Multiple Modes Research Articles

Polarization-controlled generation of multiple orbital angular momentum modes

By concurrently manipulating the degrees of freedom associated with polarization and orbital angular momentum (OAM), a variety of vector fields can be generated, which exhibit unique characteristics and have found extensive application in both classical and quantum optics. However, the OAM dimensions in these fields have been predominantly confined to two. Different from high-order OAM with a large topological charge, broadening the OAM dimensions beyond this limit and generating OAM spectra with multiple OAM modes can significantly enhance the scope of research. In this study, we explore vector fields with OAM dimensions exceeding ten, achieving polarization-controlled spectra in higher-dimensional OAM. Our findings not only offer a method for controlling high-dimensional OAM through polarization but also pave the way for potential applications in both classical and quantum realms utilizing high-dimensional vector states.

Multiple Evolution Modes of Megaripples in the Qaidam Basin and Implications for Ripple‐Like Aeolian Landforms on Mars

AbstractAeolian landforms provide valuable insights into the planetary surface environment and its evolutionary history. In this study, the formation and evolution of megaripples in the Qaidam Basin and their relationship with the development environment are analyzed. By quantifying the wind environment, morphology, grain‐size distribution, sedimentary structure, and luminescence age of megaripples, we propose for the first time that there are multiple megaripple evolution modes. Investigation revealed that three evolution modes were responsible for forming megaripples in different equilibrium states: transient, stable, and metastable. Well‐sorted coarse sand grains accumulate on ridges and overlay poorly sorted fine sand grains to form transient megaripples. Stable megaripples have alternating sedimentary bedding of coarse and fine sand grains. Metastable megaripples have a secondary ripple formation on the surface. Throughout their formation, coarse and fine sand grains undergo regrouping. The response of coarse grains to the change in wind speed lags behind that of fine grains. This process controls the erosion and accumulation of megaripples and affects their size and sedimentary structures. The evolution mode, scale, and sedimentary structure of megaripples are influenced by the grain‐size range under the same wind conditions. The luminescence ages of the coarse‐grained megaripple sediments are less than 700 years. This study provides a fresh perspective on the coexistence of various sand ripples and transverse aeolian ridges found on Mars.

A Small and Agile Ring-Shaped Tripodal Piezoelectric Robot Driven by Standing and Traveling Mechanical Waves

For miniature piezoelectric robots, it is difficult to realize multi-degree-of-freedom motion with a simple structure. In this paper, a novel ring-shaped tripodal piezoelectric robot (RTPR) is proposed to solve the above difficulty. Multiple motion modes, based on the propagation of mechanical waves on the rigid ring-shaped structure, are designed to realize continuous/step linear and in-situ rotational motions. The prototype is fabricated with a weight of 2.2 g and a size of 20 mm × 20 mm × 4.6 mm, and the performance is tested. The test results show that RTPR can achieve a maximum linear speed of 39.3 mm/s (2 BL/s) and a maximum in-situ rotational speed of 16.5 rad/s. In addition, RTPR also shows strong load capacity (22 times of its weight) and sub-micrometer linear resolution (0.38 μm). In the experiment, RTPR also shows the capability of moving on narrow and curved roads with its multiple motion modes. RTPR has the characteristics of simple structure, agile motion, strong load capacity, and high resolution, which provides a new idea for achieving the multi-degree-of-freedom motion of miniature robots.

Multimodality In Stop Motion Animation Films

Stop motion animation films use a complicated process of giving life to inanimate objects through visuals and cinematic experience that are created by using puppets made of clay, resin, silicon, wool etc. In the world of digital communication and technology, there has been rise of using multiple modes in order to give deeper meaning to the visuals of a film. Today, apart from language, stop animation film uses various semiotic modes of sound, music, visual metaphors, set design, camera angles, color theory, gestural, spatial and haptic illusion that helps in disseminating ideas, and concepts that are difficult to communicate through a film. The researcher has conducted a content analysis of three Oscar Nominated stop motion animation films including Negative Space, Sister and Lost and Found to identify the various semiotic modes used in the narrative of the film and a quantitative study was conducted to investigate the perception of the young adults including college students of undergraduate and post graduates and professionals between age group of (18-24) living in Mumbai regarding these modes.

Non-Hermitian molecular dynamics simulations of exciton-polaritons in lossy cavities.

The observation that materials can change their properties when placed inside or near an optical resonator has sparked a fervid interest in understanding the effects of strong light-matter coupling on molecular dynamics, and several approaches have been proposed to extend the methods of computational chemistry into this regime. Whereas the majority of these approaches have focused on modeling a single molecule coupled to a single cavity mode, changes to chemistry have so far only been observed experimentally when very many molecules are coupled collectively to multiple modes with short lifetimes. While atomistic simulations of many molecules coupled to multiple cavity modes have been performed with semi-classical molecular dynamics, an explicit description of cavity losses has so far been restricted to simulations in which only a very few molecular degrees of freedom were considered. Here, we have implemented an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian to explicitly treat cavity losses in large-scale semi-classical molecular dynamics simulations of organic polaritons and used it to perform both mean-field and surface hopping simulations of polariton relaxation, propagation, and energy transfer.

Paper-based biosensors based on multiple recognition modes for visual detection of microbially contaminated food

Microbially contaminated food can cause serious health hazards and economic losses, therefore sensitive, rapid, and highly specific visual detection is called for. Traditional detection of microorganisms is complex and time-consuming, which cannot meet current testing demands. The emergence of paper-based biosensors provided an effective method for efficient and visual detection of microorganisms, due to its high speed, all-in-one device, low cost, and convenience. This review focused on 5 biomarkers, namely nucleic acids, proteins, lipopolysaccharides, metabolites, and the whole microorganism of microorganisms. Besides, the recognition methods were summed up in 5 forms, including immunological recognition, aptamer recognition, nucleic acid amplification-mediated recognition, DNAzyme recognition and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats mediated recognition. In addition, we summarized the applications of paper-based biosensors in the detection of microorganisms thoroughly. Through the exploration of different biomarkers, identification methods, and applications, we hope to provide a reference for the development of paper-based biosensors and their application in safeguarding the food chain.

Structural Expected Lifetime Estimation for Systems With Multiple Failure Modes Based on Adaptive Learning Kriging Models

Structural Expected Lifetime Estimation for Systems With Multiple Failure Modes Based on Adaptive Learning Kriging Models

Erythronecroptosis: an overview of necroptosis or programmed necrosis in red blood cells.

Necroptosis is considered a programmed necrosis that requires receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), and pore-forming mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) to trigger a regulated cell membrane lysis. Membrane rupture in necroptosis has been shown to fuel innate immune response due to release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Recently published studies indicate that mature erythrocytes can undergo necroptosis as well. In this review, we provide an outline of multiple cell death modes occurring in erythrocytes, discuss possible immunological aspects of diverse erythrocyte cell deaths, summarize available evidence related to the ability of erythrocytes to undergo necroptosis, outline key involved molecular mechanisms, and discuss the potential implication of erythrocyte necroptosis in the physiology and pathophysiology. Furthermore, we aim to highlight the interplay between necroptosis and eryptosis signaling in erythrocytes, emphasizing specific characteristics of these pathways distinct from their counterparts in nucleated cells. Thus, our review provides a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge of necroptosis in erythrocytes. To reflect critical differences between necroptosis of nucleated cells and necroptosis of erythrocytes, we suggest a term erythronecroptosis for necroptosis of enucleated cells.

A multi-directional and multi-modal galloping piezoelectric energy harvester with tri-section beam

A traditional wind energy harvester based on galloping can only harvest wind energy from one specific direction, which fails to work efficiently in a natural erratic environment. In this study, we propose a galloping-based piezoelectric energy harvester that can collect energy from wind flow in a wide range of incident directions with multiple vibrational modes being excited. The proposed harvester is composed of a tri-section beam with bonded piezoelectric transducers and a square bluff body with splitters. Finite element analysis of the tri-section beam structure is first performed and confirms the clustered natural frequencies that ease the excitation of different modes. Then, the aerodynamic characteristics of various bluff bodies is conducted through computational fluid dynamics to compare the capability of galloping. Finally, the wind tunnel experiment is carried out to test the wind energy harvesting performance by utilizing the harvester’s multi-modal characteristics. The results of this study demonstrate that the proposed harvester can harvest wind energy in multiple directions with the capability of galloping in multiple vibrational modes, and superior performance is achieved when the second bending mode is triggered. The novel design of the harvester from this work provides a viable solution for harvesting wind energy in a natural environment with varying wind conditions.

A New Method for the Analysis of Broadband Oscillation Mode of New Energy Stations

The accurate identification of the broadband oscillation mode is the premise of solving the resonance risk of new energy stations. Reviewing the traditional Prony algorithm, the problems of the high model order and poor noise immunity in broadband oscillation mode are identified. The accuracy and running time of the Variational mode decomposition (VMD) is a symmetric trade-off problem. An improved strategy based on VMD is proposed. Firstly, the optimal value of the number of modes and penalty factors obtained by a particle swarm optimization algorithm is input into VMD to decompose the signal into multiple modes. Then, combined with the energy threshold method, the denoising and signal reconstruction of each mode component after decomposition are carried out. Finally, the Prony algorithm is used to identify the oscillation mode of the original signal and the reconstructed signal, respectively. The Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and model order are compared and analyzed. Through the analysis of the example and simulation data, it is shown that the proposed method effectively solves the problem of poor engineering adaptability of the traditional Prony algorithm. It also can accurately obtain the time-domain characteristics of broadband oscillation, which has a promising future in the engineering application.

Mode-multiplexing deep-strong light-matter coupling

Dressing electronic quantum states with virtual photons creates exotic effects ranging from vacuum-field modified transport to polaritonic chemistry, and squeezing or entanglement of modes. The established paradigm of cavity quantum electrodynamics maximizes the light-matter coupling strength ΩR/ωc\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\varOmega }_{{{{{{\\rm{R}}}}}}}/{\\omega }_{{{{{{\\rm{c}}}}}}}$$\\end{document}, defined as the ratio of the vacuum Rabi frequency and the frequency of light, by resonant interactions. Yet, the finite oscillator strength of a single electronic excitation sets a natural limit to ΩR/ωc\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\varOmega }_{{{{{{\\rm{R}}}}}}}/{\\omega }_{{{{{{\\rm{c}}}}}}}$$\\end{document}. Here, we enter a regime of record-strong light-matter interaction which exploits the cooperative dipole moments of multiple, highly non-resonant magnetoplasmon modes tailored by our metasurface. This creates an ultrabroadband spectrum of 20 polaritons spanning 6 optical octaves, calculated vacuum ground state populations exceeding 1 virtual excitation quantum, and coupling strengths equivalent to ΩR/ωc=3.19\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\varOmega }_{{{{{{\\rm{R}}}}}}}/{\\omega }_{{{{{{\\rm{c}}}}}}}=3.19$$\\end{document}. The extreme interaction drives strongly subcycle energy exchange between multiple bosonic vacuum modes akin to high-order nonlinearities, and entangles previously orthogonal electronic excitations solely via vacuum fluctuations.

Responses of annual streamflow variability to annual precipitation, extreme climate events and large-scale climate phenomena in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Solar activity and large-scale climate phenomena have significant effects on extreme climate events and streamflow variability. As the roof of the world and the water tower of Asia, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is highly sensitive to climate change. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the relationship between extreme hydrometeorological events of the QTP and climate change for global hydroclimate research. In this study, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variation and significant oscillation period of several hydrometeorological variables such as extreme precipitation indices (EPIs), extreme temperature indices (ETIs) and annual streamflow variability based on the observation data of hydrometeorological stations in the QTP during 1962–2019 using Sen’s slope estimator, Mann-Kendall test and continuous wavelet analysis (CWT). And the teleconnection patterns and the lead-lag relationship between annual precipitation, extreme climate events, multiple nonstationary climate mode and annual streamflow were evaluated using wavelet coherence (WTC). The results show that the climate of the QTP has been wetter and warmer in the past 58 years. The annual streamflow of several natural rivers in the QTP mainly show an increasing trend over the last 60 years. The annual streamflow of natural river (except Yellow River) increases significantly in three-rivers headwater region, and the rivers in the northeast and northwest also show a significant increase trend, but there is no significant change in the natural river streamflow in the south of QTP. In addition, the annual streamflow of natural rivers had significant periodicities in the bands of 2–4 years, 4–7 years and 7–11 years. The significant coherence of WTC spectra between annual precipitation and streamflow indicate that precipitation is the main reason for annual streamflow variation in the QTP. The variation of extreme climate events significantly regulates the regional annual streamflow. All EPIs except consecutive dry days show an in-phase correlation with annual streamflow of most headwater. Annual streamflow of Naijin River is positively and negatively correlated with extreme warm and extreme cold, respectively, and has a clearer lead-lag relationship than that with EPIs. Annual streamflow of headwater has higher correlations with EI Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) than with sunspot number (SSN). Solar activity may first affect ENSO and PDO, and then this effect is transferred sequentially to the hydrological cycle of the QTP by SSN-modulated PDO and PDO-SSN co-modulated ENSO. It is of great significance to investigate the response of streamflow variation to annual precipitation, extreme climate events and large-scale climate phenomena for water resources management, flood control, ecosystem restoration, and the well-being of surrounding residents and sustainable development in the QTP.

Rapidly determine venetoclax in plasma sample using an LC-MS/MS method and apply it in TDM for acute leukemia children patient

AbstractVenetoclax is the first oral Bcl-2 inhibitor with high affinity targeting tumor cell apoptosis mechanism. In this study we developed a simple, sensitive and reliable LC–MS/MS method to determine venetoclax in children's hemolytic or lipemic samples. The method utilized an electrospray ion source and operated in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Venetoclax-d8 was used as an internal standard. Plasma samples were precipitated by acetonitrile containing 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and were separated by a Hypersil GOLD column (2.1 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-2 mM ammonium acetate (30:70, v/v) containing 0.4% formic acid. The quantification for venetoclax and venetoclax-d8 were m/z 868.1 → 636.1, m/z 876.1 → 644.1, respectively. The linear range was 10–2,000 ng mL−1 for venetoclax. The matrix in normal plasma, hemolytic or lipemic plasma had no significant effect on the detection results. The specificity, recovery and stability also met the acceptance criteria of guiding principles for the validation of biological sample quantitative analysis presented in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015). As a result, this method is particularly suitable for determining venetoclax in hemolytic or lipemic samples from children with acute myeloid leukemia. The method, with the application of monitoring drug concentrations in pediatric patients, was successful.

Position Optimization of Passive Patch Based on Mode Contribution Factor for Vibration Attenuation of Asymmetric 1D Structure

When the thickness of a structure is reduced to decrease weight, it may experience structural vibration and disturbance. The use of passive patches is effective in addressing this issue when the loss factor is small or when space and weight are restricted. The greatest attenuation occurs when passive patches are used across the entire coverage area. However, passive patches of reasonable size must be affixed to ensure that they are effective in terms of cost and design. In this paper, the sum of squares’ value for the bending mode shape is used to determine the location of a small passive patch to achieve vibration damping for multiple modes. Under the condition of forced vibration, the modal contribution of each mode is obtained. Using this contribution as a weight, the optimal position of the passive patch is determined as the maximum value obtained in the form of a linear combination multiplied by the curvature of the beam. Simulation and experiment were used to test the efficacy of the location determined for passive patches. It was determined that, depending on the location of the passive patch, the peak amplitude at the natural frequency of each mode decreased significantly, validating the effectiveness of the design method.

Frequency-multiplexed on-demand storage in five modes of atomic frequency comb through simultaneous application of control pulses.

In quantum communication with quantum repeaters, multiplexed quantum memory is expected to enhance communication rates. When using an atomic frequency comb (AFC) for on-demand storage, the frequency mode number is often limited by the optical power of the control pulses. Here, using a space-coupled waveguide electro-optic modulator, we increased the output power, allowing us to apply control pulses to multiple modes simultaneously. Further, through enhancement of an experimental setup that increases power density, we increased the number of modes. Consequently, we pioneered, to the best of our knowledge, on-demand storage using five modes of AFC. This technology is a significant achievement toward frequency-multiplexed on-demand quantum memory.

Multimodal spatial availability: A singly-constrained measure of accessibility considering multiple modes.

Place-based accessibility measures communicate the potential interaction with opportunities at a zone that populations can access. Recent research has explored the implications of how opportunities are counted by different accessibility methods. In conventional measures, opportunities are multiply counted if more than one zone offers access to the same opportunity. This multi-count of opportunities leads to values of accessibility that are difficult to interpret. A possible solution to enhance the meaning-making of accessibility results is by constraining the calculations to match a known quantity. This ensures all zonal values sum up to a predetermined quantity (i.e., the total number of opportunities). In this way, each value can be meaningfully related to this total. A recent effort that implements this solution is spatial availability, a singly-constrained accessibility measure. In this paper, we extend spatial availability for use in the case of multiple modes or more generally, heterogeneous population segments with distinct travel behaviors. After deriving a multimodal version of spatial availability, we proceed to illustrate its features using a synthetic example. We then apply it to an empirical example of low emission zones in Madrid, Spain. We conclude with suggestions for future research and its use in evaluating policy interventions.

Preoperative structural-functional coupling at the default mode network predicts surgical outcomes of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Structural-functional coupling (SFC) has shown great promise in predicting postsurgical seizure recurrence in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In this study, we aimed to clarify the global alterations in SFC in TLE patients and predict their surgical outcomes using SFC features. This study analyzed presurgical diffusion and functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 71 TLE patients and 48 healthy controls (HCs). TLE patients were categorized into seizure-free (SF) and non-seizure-free (nSF) groups based on postsurgical recurrence. Individual functional connectivity (FC), structural connectivity (SC), and SFC were quantified at the regional and modular levels. The data were compared between the TLE and HC groups as well as among the TLE, SF, and nSF groups. The features of SFC, SC, and FC were categorized into three datasets: the modular SFC dataset, regional SFC dataset, and SC/FC dataset. Each dataset was independently integrated into a cross-validated machine learning model to classify surgical outcomes. Compared with HCs, the visual and subcortical modules exhibited decoupling in TLE patients (p < .05). Multiple default mode network (DMN)-related SFCs were significantly higher in the nSF group than in the SF group (p < .05). Models trained using the modular SFC dataset demonstrated the highest predictive performance. The final prediction model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of .893 with an overall accuracy of .887. Presurgical hyper-SFC in the DMN was strongly associated with postoperative seizure recurrence. Furthermore, our results introduce a novel SFC-based machine learning model to precisely classify the surgical outcomes of TLE.

Improving orbital angular momentum mode transmission with imperfect ring–core fiber

Orbital angular momentum (OAM), inherent to light beams characterized by helical phase fronts, represents an alternative spatial degree of freedom for photons. In recent years, OAM-based communication has gained significant attention as a potential solution to increase the capacity and spectral efficiency of optical fiber communication systems. In optical fibers, OAM modes can be generated and manipulated by utilizing specialized optical components and techniques. One approach involves using specially designed optical fibers, such as ring–core fibers, which have the capability to support multiple OAM modes. In the manufacturing process, the ring fiber is hardly made perfectly, especially the doped-cores. The introduced defect breaks the symmetry of the ring–core, which has a serious impact on OAM mode transmission. Using a material with a slightly higher refractive index than the cladding to wrap the ring–core is effective in reducing impairment of defects. After numerical simulation, the proposed method improves the walk-off length by a factor of 2–40.

Dynamic Recrystallization, Texture Evolution, and Improved Mechanical Properties of Mg-Y-Zn-V Alloy during Forging and Subsequent Extruding Deformation

In this paper, the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique was used to analyze the dynamic recrystallization (DRX), twinning, slip behavior, and texture evolution during forging and subsequent extruding deformation. The results show that, as the degree of strain increased (forging to extruding), the degree of DRX increased, and the DRX mechanism changed from discontinuous DRX (DDRX) during forging to DDRX and continuous DRX (CDRX) during extruding. Particle stimulation nucleation (PSN) promoting DRX occurred during deformation. The deformation process mainly produced {10–12} twins (TTW) and played a role in coordinating the deformation. The slip behavior also changed according to an analysis of in-grain misorientation axes (IGMA) results, changing from slip-dominated with a basal &lt;a&gt; slip to co-dominated with multiple slip modes, with the activation of mainly prismatic &lt;a&gt; and pyramidal &lt;c+a&gt; slip. Meanwhile, the strong basal texture at the beginning of the deformation also changed, and the texture strength decreased from 24.81 to 15.56. The weakening of the texture was mainly due to the formation of DRX grains and twins, as the newly formed DRX and twins reoriented. In the later stages of deformation, the activation of prismatic &lt;a&gt; slip and pyramidal &lt;c+a&gt; slip changed the basal texture component. Based on microstructural analysis, the improvement in mechanical properties was due to fine-grain strengthening and load-transfer strengthening. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was 370.5 MPa, the yield strength (YS) was 340.1 MPa, and the elongation (EL) was 15.6%.

Over 3.8 W, 3.4 µm picosecond mid-infrared parametric conversion based on a simplified one-to-many scheme

In this paper, we demonstrate a simplified one-to-many scheme for efficient mid-infrared (MIR) parametric conversion. Such a scheme is based on a continuous wave (CW) single longitudinal mode master oscillator power-amplifier (MOPA) fiber system as the signal source and a picosecond pulsed MOPA fiber system, exhibiting multiple longitudinal modes, as the pump source. The signal and pump beams are combined and co-coupled into a piece of 50-mm long 5% MgO-doped PPLN crystal for the parametric conversion. As high as ∼3.82 W average power at a central idler wavelength of ∼3.4 µm is achieved when the launched pump and signal powers are ∼41.73 and ∼11.45 W, respectively. Above some threshold value, the delivered idler power shows a roll-over effect against the signal power and saturation-like effect against the pump power. Consequently, the highest conversion efficiency is observed at such a threshold pump power. To the best of our knowledge, our result represents the highest average power produced from any single-pass parametric conversion source with &gt;3 µm idler wavelength feeding with a CW signal. Moreover, our proposed scheme can simplify the design of parametric conversion system significantly and meanwhile make the system more robust in applications. This is attributed to two main aspects. Firstly, the scheme’s one-to-many feature can reduce wavelength sensitivity remarkably in the realization of quasi-phase-matching. Secondly, for moderate power requirement it does not always require a high peak power synchronized pulsed signal source; a CW one can be an alternative, thereby making the system free from complex time synchronization and the related time jitter.