Relay Mode Research Articles

Shipping Logistics Network Optimization with Stochastic Demands for Construction Waste Recycling: A Case Study in Shanghai, China

In this paper, we introduce a shipping logistics network optimization method for construction waste recycling. In our case, construction waste is transported by a relay mode integrating land transportation, shipping transportation, and land transportation. Under the influence of urban economic life, the quantity (demand) of construction waste is uncertain and stochastic. Considering the randomness of construction waste generation, a two-stage stochastic integer programming model for the design of a shipping logistics network for construction waste recycling is proposed, and an accurate algorithm based on Benders decomposition is presented. Based on an actual case in Shanghai, numerical experiments are carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed model and algorithm. Based on an actual case study in Shanghai, numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed model can help to reduce transportation costs of construction waste. Sensitivity analysis highlights that factors like the penalty for untransported waste and capacity constraints play a crucial role in network optimization decisions. The findings provide valuable theoretical support for developing more efficient and sustainable logistics networks for construction waste recycling.

Performance Analysis of Multiple UAV-Based Hybrid Free-Space Optical/Radio Frequency Aeronautical Communication System in Mobile Scenarios

Free-space optical (FSO) communication with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as relays is a promising technology for future aeronautical communication systems. In this paper, a multiple UAV-based aeronautical communication system is proposed, wherein a hybrid FSO/radio frequency (RF) link is established to connect the Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) with the mobile ground station (GS). Initially, we consider the velocity variance of both AWACS and the mobile GS, along with the influence of the Doppler effect. Furthermore, four relay selection modes are proposed, and exact closed expressions are derived for the end-to-end outage probability and bit error rate (BER) of the considered system. Numerical simulations demonstrate the impact of velocity variance variation on system performance. Additionally, we analyze the applicability of these four relay modes under different platform mobility characteristics through simulation results, while discussing the optimal numbers and the deployment altitude of UAVs. Finally, effective design guidelines that can be useful for aeronautical communication system designers are presented.

A framework of integrated differential evolution variants based on adaptive relay mode for global optimization

Differential evolution (DE) is highly competitive in single-objective real parameter optimization. However, there are still some problems with differential evolutionary variants in optimizing complex multimode functions, such as poor solution accuracy and slow convergence. To address these problems, an optimization framework of integrated DE variants based on adaptive relay mode (fDE-ARM) is proposed. In this framework, different DE variants are integrated through two adaptive relay mechanisms to give full play to the advantages of the algorithms, thereby improving the performance of the whole algorithm. For the first adaptive relay mode, when the currently executed algorithm is judged to have converged, the population is updated by Gaussian random walk, and then the optimization is continued through the relay algorithm. For the second adaptive relay mode, the relay condition is determined by the average fitness improvement rate. If the condition is met, the relay algorithm takes over the optimization. At the same time, if the diversity is lower than the threshold, to improve the exploration, the roulette wheel method is used to select some individuals to perform the Gaussian random walk. In addition, a feedback mechanism is introduced in the relay process to avoid false switching. To verify the performance of the proposed algorithm, extensive simulations are performed on CEC2005, CEC2014, CEC2017, and CEC2021 benchmark functions. In addition, three engineering problems are used to test the performance. Compared with some newly proposed optimization algorithms, fDE-ARM is statistically superior to the comparison algorithms in terms of solution accuracy, convergence speed, and stability.

Determination and safety evaluation of metal element contents of Oviductus Ranae produced from <i>Rana dybowskii</i> by pond culture–forest grazing relay model in Heilongjiang Province, China

The aquatic products of grazing ecological culture exhibit a strong reliance on the production environment system, which may result in heavy metal contamination. In this study, 24 elements (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, Tl, U, V, Zn) were determined for Oviductus Ranae (OR) from more than 1,000 individuals of Rana dybowskii produced by pond culture–forest grazing relay mode from six major production areas in Heilongjiang Province, China. Furthermore, we assessed the associated health risks. Our findings indicate that most of these 24 metal elements were detected in OR at a detection rate of 100%, with the exceptions being As (98.0%), Ga (98.0%), Co (98.0%), V (94.0%), Cd (89.0%), Pb (76.0%), Cs (74.0%), Tl (35.0%), and U (not detectable). Variations in element concentrations were significant across the six sampling sites, with characteristic elements identified to account for spatial differences. The total target hazard quotient was determined to be 0.152 in Heilongjiang Province, thereby suggesting a relatively low health risk associated with consuming OR from this region’s production systems according to existing standards and guidelines. Nevertheless, special attention is needed for monitoring the habitat environments of R. dybowskii from two sampling locations showing heightened pollution levels.

Digital antenna array based on programmable logic integrated circuits for mobile radio networks

Currently, there is a need to develop new technical solutions for antenna systems for central (base) stations of mobile radio networks, which not only have improved electrical characteristics, but also allow them to adjust from intentional and unintended interference, while providing a reliable communication channel between several correspondents. The purpose of the work is to develop methods for constructing digital antenna arrays with adaptive DN control for VHF mobile radio networks. The presented solution of the ring car allows you to form the DN in the specified directions, to work in multipath mode, as well as the proposed solutions of ring cars can be used both in the center (base) stations of mobile radio communication systems and on mobile objects operating, including in the relay mode.

Study of on-board equipment of modern uavs

This paper analyzes the development and production of modern unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It is noted that they have the following main systems: glider; propulsion system; power supply system; management system; navigation system; telemetry system; radio communication system. All UAV systems are interconnected and work as one complex mechanism. Depending on the list of combat tasks to be solved, the following devices can be additionally installed on board the UAV: optical-electronic, thermal imaging, radar, radiotechnical, radiation, chemical, bacteriological and other types of reconnaissance systems with small intelligence storage systems; means of setting active radio-electronic jammers; means of aiming and adjusting guided weapons; various means of defeat; means of control and communication with the ground control point; responsible for the state identification system; autonomous flight and automatic landing devices. The work reveals the features of the UAV engine design, it is noted that 4, 6 or more engines are installed on modern helicopter-type UAVs, so-called "multicopters", "quadracopters", "drones". In this work, it is noted that the UAV navigation equipment can have various level of complexity and use several signals coming from sensors of different physical origins to calculate its location. The features of the UAV radio communication system are revealed, which is a set of various lines through which intelligence information of various levels of importance and protection is transmitted. All communication links can use different frequency bands and different relay modes, use different signal-code designs, specially adapted to the importance of the intelligence information being transmitted. It was noted that in the absence of a control command, the UAV goes into autonomous flight mode.

Optimal Time Allocation for Backscatter-Aided Relay Cooperative Transmission in Wireless-Powered Heterogeneous CRNs

Nowadays, backscatter, radio-frequency (RF) energy harvesting (EH), and cognitive radio technologies have been widely applied in Internet of Things (IoT) to address the issues of energy supply and spectrum scarcity. This paper focuses on the throughput maximization problem of backscatter-aided wireless-powered heterogeneous cognitive radio networks (WPHetCRNs), where two types of secondary transmitters (STs), i.e., the STs with backscatter units (STBs) and the STs with RF-EH units (STEs), coexist. The STBs operate in the ambient backscatter (AB) mode, and the STEs operate in the harvest-then-transmit (HTT) mode. Inspired by the potential benefits of cooperations between different users, we propose a backscatter-aided cooperative relay transmission (BaCRT) strategy to improve the sum-throughput of the secondary users (SUs). The main idea is that when the licensed spectrum of the primary users (PUs) is busy, the STBs first help to relay the primary data via the passive relay mode, and then transmit the secondary data via the AB mode, while the STEs harvest energy in the HTT mode. With the help of relaying, the target throughput of the PUs could be met in shorter duration and the licensed spectrum could become idle more quickly. When the licensed spectrum becomes idle, the STEs transmit data in the HTT mode. The goal of this paper is to identify the optimal time allocation among the passive relay mode, AB mode, and data transmission of HTT mode that maximizes the sum-throughput of the SUs. To reach this goal, we first investigate the single-ST case for each type and derive the closed-form solution of the optimal time allocation. We then extend to the multiple-ST case for each type, where three scenarios are classified with respect to the fairness issue of the STBs. We prove that the sum-throughput maximization problem is convex in each scenario, and employ the block coordinate descent and gradient descent iterative algorithms to solve the problem. Numerical results show that the proposed BaCRT strategy significantly improves the sum-throughput of the SUs compared with other strategies.

On security performance analysis of IRS-aided VLC/RF hybrid system

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) has been introduced into wireless communication to improve physical layer security (PLS) due to its ability of reconfiguring propagation environments. However, most current research on IRS-aided PLS is for standalone radio frequency (RF) or visible light communication (VLC), and few has focused on IRS-aided VLC/RF hybrid systems combining the wide coverage of RF and high speed of VLC. We study the PLS of an IRS-aided dual-hop VLC/RF hybrid system, where the first VLC link is to transmit optical signal, and the second RF link assisted by IRS is to extend communication region inaccessible to visible light, and the two hops are connected by a relay in decode-and-forward or amplify-and-forward mode. Two eavesdropping scenarios are considered: eavesdropping from IRS and eavesdropping from relay. Then, the closed-form expressions of secrecy outage probability and strictly positive secrecy capacity probability are derived for four combinations of eavesdropping scenarios and relay modes, and corresponding asymptotic solutions are obtained. Finally, simulations are carried out to verify the superiority of the proposed system over a conventional hybrid system without IRS, and the proposed system shows different security performance for various scenarios and relay modes, and IRS has a positive effect on improving PLS.

Towards the Designing of Low-Latency SAGIN: Ground-to-UAV Communications over Interference Channel

We present a novel and first-of-its-kind information-theoretic framework for the key design consideration and implementation of a ground-to-unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) (G2U) communication network with an aim to minimize end-to-end transmission delay in the presence of interference in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks (SAGIN). To characterize the transmission delay, we utilize Fano’s inequality and derive the tight upper bound for the capacity for the G2U uplink channel in the presence of interference, noise, and potential jamming. In addition, as a function of the location information of the UAV, a tight lower bound on the transmit power is obtained subject to the reliability constraint and the maximum delay threshold. Furthermore, a relay UAV in the dual-hop relay mode, with amplify-and-forward (AF) protocol, is considered, for which we jointly obtain the optimal positions of the relay and the receiver UAVs in the presence of interference, with straight-line, circular, and helical trajectories as UAV tracing. Interestingly, increasing the power gives a negligible gain in terms of delay minimization, though may greatly enhance the outage performance. Moreover, we prove that there exists an optimal height that minimizes the end-to-end transmission delay in the presence of interference. We show the interesting result of the delay analysis. In particular, it is shown that receiver location and the end-to-end signal-to-noise power ratio play a critical role in end-to-end latency. For instance, with the transmitter location fixed to (0, 0, 0) and the interferer location set to (0, 500 m, 0), the latency generally increases with increasing the receiver’s vertical height (z-axis). With the receiver’s horizontal coordinates, i.e., (xR, yR) set to (0, 0) reducing the receiver’s height from 200 m to 50 m decreases the delay latency (codeword length) by more than 30% for an interference-limited channel. Whereas, for an interference channel with a signal-to-noise power ratio equal to 30 dB, the latency decreases by approximately 2%. The proposed framework can be used in practice by a network controller as a system parameters selection criteria, where among a set of parameters, the parameters leading to the lowest transmission latency can be incorporated into the transmission. The based analysis further set the baseline assessment when applying Command and Control (C2) standards to mission-critical G2U and UAV-to-UAV (U2U) services.

Mode Adaptive Secure UAV Relay Transmissions

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) can enhance wireless transmission security by improving the secrecy rate through relaying the legitimate transmission and injecting artificial noise to the eavesdroppers. However, due to the inherent mechanical energy consumption and the long-range signal propagation pathloss, the traditional cruising and hovering UAV relay modes are deficient in energy utilization and secrecy rate, respectively. Modeling of the secrecy energy efficiency with respect to UAV mode adaptation is limited in the literature and deserves further investigation. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a secrecy rate-energy efficient UAV relay mode adaptation scheme for secure wireless communications scenarios where the eavesdropping locations are known, i.e., the eavesdropper is a hijacked internal legitimate node. In this secure system, the UAV cooperatively assists the legitimate transmissions and injects artificial interference to the eavesdropper. We investigate optimum UAV placement and relay period planning for the hovering and the cruising relay modes, respectively. By modeling the UAV modes transfer and maximizing the secrecy energy efficiency, the optimum mode adaptation ratios are obtained under both the secrecy rate-prioritized and the energy-saving criteria. In addition, the proposed UAV relay mode adaptation mechanism is further studied for each UAV task division, to adapt to the dynamic channel variations and enhance the security. Our theoretical analysis shows that the mode adaptation ratio is determined by the secrecy rate-energy gain between the cruising and the hovering modes, and by the energy consumption threshold of the UAV relays. Our numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves higher secrecy energy efficiency than the traditional schemes.

Plate Condition Monitoring System Based on LoRa Wireless Transmission

In the process of tension stringing of transmission lines, the condition of the plate needs manual reporting, so its safety is poor, and its efficiency is low. To solve this problem, this study constructs a plate condition monitoring system of tension stringing based on the LoRa wireless transmission. This system consists of a data acquisition system, a wireless communication transmission system, and a monitoring and warning center. The STM32 is used to process the data collected by the sensors, and the LoRa wireless communication system is designed by way of adaptive dynamic change of LoRa’s network ID, and the networking mode of the multi-node relay, and the data is sent to the upper computer from a distance, and the upper computer software is implemented by MFC, which can monitor the condition of the plate in real-time. The test results show that the packet loss rate of LoRa is less than 5%, and the condition data of the plate can be transmitted to the monitoring software through LoRa and displayed. This system has the advantages of strong confidentiality, far transmission, and high safety, which can be used for real-time monitoring of the condition of the plate in the process of tension stringing.

Joint Mode Selection and Beamforming for IRS-Aided Maritime Cooperative Communication Systems

In this paper, we consider an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) aided maritime cooperative communication system, where multiple relay ships each equipped with an active decode-and-forward relay and a passive IRS assist the downlink transmission between the base station (BS) and the destination ship. Each relay ship operates in either the active mode with both active relaying and IRS reflection or the passive mode with only IRS reflection. We formulate and solve new problems to minimize the total transmit power of the BS and active relay ships, by jointly optimizing the relay mode selection vector, transmit power, as well as active and passive beamforming, subject to the quality of service of the destination ship. The joint optimization problem is solved by alternatively solving two sub-problems, i.e., the joint mode selection and power control sub-problem, and the joint active and passive beamforming sub-problem. Two algorithms based on exhaustive searching and many-to-one matching are respectively proposed for solving the first sub-problem, while a semidefinite programming-based algorithm is proposed for solving the second sub-problem. Numerical results demonstrate the good performance of the proposed joint mode selection and beamforming algorithm and the advantage of the proposed IRS-aided maritime cooperative communication system in power saving.

Cooperative Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Transmission Through Full-Duplex and Half-Duplex Relays

We investigate the beamforming for cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) transmission through a decode-and-forward relay either with full-duplex (FD) mode or with half-duplex (HD) mode. The beamforming vectors at the source and at the relay are optimized to maximize the end-to-end sum rates of the NOMA transmission. The optimal beamforming for the second-hop of the NOMA transmission is present, from which the beamforming algorithms for the two relay modes are derived. For the FD case, the removal of self interference from the feedback loop is important and a two dimensional (2-D) search algorithm based on semi definite relaxation (SDR) is provided, where the 2-D search range is narrowed down as the algorithm iterates. For the HD mode, no iteration is necessary and only one implementation of SDR is required since the SI suppression is not needed. Simulation results show the performance advantage of the proposed FD mode system over that of HD mode in various parameter settings. This justifies the cost and complex hardware circuitry of FD mode.

A Multi-Agent System for Operating Hyperconnected Freight Transportation in the Physical Internet

In the emerging Physical Internet, hyperconnected freight transportation allows using multiple short-haul drivers through hyperconnected meshed hub networks to deliver long-haul freight in multiparty multimodal relay mode. One of its core challenges lies in dynamic operational planning associated with the flows of freight, containers, carriers, and drivers to ensure agile, efficient, resilient, and sustainable performances given demand knowledge and state monitoring. In this paper, we focus on large-scale hyperconnected freight transportation, with testbed as the road-based tractor-hauler delivery of vehicles in the Southeastern USA. We propose an autonomous operating system for dynamic operational decision making from sources through hubs to destinations, including freight shipment consolidation, assignment of freight to haulers and haulers to tractors, multi-hop routing, coordination and scheduling of drivers, tractors and haulers, as well as driver-task matching based on individual prefrences. The system is based on a multi-agent network architecture, where each agent is responsible for different key operational decisions by running heuristic optimization algorithms and interacts with one another through information exchange. We provide preliminary results from simulation-based experiments encompassing vehicle delivery of a major automotive manufacturer from multiple sources, including factories, ports, and railheads, to 500+ dealers across the Southeastern United States. The analysis of results proves that each of agents can effectively and efficiently cope with the large-scale decision making and the overall proposed system is capable of operating hyperconnected freight transportation with reliable order-to-delivery performance, high hauler filling rates, and desirable environemnt friendliness, while improving quality of life by enabling truckers to be back home daily and alleviate truck driver shortage issues.

Genotype by environment interactions for productive traits of purebred and crossbred abalone strains under different rearing modes

China is the world's largest abalone farming country, with production reaching 203,000 tons in 2020. In the last few decades, interspecific hybridization has been carried out in China and achieved a certain level of success, and rearing techniques have been rapidly developed. To systematically evaluate the performance of purebred and crossbred strains under different culture modes, we determined the magnitudes of the Genotype by Environment Interactions (GEI) to identify stable and high growth performance strains. Two purebred (Haliotis discus hannai and H. gigantea) and four crossbred abalone strains were evaluated in three representative culture modes (Inland industrial aquaculture mode, Sea-based aquaculture mode and South-North (S-N) relay mode). After 2 years of culture, the growth performance of strains varied with different culture modes. Both H. discus hannai ♀ × H. fulgens ♂ (DF) and H. gigantea ♀ × H. discus hannai ♂ (SD) exhibited significant heterosis in all three culture modes, and H. discus hannai ♀ × (H. discus hannai ♀ × H. fulgens ♂) ♂ (DD × DF) and (H.gigantea ♀ × H. discus hannai ♂) ♀ × H. discus hannai ♂ (SD × DD) showed significant growth advantages compared to the purebred parents of H. discus hannai (DD) and H. gigantea (SS). A combined analysis of variance revealed significant genotype by environment interactions for shell length (14.2%), harvest weight (8.7%), and fullness index (10.4%), indicating that phenotype reranking occurred under different culture modes. The average performance for shell length, harvest weight, and the fullness index followed the pattern: DF > DD × DF > SD > SD × DD > DD > SS. Combining the results of growth assessment and genotype by environment interaction analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) DF was the highest yielding genotype among the three culture modes and should be promoted. 2) SD and D × DF had notable performance under the S-N relay mode, suggesting that these could be used as suitable strains for S-N relay rearing. 3) In the case of purebred SS, the sea-based aquaculture mode was the best option. 4) The S-N relay mode significantly improved the economically important traits of most of the strains. The results from this study can provide critical advice for different strains as well as guidance for the abalone farming industry in world.

Binary catalytic systems constructed by porphyrin cobalts(II) with confining nano-region and Zn(OAc)2 for oxygenation of cycloalkanes with O2 in relay mode

To produce partly oxygenated products of cycloalkanes utilizing O2 in high-efficiency and high-selectivity, binary catalytic systems possessing bimetallic centers were constructed based on porphyrin cobalts(II) and Zn(OAc)2. Porphyrin cobalts(II) possessing bulky substituents had been synthesized to construct confining nano-regions to inhibit the spread of free radical in shambolic state, and Zn(OAc)2 was utilized to catalyze transformation of oxygenation intermediates cycloalkyl hydroperoxides. For cycloalkanes oxygenation using O2, binary system constructed by T2-NaPBr8Co(II)&Zn(OAc)2 exhibited superior catalytic performance. Both conversion and total selectivity to partly oxygenated products were raised. Compared with metalloporphyrin TPPBr8Co(II) with small substituents, conversion was increased from 5.13 to 6.21% and selectivity to partly oxygenated products was raised from 86.9 to 95.8% in classical cyclohexane oxygenation. The excellent performance of binary catalytic system constructed by T2-NaPBr8Co(II) and Zn(OAc)2 was mainly due to lower temperature, inhibited spread of free radical in confining catalytic region of T2-NaPBr8Co(II) and catalytic conversion of cycloalkyl hydroperoxides. The relay oxygenation path and catalytic mechanism were systematically investigated via EPR analyses and control experiments. This study is not only a significant contribution to construction of efficient and selective catalytic systems for cycloalkane oxygenation, but also a useful reference for other chemical conversion containing free radicals.

Secure resource allocation in device-to-device communications underlaying cellular networks

With increasing the demand for transmitting secure information in wireless networks, device-to-device (D2D) communication has great potential to improve system performance. As a well-known security risk is eavesdropping in D2D communication, ensuring information security is quite challenging. In this paper, we first obtain the closed-forms of the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the secrecy ergodic capacity (SEC) for direct and decode- and-forward (DF) relay modes. Numerical results are presented to verify the theoretical results, and these results show the cases that the DF relay mode improves security performance compared to the direct mode at long distances between the transmitter and receiver nodes. Further, we look into the optimization problems of secure resource allocation in D2D communication to maximize the SEC and to minimize the SOP by considering the strictly positive secrecy capacity constraint as a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem. In the continue, we convert the MINLP to convex optimization. Finally, we solve this program with a dual method and obtain an optimal solution in the direct and DF relay modes.

ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBLE CURRENT SOURCES WITH RELAY CONTROL

The development of industry leads to an increase in nonlinear loads, which are generators of higher harmonics in the network. The quality indicators of voltage and current consumed from the network are established by international standards for the quality of electricity. The simplest method of filtering harmonics is passive filters, lack of low quality harmonic compensation. The use of active filters improves the quality of the current. But active filters have a complex control system. The use of active rectifiers as part of semiconductor power supplies solves the problem of generating higher harmonics in the network and provides a power factor equal to 1.
 Six variants of three-phase and single-phase power supplies have been developed. They operate as a current source. All circuits consist of two parts: an active rectifier and a DC-DC converter. The scope of use of such sources is different: a direct current electric drive, an electric power system of wind turbines, an electric system of aircraft. The control system of the relay converters provides the formation of current and the maximum speed in the processing of disturbances. 
 Oscillograms of the current sources are obtained by digital modeling. They confirm the efficiency of the proposed sources, the electromagnetic compatibility of the power sources with the mains and the value of the power factor close to unity. Current sources are invarant to the action of disturbances: changes in load resistance, mains voltage. The study of electromagnetic processes made it possible to obtain analytical expressions for the maximum and minimum frequency of the relay mode, the capacitance of the capacitors and the operating conditions of the sources. 
 The developed program allows you to get the parameters for choosing the power elements of the circuit: inductance, capacitance, switching frequency of transistors. 
 The quality of the consumed current is analyzed by calculating the total harmonic distortion (THD). For all considered sources, the THD value is less than 5%, which meets the quality standards for the consumed current.

Time-Suboptimal Control Of A Two-Link Manipulator Motion

We consider the problem of the construction of a time-suboptimal control modes of the motion of a flat twolink manipulator with arbitrary geometric and inertial characteristics. It is required to transfer the manipulator from a given initial configuration to a given final configuration under the conditions that at the beginning and at the end of the process the system is at rest, and the moduli of the generalized control forces do not exceed fixed values. The controls are sought in the class of relay modes with a minimum (equal to three) total number of switches, sufficient to satisfy the boundary conditions. A computational algorithm is proposed that allows, from the initial and final positions, to determine the number of control switching points, the order of alternation of their signs, the switching moments and the time for bringing the manipulator to the required rest position.

Emissive Platinum(II) Macrocycles as Tunable Cascade Energy Transfer Scaffolds.

Developing artificial light-harvesting scaffolds with a cascade energy transfer process is significant for better understanding of photosynthesis. Here, we report [3+3] self-assembled PtII fluorescent macrocycles (3 a and 3 b) as light-harvesting platforms with cascade energy transfer. The PtII macrocycles aggregate into nanospheres and show emission-enhancement characteristics upon increasing water content in acetone medium. These aggregates (3aa and 3ba ) serve as energy donors when mixed with the hydrophobic dye Eosin-Y (ESY). In the presence of a second dye, Nile Red (NiR), an unusual sequential two-step energy transfer takes place from the macrocycles to NiR. In this case, ESY acts as a bridge in the relay mode. Additionally, a unique strategy to control such an energy transfer process by tuning the chain length of the alkyl group attached to the periphery of the macrocycles is demonstrated.