linear Synchronous Motor for High-Speed Maglev Train under Three-Phase Short-Circuit Fault

The high-speed Maglev train is driven by long-stator linear synchronous motors (LLSM). During the long-time outdoor operation, the insulation material of the armature winding may be damaged, either due to aging or the movement of the windings. This may result in the three-phase short-circuit fault, which affects the traction performance and the operation of the train. In this paper, a simulation model of the high-speed Maglev train traction system with a three-phase short-circuit fault LLSM is established, including the converters at two ends, feeder cables, segmented LLSM and traction control system. The system adopts a double-end power supply mode. The model divides the fault segment LLSM into two parts. One part is connected to the converter, which is equivalent to a normal operating segment with shortened long-stator. The other part is equivalent to a three-phase short-circuit linear generator. Based on this model, the influence of running speed and fault segment length on the traction performance of the train is simulated. In addition, the stator current, acceleration and traction force of the Maglev train during fault segment are investigated in the acceleration phase, deceleration phase and constant speed phase, respectively. The results can provide a reference for three-phase short-circuit fault diagnosis.

Study on the characteristics of the potential rise of shell under VFTO in the GIS pumped storage power station

Compared with the traditional GIS station, complex wiring and operation mode of pumped-storage plant diversity, working condition of frequent transformation, makes the plant to produce very fast transient overvoltage (VFTO) probability increase greatly. VFTO will form a transient coupled to the GIS shell casing transient earth voltage (TEV), and then to station personnel safety and the reliability of the secondary equipment poses a great threat. But at the moment because of the limitation of testing technology such as understanding of the academic study of TEV is lack of system. Based on a typical 500 kV gis pumped-storage power station, this paper established a system equivalent model of GIS, network frame and calculates the amplitude, frequency spectrum characteristic of the TEV and influence on VFTO characteristics, and analyzes the fault location, power supply mode, branch bus, the influence of vertical grounding electrodes on the TEV characteristics, For the characteristics of the TEV rules and parameters. Research on TEV characteristics of GIS of pumped storage power station has important reference value for further perfecting relevant theories.

Coordinated Control Strategy and Physical Integration of a Multistation Integrated System

The integration of distributed photovoltaic and new energy vehicles could further aggravate the over-voltage, over-load, and three-phase voltage unbalance in distribution networks. Multistation integrated system (MSIS) can resolve the aforementioned power quality issues. In this article, a new topology for a MSIS is proposed, which uses soft open point as the key equipment of the system and adopts the hierarchical power supply mode for a data center, electric vehicle charging pile, and other function stations. Based on the topology of the MSIS and smooth switching of the converter control mode, a coordinated control strategy is proposed to control the working mode of each function station and further optimize the system operation conditions. The small signal model of the MSIS is derived, which can provide theoretical support for the stable operation of the system. The simulation results of two different application scenarios verify that the proposed topology of the MSIS and coordinated control strategy effectively improve the voltage level of the distribution network, enhance the reliability of sensitive load power supply, and ensure safe and reliable operation of the MSIS. Finally, the fusion and integration functions of the MSIS are tested and verified. The on-site demonstration indicated a mutual win–win situation for the power supply company, energy supplier, equipment provider and users.

Wireless pressure sensor system for fish quality monitoring

Food quality monitoring is increasingly important. This paper aims to propose the developed wireless pressure sensor system (WPSS) for fish quality monitoring. WPSS consists of a sensor acquisition module, power supply module, and Bluetooth module. The sensor acquisition module includes a temperature sensor, pressure sensor, and microcontroller unit (MCU). When Bluetooth receives the data collection command from the smartphone, the data of storage temperature and pressure in the food package can be collected by the sensor and transmitted wirelessly to the smartphone through Bluetooth. All data obtained by the system is monitored, stored, processed, and eventually displayed in a smartphone app in real-time to improve temperature, air pressure, and freshness transparency within the food package, ultimately ensuring food quality and safety. The proposed WPSS has potential application in many kinds of food monitoring. It can realize simple and intuitive food quality indications.

An in-tire-pressure monitoring SoC using FBAR resonator-based ZigBee transceiver and deep learning models

In automobiles, tires play an important role in ensuring safe driving. Hence tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) has become the most important safety system in automobile vehicles. In this work, a new indirect TMPS is proposed that measures the pressure of all the tyres indirectly using the available sensors already mounted for typical vehicle dynamics control purposes. The available sensors in vehicles usually contain a power supply module, a microcontroller, and transceiver and resonator circuitry. The available wheel speed sensor is modified by reducing the wireless receiver system in communication protocols to minimize the power consumption. The transceiver structure is modified using a suitable local oscillator (LO) frequency plan based on a temperature-compensated thin film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR). In addition, the proposed TPMS SoC uses a deep-stacked autoencoder to detect the adherence conditions of the tires and a pressure loss based on wheel speed. This module will initially pre-process the speed signals to remove the speed error caused by manufacturing error. After pre-processing, different features such as statistical, frequency-domain and the fitted frequency-domain characteristics are extracted from the wheel speed signal and fed to the learning model for the judgment of the tire state. The proposed system was designed in Verilog synthesis and layout were made in cadence tool. For ASIC implementation, we use TSMC 65 nm CMOS Library for LNA/hybrid mixer design. The performance measures of the pressure detection model in terms of accuracy and errors are evaluated. Also, the performance metrics of the transceiver architecture in terms of gain, NF, IIP3, S11 and FOM are evaluated. The experimental evaluation describes that the model procures a maximum gain of 58 dB, NF of 2.15 dB and IIP3 of 6.6 dBm respectively. The die area is 0.45 mm2with 0.8 supply voltage and 0.83 mW power. In addition to this, the relationship between peak amplitude and speed vehicle regarding time and frequency domain features are evaluated.

Driving system for Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulators in microwave photonics.

In order to obtain a modulation signal with high bandwidth and highly stable output power without distortion, an electro-optic modulator driving system with quick response to the input signal is designed in this paper. The system mainly includes three parts: power supply module, microwave signal generation module, and automatic gain control (AGC) module. The power supply module provides appropriate voltage and current for other two modules. The microwave signal generation module is used to generate microwave signals. The AGC module adopts the digital AGC control structure and the PID control principle to achieve stable control of the output power of the microwave signal. The hardware is developed, and the software algorithm is integrated into the driving system to verify the effectiveness and stability. The experimental results show that the bandwidth of the AGC module reaches 20 GHz. The proposed AGC module can effectively stabilize the output power of the microwave signal at 10 dBm with fluctuations less than ±1.5 dB, and its stability is improved by 74.95% compared to existing instrument. When the input power changes at 10 KHz, the system can still achieve stable control performance and has exhibited excellent dynamic response characteristics.

Single-Stage Multi-Input Buck Type High-Frequency Link's Inverters With Multiwinding and Time-Sharing Power Supply

A circuit structure, topological family, and unipolar phase-shift SPWM master-slave power distribution energy management control strategy (EMCS) of the single-stage Buck type multi-input high-frequency (HF) link's inverters with multiwinding time-sharing power supply are proposed in this article, in order to reduce the power conversion stage, volume and weight, and increase conversion efficiency and reliability. The key technologies of this kind of inverter, such as circuit structure and topological family, EMCS, power supply mode (PSM), and steady-state principle characteristics, are deeply studied. The circuit structure is composed of multiple isolated HF inverting bridges, a HF transformer with multi-input single-output, a cycloconverter and an output <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LC</i> filter. The EMCS is to generate the bipolar tristate multilevel SPWM waves by phase-shift between the right arm and the left arm of multiple HF inverting bridges; the cycloconverter demodulates it into the unipolar tristate multilevel SPWM wave, and performs zero voltage commutation. The experimental results of the designed and developed 1kVA multi-input inverter prototype have shown it has the advantages of single-stage power conversion, HF electrical isolation, high conversion efficiency, small volume and weight, high reliability, stable output voltage, multi-input source master-slave power distribution, and smooth switching of different PSMs.

Output analysis and capacity configuration of green backup power supply in data center

The backup power supply ensures the stability and reliability of the power supply for a data center. Starting from green backup power supply, this paper studies the selection and configuration method of energy storage mode of backup power supply according to the backup power demand of data center and peak regulation demand of power grid, and analyzes different forms of green backup power supply and the output characteristics of hydrogen fuel cell. Aiming at improving the economy of green backup power assisted peak regulation, the capacity configuration principles of hydrogen energy storage and electrochemical energy storage technology are clarified, and then the capacity configuration of standby power in data center is simulated. The results show that the capacity configuration requirements of lithium battery, fuel cell and hydrogen storage tank corresponding to engineering life can be obtained through algorithm optimization.

Performance evaluation of a compact designed electric power system composed of a two‐stroke gasoline engine, generator, and battery for high‐endurance unmanned aerial vehicles

AbstractAn electric power system comprising a two‐stroke gasoline engine integrated with a generator and a battery is designed, and its performance is evaluated on the ground if it can provide constant 6 kW‐scale electric power for UAVs. The reciprocal engine is fabricated to have opposed pistons connected to the crankshaft, which can provide the house to hold the generator at its end, resulting in a compact design. This system integration allows the generated power to be readily manipulated by adjusting the engine rpm. In addition, the generator operates in two modes: a starter mode when starting an engine initially, and then a power unit mode after reaching 4500 engine rpm. In turn, a power supply and starter mode were combined in a single unit. The battery is adopted to momentarily cover insufficient power when a high load is inevitable, and its capacity is tested by applying an 11 kW electric load that the engine‐generator itself cannot cover. Thus, a hybrid electric power plant is formed by incorporating different power sources that can satisfy various load requests up to 11 kW, and it can extend flight endurance by alternating the main power between an engine generator and a battery.

A Review on Rail Defect Detection Systems Based on Wireless Sensors.

Small defects on the rails develop fast under the continuous load of passing trains, and this may lead to train derailment and other disasters. In recent years, many types of wireless sensor systems have been developed for rail defect detection. However, there has been a lack of comprehensive reviews on the working principles, functions, and trade-offs of these wireless sensor systems. Therefore, we provide in this paper a systematic review of recent studies on wireless sensor-based rail defect detection systems from three different perspectives: sensing principles, wireless networks, and power supply. We analyzed and compared six sensing methods to discuss their detection accuracy, detectable types of defects, and their detection efficiency. For wireless networks, we analyzed and compared their application scenarios, the advantages and disadvantages of different network topologies, and the capabilities of different transmission media. From the perspective of power supply, we analyzed and compared different power supply modules in terms of installation and energy harvesting methods, and the amount of energy they can supply. Finally, we offered three suggestions that may inspire the future development of wireless sensor-based rail defect detection systems.

A Novel Wireless Leaf Area Index Sensor Based on a Combined U-Net Deep Learning Model

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important parameter for forestry vegetation canopy structure investigation and ecological environment model study. Traditional ground direct measuring method is too time and labor consuming, while the remote sensing technique lacks of adequate validation and comparative analysis. Here, a novel wireless LAI sensor based on a lightweight deep learning model (LAINET) has been designed with a Raspberry Pi microcomputer and a LoRa transceiver. The mainly metering pattern of sensor system is the digital hemispherical photo-graphy (DHP) methodology based on Beer-Lambert law: firstly, the crown canopy’s image is captured and segmented by LAINET, then the vegetation gap fraction can be extracted to calculate the LAI value. Our proposed LAINET consists of a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) and a generative adversarial network (GAN). The average accuracy of semantic segmentation (i.e. CNN part) could reach 0.978, and the combination of GAN for image super-resolution reconstruction can improve the accuracy of gap fraction measurement more by 5.5%. In addition, LAINET effectively solves the problem of low segmentation accuracy brought by environmental effects, the separation accuracy in direct sunlight or clear weather has been improved significantly. So the ultimate LAI value can be calculated precisely and stably. Experiment results show that the proposed sensor obtains a fine measuring error of less than 4% when comparing with the commercial plant canopy analyzer HM-G20. Combined with Uninterruptible Power Supply module of 5200 mAh, the sensor can work effectively for about 8 months, principally meeting the deployment and measurement criteria of forestry LAI. Therefore, the wireless sensor presented in this paper has a great application prospect.

On-Demand Metallization System Using Micro-Plasma Bubbles.

3D wiring technology is required for the integration of micro–nano devices on various 3D surfaces. However, current wiring technologies cannot be adapted to a variety of materials and surfaces. Here, we propose a new metal deposition method using only a micro-plasma bubble injector and a metal ion solution. Micro-plasma bubbles were generated on demand using pulses, and the localized reaction field enables metal deposition independent of the substrate. Three different modes of micro-plasma bubble generation were created depending on the power supply conditions and mode suitable for metal deposition. Furthermore, using a mode in which one bubble was generated for all pulses among the three modes, copper deposition on dry/wet materials, such as chicken tissue and glass substrates, was achieved. In addition, metal deposition of copper, nickel, chromium, cobalt, and zinc was achieved by simply changing the metal ion solution. Finally, patterning on glass and epoxy resin was performed. Notably, the proposed metal deposition method is conductivity independent. The proposed method is a starting point for 3D wiring of wet materials, which is difficult with existing technologies. Our complete system makes it possible to directly attach sensors and actuators to living organisms and robots, for example, and contribute to soft robotics and biomimetics.

Discrete modeling and calculation of traction return-current network for 400 km/h high-speed railway

The planned 400 km/h high-speed train capable of cross-border intermodal transportation will inevitably cause a greater return-current and bring more challenges to signaling infrastructure and integrated grounding while achieving stronger traction. Based on the existing AC autotransformer power supply mode, this paper proposes a discrete modeling and calculation method of the traction return-current network concerning impedance equivalent, realizing the simulation and quantitative analysis of the return-current distribution of multiple current-carrying conductors in the block section and station yard under the double-track condition. Then, the dynamic distribution is analyzed comprehensively considering traction power supply, signaling, and integrated grounding systems. Also, the method is verified with field test data. Finally, the simulation of the return-current proportion of multiple conductors is carried out under the dynamic operating conditions of high speed, and the distribution characteristics are compared and analyzed under different ballast resistances. In the most unfavorable case, the maximum return-current in the rails, grounding wire, and protective wire can reach 1046 A, 180 A, and 126 A, respectively. This work helps evaluate the electromagnetic compatibility between signaling and strong currents in engineering practice, further optimize the capacity configuration of equipment along the railway lines, and improve the signaling immunity design.

An Energy Efficient Process for Degrading Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Using Strip Fountain Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an artificially synthesized per-fluorinated chemical widely used in industry. It is often released into the environment without treatment and causes pollution in groundwater. In this paper, we employed a strip fountain dielectric barrier discharge (SF-DBD) plasma source to degrade PFOA from the water. The effects of power supply mode, discharge gases, pH, the conductivity of the solution, concentration, etc., on the degradation efficiency were studied. For a 200 mL sample of 75 mg/L PFOA, a 99% degradation efficiency with a 204.5 μg/kJ energy production rate was achieved using an average power of 43 W negative pulse argon plasma for 50 min at atmospheric pressure. The total organic carbon concentration (TOC) decreased by 63% after a 60 min treatment. The SF-DBD proves to be a promising and energy-saving technique to efficiently remove PFOA from water.

Research on remote control using magnetic fluid power generation

Aiming at the problem of serious environmental pollution and insufficient energy utilization caused by dry battery power supply in the existing remote control, this project has carried out technical improvement and innovation in power generation mode and the structure of remote control. The main contents include: 1. Magnetic fluid power: comparing with the traditional dry batteries power for remote control, this device adds the winding hose of magnetic coil to the basis of traditional remote control, will change the mechanical energy that produced by pressing into the electricity that the remote control need to output a signal, so as to replace the use of dry cell in the traditional remote control and reduce environmental pollution. 2. Remote control structure design: keep in the original signal control method, on the basis of innovation in tile around a coil hose between the original signal circuit and remote shell, realize the simultaneous press power and signal control hose as a whole, press any key will be to hose extrusion formation, promote tube MHD flow, to produce the electricity required to signal control. Below the hose has kept the original control signal circuit, press the process control signal synchronization connected, so as to realize the remote-control operation This device to keep the traditional signal control module and a button on the remote-control module, the hose by magnetic generator for replacement battery power supply module, has the advantages of lower manufacturing cost and zero emissions, in line with the concept of energy saving and emission reduction.

Holographic Acoustic Tweezers for 5-DoF Manipulation of Nanocarrier Clusters toward Targeted Drug Delivery.

Acoustic tweezers provide unique capabilities in medical applications, such as contactless manipulation of small objects (e.g., cells, compounds or living things), from nanometer-sized extracellular vesicles to centimeter-scale structures. Additionally, they are capable of being transmitted through the skin to trap and manipulate drug carriers in various media. However, these capabilities are hindered by the limitation of controllable degrees of freedom (DoFs) or are limited maneuverability. In this study, we explore the potential application of acoustical tweezers by presenting a five-DoF contactless manipulation acoustic system (AcoMan). The system has 30 ultrasound transducers (UTs) with single-side arrangement that generates active traveling waves to control the position and orientation of a fully untethered nanocarrier clusters (NCs) in a spherical workspace in water capable of three DoFs translation and two DoFs rotation. In this method, we use a phase modulation algorithm to independently control the phase signal for 30 UTs and manipulate the NCs’ positions. Phase modulation and switching power supply for each UT are employed to rotate the NCs in the horizontal plane and control the amplitude of power supply to each UT to rotate the NCs in the vertical plane. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated by in vitro and ex vivo experiments using porcine ribs. A significant portion of this study could advance the therapeutic application such a system as targeted drug delivery.

A Novel Method for Diagnosis of Broken Bars Based on Optimum Resolution of Prescient Direction Algorithm

Fourier transformation (FT) and Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) method suffer the insufficient ability in diagnosing broken rotor bar (BRB) fault using short-time data. Theoretical and simulation analyses show that the Optimum Resolution of Prescient Direction (ORPD) algorithm has the best frequency resolution performance due to a priori knowledge. The main objective of this paper is to detect BRB faults in induction machines using a condition monitoring architecture based on ORPD algorithm. In the proposed application, the ORPD algorithm with the best frequency resolution performance is used to estimate the fault-sensitive frequencies in the stator current signature. The prior information of BRB fault characteristic distribution is used to construct a weighting matrix in the ORPD algorithm, for acquiring the lowest signal-to-noise ratio resolution threshold. Once frequencies are estimated, their corresponding amplitudes are obtained by using the least squares estimator. The proposed methods were tested using experimental induction motors with different fault severity under the effect of several load levels or supply frequencies. Two types of power supply modes are considered: main and inverter. The results show that compared with traditional method which uses FT and MUSIC algorithm for fault diagnosing, the method based on ORPD algorithm has a higher frequency resolution and identification ability with short-time data, and still has good diagnostic performance even under light loading and lower supply frequencies.

STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL ENERGY OBJECTS WITHIN MICROGRIDS

Goal. Clarify the definition of the term "local energy object", by disclosing its essence and content in the energy network. To find out the strategic directions necessary for the development and dissemination of energy innovations in Ukraine with the participation of microgrids.&#x0D; Task. Analyze and establish requirements for determining the term of a local energy object, develop a classification of energy objects according to different classification criteria. Justify the importance and essence of local energy objects in the power grid. Conduct a comprehensive assessment and analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of microgrids through the use of SWOT - analysis methodologies.&#x0D; The result of the study. The article proposes and formulates the definition of the term of the local energy object. The classification of objects is developed by such categorical features as: economic - geographical position, functional purpose, power supply mode, criterion of effective management, method of management, type of performed task, parameter of electric energy consumption (power, type of current), size of object, human influence, form of ownership, category of electric receivers. The advantages and disadvantages, as well as opportunities and threats to the development of power supply of local objects as part of microgrids are presented. SWOT analysis methodology was used to conduct analytical research (analysis).&#x0D; Scientific novelty consists in the introduction into scientific circulation of a new term, such as "local energy object", as well as in the disclosure of its essence, content and meaning.&#x0D; Conclusions and practical significance. The definition of the term "local energy object" is clarified, its essence, content and meaning in the composition of energy networks are revealed, which helps to characterize the main subjects of energy. The strategic directions necessary for the development and dissemination of energy innovations in Ukraine in the long run are provided.