Injection Mode Research Articles

<p>Mode of injection and treatment adherence: results of a survey characterizing the perspectives of health care providers and US women 18–45 years old</p>

PurposeA market research study was conducted to characterize perceptions of intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) routes of injection, including use of autoinjectors, and how these perceptions affect adherence to injection regimens. The perspectives were from women of childbearing age (18–45 years old; consumers) and health care providers (HCPs) involved in women’s health care.MethodsTwo telephone surveys, one of HCPs and the other of consumers, were conducted by KRC Research (New York, NY, USA) between May and July 2017. HCPs were recruited across the US; the consumer survey was administered to a nationally representative sample. Survey questions identified potential challenges of IM and SC administration, their impact on treatment adherence, and perceptions of autoinjectors. Results are reported using descriptive statistics and reflect an unweighted sample; margin of error is ±3% for the consumer survey.ResultsHCP respondents included 100 generalist OB/GYNs, 101 maternal-fetal medicine specialists, and 519 nurses; there were 1,012 female consumer respondents. Nurses reported more experience than physicians in administering injections, including with autoinjectors. Consumers reported having received treatments via both IM and SC injections; 26% had received treatment with injections at regular intervals. Most HCPs (58%) said they preferred to administer SC injections, which was also the preference for receiving injections among consumers, who reported needle size as a concern regardless of administration mode. Other major concerns were perceptions of pain and fear/anxiety, and seeing the needle, all of which were greater for IM than for SC injections. HCPs and consumers both reported greater likelihood of adherence to therapy administered SC using an autoinjector because they believe that this method provides substantial HCP and patient benefits.ConclusionHCPs and consumers identified similar challenges with adherence to injections. However, there was consistently higher preference for SC relative to IM. HCPs and consumers believe that autoinjectors may increase adherence.

Influence of EGR and intake boost on GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blend using early single injection mode

Abstract Influence of EGR and intake boost on GCI engine fueled with gasoline-biodiesel blend using early single injection mode was investigated in this study. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder direct-injection CI engine, with 5% by volume of biodiesel proportion in gasoline fuel blend. The engine control parameters namely EGR rate and intake pressure variation were adjusted to investigate their influences on combustion and emissions of the GCI engine with early single injection mode at 40 oCA BTDC. It is found that changes in EGR rates and intake boosting effect on performance, combustion, and emission of GCI engine with early injection mode.

A Study On Optimization of Water-Viscosity Reducer-Polymer Combination Injection in Ordinary Heavy Oil Reservoirs

According to the characteristics of extremely high viscosity and poor fluidity of heavy oil in Chenjiazhuang 25 block of Shengli Hekou Oil Production Plant, a sand filling pipe model was made, based on the results of simulated displacement test, the chemical agents such as viscosity reducer and polymer provided by Shengli were used to explore and evaluate the chemical agent dosage, injection mode and chemical agent combination displacement mode with the recovery rate and cumulative water cut as indicators. The final experimental results showed that the optimal injection amount of viscosity reducer was 0.3 PV. The final recovery ratio could be effectively improved by mixing polymer with viscosity reducer, and the final recovery ratio of the mixed injection of polymer and viscosity reducer was 10 percentage points higher than that of the separate injection of polymer and viscosity reducer. Through conversion injection and alternate injection experiments, it was finally determined that the best combination injection mode of chemical agent was to mix polymer and low interfacial tension oil displacement agent first and then to change into mixing polymer and viscosity reducer. The injection volume of the two slugs before and after the conversion was 0.15 PV respectively, and the total injection volume of the chemical agent was 0.3 PV. The injection timing of the chemical agent was selected after 1 PV of water flooding.

Numerical Investigation on Labyrinth Seal Leakage Flow and Its Effects on Aerodynamic Performance for a Multistage Centrifugal Compressor

Labyrinth seals are widely used in industrial centrifugal compressors to reduce leakage. However, no work has been conducted to numerically investigate the detailed seal leakage flow and its effects in an environment of multistage centrifugal compressor. To clarify the flow mechanism of leakage flow and the interaction mechanism between leakage and mainstream flow in multistage centrifugal compressors, the flow of the last two stages from a four-stage centrifugal compressor is studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with and without considerations of labyrinth seal leakage paths, i.e., two shroud seals, one interstage seal, and one balance piston seal. The results show that the leakage flow in shroud and hub cavities can be described as a Batchelor-type flow. The Ekman number of the cavity Batchelor flow is small and corresponds to thin boundary layers while the Rossby number is at unity order implying the importance of rotating effects. The leakage flow through the shroud, interstage, and balance piston labyrinth seals is decreased by the combined effects of throttling and diffusion flow, and has distinctive flow structures associated with the type of labyrinth seal. The influence of leakage flow on the mainstream flow can be described by suction or injection mode. The suction mode is beneficial to the improvement of mainstream flow quality while the injection mode is harmful. This work is of scientific significance to enrich the knowledge of internal fluid mechanics and of potential application value to control and design the leakage flow in real configurations of multistage centrifugal compressors.

Reducing bend scour using in-phase and out-of-phase hydraulic jets

Abstract This study investigated the effectiveness of a new method of reducing scour in river bends. In this method, a perforated tube was placed along the bend on the bed and water and air were separately injected into the bend flow from both ends of the tube. The goal was to make a water and air screen to block secondary flows and prevent them from reaching the outer bank. The air jet and water jet injection modes changed the location of maximum scour depth from the outer wall to the middle of the bend, which increased the navigable width. Increasing the spacing between tube ports decreased the maximum scour depth. A port spacing of 5 cm was determined to be the optimal amount. At a bend section of 90°, the decrease in maximum scour depth was estimated to be 85% and 91% under air jet injection (qa/Q = 2.74) and water jet injection (qw/Q = 0.17), respectively. At 170°, the decrease in maximum scour depth was 79% and 86% for the air jet and water jet, respectively. The results show that the optimal effect was obtained by water jet injection.

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ПРОЦЕССА ЗАКАЧКИ ФИКСИРОВАННЫХ ОБЪЕМОВ ЖИДКОСТИ В ДВА НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ

Представлен новый подход к решению задачи оптимизации работы динамической системы «насос+трубопроводная сеть». В статье состоянием процесса закачки называются объёмы жидкости, поступившие через каждый трубопровод в данный момент времени. Эти объёмы взяты в качестве основных функций, зависящих от времени и описывающих процесс закачки. Система функций определяет воображаемую линию – траекторию закачки в пространстве, задаваемом плановыми объёмами закачки через каждый трубопровод. Регулирование потока в трубопроводах любыми устройствами, создающими местное гидродинамическое сопротивление (устройствами) даёт возможность получать различные траектории. Влияние регулирующих устройств оценивается коэффициентом открытости трубопровода или потока, определяемым как отношение потока (расхода) в частично перекрытом трубопроводе к потоку в полностью открытом трубопроводе. Рассмотрены два варианта закачки, в которых продемонстрировано, что разным траекториям может соответствовать своя потребляемая энергия. Проведён анализ используемой при количественных исследованиях и оценке работы насоса величины, равной отношению напора, создаваемого насосом, к КПД, соответствующему этому напору. Показано, что при повышении напора или снижении подачи данная величина возрастает. Поскольку затрачиваемая насосом энергия зависит от формы траектории, энергия становится функционалом, для поиска минимума которого привлекаются методы вариационного исчисления. Таким способом находится экстремаль – траектория, на которой затраты энергии и времени минимальны. Траекторией, описывающей оптимальный режим закачки, оказывается прямолинейный отрезок в пространстве закачки, концы которого соответствуют начальному и конечному состояниям процесса закачки. Для реализации данного процесса предложен алгоритм, позволяющий определить, какой трубопровод следует частично перекрыть, и рассчитать меру перекрытия, рассматривая регулирующее устройство как устройство, задающее коэффициент местного сопротивления. Цель работы: определить оптимальный способ закачивания в два трубопровода, в котором насос и трубопроводная сеть рассматриваются как единая взаимосвязанная система. Объекты исследования: насосы, используемые для поддержания пластового давления, два трубопровода, снабжённых устройствами для регулирования расхода жидкости. Методы исследования: метод для нахождения оптимального режима – вариационное исчисление. Результаты. Работа насоса требует наименьшего количества энергии и времени, если заполнение заданных объёмов происходит одновременно. Для процесса экономичного закачивания в два трубопровода дан алгоритм определения степени перекрытия трубопроводов.

Aptamer Efficacies for In Vitro and In Vivo Modulation of αC-Conotoxin PrXA Pharmacology.

The medical staff is often powerless to treat patients affected by drug abuse or misuse and poisoning. In the case of envenomation, the treatment of choice remains horse sera administration that poses a wealth of other medical conditions and threats. Previously, we have demonstrated that DNA-based aptamers represent powerful neutralizing tools for lethal animal toxins of venomous origin. Herein, we further pursued our investigations in order to understand whether all toxin-interacting aptamers possessed equivalent potencies to neutralize αC-conotoxin PrXA in vitro and in vivo. We confirmed the high lethality in mice produced by αC-conotoxin PrXA regardless of the mode of injection and further characterized myoclonus produced by the toxin. We used high-throughput patch-clamp technology to assess the effect of αC-conotoxin PrXA on ACh-mediated responses in TE671 cells, responses that are carried by muscle-type nicotinic receptors. We show that 2 out of 4 aptamers reduce the affinity of the toxin for its receptor, most likely by interfering with the pharmacophore. In vivo, more complex responses on myoclonus and mice lethality are observed depending on the type of aptamer and mode of administration (concomitant or differed). Concomitant administration always works better than differed administration indicating the stability of the complex in vivo. The most remarkable conclusion is that an aptamer that has no or a limited efficacy in vitro may nevertheless be functional in vivo probably owing to an impact on the biodistribution or pharmacokinetics of the toxin in vivo. Overall, the results highlight that a blind selection of aptamers against toxins leads to efficient neutralizing compounds in vivo regardless of the mode of action. This opens the door to the use of aptamer mixtures as substitutes to horse sera for the neutralization of life-threatening animal venoms, an important WHO concern in tropical areas.

Grouting Mechanism of Cement‐Based Slurry in a Concentric Annulus under High Groundwater Pressure

The flow of cement‐based slurry within concentric annular geometry is a major problem of study in the field of engineering, especially regarding the prevention of water ingress in an annulus formed during shaft construction utilizing the artificial freezing technique in China. In this study, an analytical governing equation of motion for the axial flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid in a long concentric annulus is derived under the condition of high groundwater pressure. A stepwise calculation method is proposed to describe the grouting process based on two injection modes, namely, flow rate control and pressure control. The injection time is divided into a series of time segments; correspondingly, the grouted zone is subdivided into infinitesimal elements. Some key parameters, such as the location, dimension, slurry viscosity, and pressure gradient of each element, can be obtained using the developed MATLAB program. On this basis, the distribution of pressure and slurry viscosity in the grouted zone and the variations in injection pressure at the grouting point and grouting flow rate are determined. Two injection mode cases are investigated to reveal the grout propagation in the concentric annulus. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted and employed to validate and calibrate the calculated results. The results obtained by the present stepwise calculation method show good agreement with the numerical results.

Sample injection of aromatic compounds from passive concentrators into multicapillary column by the thermal desorption method

At present, there is an increased interest in geochemical methods of searching for hydrocarbon deposits by detecting on the Earth's surface the scattering halos of hydrocarbons that migrated from those deposits, namely the aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylenes. The concentrations of the migrated hydrocarbons on the surface of the Earth are usually low and could only be detected at the threshold level of the gas analyzers. Therefore, for their registration, the preconcentration is applied, in particular, the passive preconcentration. For this purpose, the concentrators are used, which are laid at shallow depths in the explored area. The survey technology that is being developed by the authors uses the reusable concentrators in the form of hollow stainless-steel tubes with SE-30 siloxane-based sorbent applied on their inner surface. The concentrators placed in the analytical containers are laid in the ground for 1-2 days. The analysis of the samples from the concentrators is carried out on a portable multicapillary gas chromatograph in the field conditions. The current article is devoted to the development of a special device for the sample injection from the passive concentrators and the experimental determination of the optimal mode of thermal desorption sample injection from the concentrators into the multicapillary column. The original injection scheme is given, where the gas-dynamic isolation of the injection device camera and the multicapillary column during the concentrator heating and sample analysis is implemented; the optimum concentrator heating time and the optimum sample injection time are determined. Keywords: passive concentrators, thermal desorption sample injection, gas-dynamic isolation of the injection device and column DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.3.003 (Russian) V.M. Gruznov 1,2,3 , M.N. Baldin 1 , A.O. Malysheva 1,3 1 Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Koptug Avenue, 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation 2 Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St., 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation 3 Novosibirsk State Technical University, Prospekt K. Marx Avenue, 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russian Federation

Characterization of Selected Pharmaceutical Micropollutants in River Water Using In-Situ Suspended Aggregate Microextraction and Field Enhancement Sample Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis

A new sample preconcentration technique known as in-situ suspended aggregate microextraction (iSAME) was used for the extraction of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, indomethacine, ciprofloxacin and diclofenac in river waters. The iSAME has been optimized in terms of surfactants selection and concentration, sample volume and extraction time. A combined surfactant of hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) with 5-sulfosalicylic acid dihydrate (SSA) was studied to attain better extraction recoveries for the targeted pharmaceuticals. The separation of analytes was performed using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with online preconcentration by field enhancement sample injection (FESI) mode. The linearity, detection limits and recoveries were recorded and the sensitivity increased with enhancement factor of 11-140 folds. The developed method was successfully applied for the detection of selected pharmaceuticals in river water samples.

Assessment of Retrospective and Current Substance Use in Women Who Inject Drugs in Low-Income Urban Settings in Kenya

Women who inject drugs (WWIDs) continue to experience challenges that accumulate their risk to HIV transmission and other co-morbidities. However, data that conceptually link diverse substance use dimensions in WWIDs are lacking particularly in developing countries. We assessed retrospective and current substance use among 306 WWIDs in low-income urban settings in Kenya using mixed methods. Descriptive analyses were performed on quantitative data while qualitative narratives revealed insights from quantitative findings. The mean age of the study participants was 17 (range 11, 30) years. Out of the 306 WWIDs 57% commenced with substance use by combining both licit and illicit drugs. Intimate sexual partners including spouses and casual sex partners introduced seventy-four percent of WWIDs to substance use. Majority of the WWIDs (39.9%) commenced with 2- way substance combination with bhang and cigarette having the highest usage. However, 4-way substance combinations containing heroin, cigarette, bhang, valium, Rohypnol had the highest frequency (12.8%) at the time of the survey. Varied routes of heroin administration were mentioned including injection, smoking and sniffing as separate routes and as 2-way or 3-way mode combinations of these. To inform policies targeting the health and rights of girls and women in low income settings, this study recommends urgent upstream policies targeting the girl adolescent life in form of a multifunctional package composed of identifying girls at risk, substance use interventions, sexual health education, improved educational attainment, and progressive social policies that target low social economic status in the adolescent phase. Harm reduction programs in Kenya should target people who use heroin through both injection and non-injection modes of administration.

Impact of Brine Composition and Concentration on Capillary Pressure and Residual Oil Saturation in Limestone Core Samples

Low salinity water flooding (LSF) is a relatively simple and cheap EOR technique in which the salinit y of the injected water is optimized (by desalination and/or modification) to improve oil recovery over conventional waterflooding. Extensive laboratory experiments investigating the effect of LSF are available in the literature. Sulfate-rich as well as diluted brines have shown promising potential to increase oil production in limestone core samples. To quantify the low salinity effect, spontaneous imbibition and/or tertiary waterflooding experiments have been reported. For the first time in literature, this paper presents a comprehensive study of the centrifuge technique to investigate low salinity effect in carbonate samples. The study is divided into three parts. At first, a comprehensive screening was performed on the impact of different connate water and imbibition brine compositions/combinations on the spontaneous imbibition behavior. Second, the subsequent forced imbibition of the samples using the centrifuge method to investigate the impact of brine compositions on residual saturations and capillary pressure. Finally, three unsteady-state (USS) core floodings were conducted in order to examine the potential of the different brines to increase oil recovery in secondary mode (brine injection at connate water saturation) and tertiary mode (exchange of injection brine at mature recovery stage). The experiments were performed using Indiana limestone outcrops. The main conclusions of the study are spontaneous imbibition experiments only showed oil recovery in case the salinity of the imbibing water (IW) is lower than the salinity of the connate water (CW). No oil production was observed when the imbibing water had a higher salinity than the connate water or the salinity of the connate water and imbibing brine were identical. Moreover, the spontaneous imbibition experiments indicated that diluting the salinity of the imbibing water has a larger potential to spontaneously recover oil than the introduction of sulfate-rich sea water. The centrifuge experiments confirmed a connection between the overall salinity and oil recovery. As the salinity of the imbibing brines decreases, the capillary imbibition pressure curves showed an increasing water-wetting tendency and simultaneous reduction of the remaining oil saturation. The lowest remaining oil saturation was obtained for diluted sea water as CW and IW. The core flooding experiments reflected the results of the spontaneous imbibition and centrifuge experiments. Injecting brine at a rate of 0.05 cc/min, sea water and especially diluted sea water resulted in a significant higher oil recovery compared to formation brine. Moreover, when comparing secondary mode experiments, the remaining oil saturation after flooding by diluted sea water, sea water and formation water was 30.6 %, 35.5 % and 37.4 %, respectively. In tertiary injection mode, sea water did not lead to extra oil recovery while diluted sea water led to an additional oil recovery of 5.6 % in one out of two tertiary injection applications.

Injection Type Effects on Pulverized Biomass (solid olive waste) Combustion in a 50 kW Combustor

The paper describes a 3D numerical simulation of pulverized solid olive waste (OW) combustion in a vertical combustor. This study is developed, in order to design a new efficient burner which operates with olive waste as a biomass fuel. Two types of injection modes are studied. The first named (R) where the biomass particles is perpendicularly injected to symmetric axis close to the co-flow entry by four injection square shape tubes and the second named (P) where particles are injected in parallel to the furnace central axis. The mean diameter of the pulverized particles is about 70 µm. The designed system is a vertical cylindrical furnace with swirling co-flow burner entry. The k-Iµ, mixture fraction PDF and discrete phase DPM models are used for turbulence closure, turbulence-chemistry interactions and tracking the particle motion respectively. Results show that the flame is more stabilized in the recirculation zones and achieved the higher temperature at 1560 K for (R) case. The particles residence time inside to the combustor is very important for the (R) case in comparison to (P) case. The analyses and comparison of the formed species for CO, CO 2 and NOx formation profiles at several longitudinal locations between (R) and (P) cases are performed.

An Experimental Investigation of Immiscible-CO2-Flooding Efficiency in Sandstone Reservoirs: Influence of Permeability Heterogeneity

SummaryReservoir heterogeneity plays a critical role in determining the success of enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) processes, but its effect rarely has been comprehensively quantified in the laboratory. This work presents the results of an experimental study on the effects of various carbon dioxide (CO2) injection modes on immiscible-flooding performance in heterogeneous-sandstone porous media. Thus, the results of this study can be insightful in overcoming the current challenges in capturing the importance of geological uncertainties in current and future EOR projects.Coreflooding experiments were conducted for n-decane/synthetic-brine/CO2 systems at a 9.6-MPa backpressure and at 343 K to attain immiscible-flooding conditions [minimum-miscibility pressure (MMP) of CO2 in n-decane is 12.4 MPa]. For this purpose, two sets of heterogeneous-sandstone core samples were assembled with heterogeneity either parallel to (layered samples) or perpendicular to (composite samples) the flow. The results obtained for both composite and layered core samples indicated that heterogeneity tremendously influences the outcome of the CO2 EOR. Oil recovery decreases dramatically with an increase in the heterogeneity level or permeability ratio (PR). In addition, the crossflow in the layered core sample is found to have a noticeable effect on the ultimate oil recovery (increasing oil recovery up to 5%). Also, it is worth noting that for the composite samples, when we arranged the plugs by putting the low-permeability segments closer to the sample outlets, the recovery factor increased. However, regardless of the segment arrangements, the recoveries in composite cores are lower than those obtained from the homogeneous core sample.

Enhanced oil recovery with CO2/N2 slug in low permeability reservoir: Molecular dynamics simulation

Slug injection of CO2/N2 has proven to be a promising technology for the enhancement of oil recovery in low/ultra-low permeability reservoirs. In spite of this, the detailed displacement process and interaction mechanisms remain unclear. Adopting molecular dynamic simulations, the displacement behavior of CO2/N2 flooding was investigated at the molecular and atomic level. It was found that CO2 and N2 play varying roles: the solubility of CO2 is strong, and the propel effect of N2 provides an obvious advantage. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of the CO2 slug and N2 slug was found to be better than single phase injection and even better than mixture gas (flue gas) flooding. Particularly, it shows the best displacement efficiency when CO2 is used as a front slug. This study unveils the underlying mechanism of gas flooding in low permeability reservoirs, and the results may be proved helpfully in providing theoretical support for the optimization of the injection mode.

A 2-D simulation study on CO2 soluble surfactant for foam enhanced oil recovery

This paper probes the transport of CO2 soluble surfactant for foaming in porous media. We numerically investigate the effect of surfactant partitioning between the aqueous phase and the gaseous phase on foam transport for subsurface applications when the surfactant is injected in the CO2 phase. A 2-D reservoir simulation is developed to quantify the effect of surfactant partition coefficient on the displacement conformance and CO2 sweep efficiency. A texture-implicit local-equilibrium foam model is embedded to describe how the partitioning of surfactant between water and CO2 affects the CO2 foam mobility control when surfactant is injected in the CO2 phase. We conclude that when surfactant has approximately equal affinity to both the CO2 and the water, the transport of surfactant is in line with the gas propagation and therefore the sweep efficiency is maximized. Too high affinity to water (small partition coefficient) results in surfactant retardation whereas too high affinity to CO2 (large partition coefficient) leads to weak foam and insufficient mobility reduction. This work sheds light upon the design of water-alternating-gas-plus-surfactant-in-gas (WAG+S) process to improve the conventional foam process with surfactant-alternating-gas (SAG) injection mode during which significant amount of surfactant could possibly drain down by gravity before CO2 slugs catch up to generate foam in situ the reservoir.

A novel method for highly efficient biotransformation and separation of isoflavone aglycones from soybean with high-speed counter-current chromatography

A novel bioreactor with high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was established for the efficient biotransformation of isoflavone aglycones from soybeans. Further, the transformed isoflavone aglycones were separated by HSCCC with continuous injection mode. β-Glucosidase and snailase were chosen as the optimum enzymes for HSCCC bioreactor biotransformation. Compared with snailase, β-glucosidase showed the advantages in both enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency and the influence to retention of the stationary phase and 4 mL/min were selected as the optimum elution flow-rate. The transformed isoflavone aglycones were separated by HSCCC with a solvent system n-hexane/ethyl acetate/ethanol/water (1:1.6:1:1.6, v/v). From 200 mg crude samples, 82 mg of daidzein, 48 mg of glycitein and 24 mg of genistein were separated with purities over 95%, respectively, as determined by HPLC. The chemical structures of these compounds were identified by EI-MS and 1H-NMR. Our results suggest that HSCCC could be developed as a bioreactor in the preparation of isoflavone aglycones from soybeans for the facility to immobilize and recycle the enzyme.

Experimental investigation on combustion characteristics in dual-fuel dual-injection engine

Dual-injection strategy combined with dual-fuel can provide flexible and instantaneous blend ratios according to engine demands under different operating conditions. Furthermore, ethanol direct injection has the potentials to increase the engine compression ratio and thermal efficiency by taking advantages of ethanol fuel such as the high octane number and latent heat. Therefore, in order to maximize the charge cooling effect, a dual-fuel (gasoline and ethanol) dual-direct injection system is proposed and investigated in this paper. In current work, different injection modes in terms of knock suppression and combustion performance are compared and studied on a single-cylinder SI engine with stoichiometric air/fuel ratios. The results show that the new injection strategy of dual-fuel dual-direct injection mode can significantly expand engine load compared with conventional modes of gasoline direct injection plus ethanol port injection and ethanol direct injection plus gasoline port injection. Direct injection ethanol mode can reduce knocking tendency. However, with higher brake mean effective pressure, dual-fuel dual-injection mode shows higher knock tendency. Dual-fuel dual-injection mode can increase brake mean effective pressure and thermal efficiency simultaneously. However, the brake thermal efficiency behavior is non-linear when increasing brake mean effective pressure and direct injection ethanol mass fraction. The equivalent heat value brake specific fuel consumption decreases with the increase of direct injection ethanol ratio, and dual-fuel dual-injection mode has superior fuel conversion efficiency. Relatively high maximum pressure can be found in dual-fuel dual-injection mode. With the increase of ethanol ratio, the combustion phasing is further advanced, resulting in better combustion, which contributes to higher thermal efficiency.

Excess air ratio effects on flow and combustion caracteristics of pulverized biomass (olive cake)

The aim of this paper is to study effect of excess air ratio (λ) on combustion dynamics of pulverized olive cake (OC) in a vertical furnace. Four cases namely (a), (b), (c) and (d) for the air inlet conditions with different excess air ratio (EAR) (λ = 1.3, 1.7, 2.3 and 2.7 respectively) are studied. The numerical approach is based on Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The chosen turbulence closure model is the k–ε model. For turbulence-chemistry interactions of the non-premixed combustion, a mixture fraction/PDF approach is used. The particles of OC are injected perpendicularly to the central axe of furnace near the lower base. This injection mode increases the particle residence time in the furnace. The mean size particles diameter is 70 µm. The OC thermal characteristics are determined from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A comparison is done between (a), (b), (c) and (d) cases for, flow topology, velocity contours, temperature distribution and species concentration profiles in several locations along the furnace. Results show that increasing excess air ratio dilutes the emission of CO and CO2 inside to the furnace, lowered the temperature in the furnace exit and reduced the visible flames lengths Lvisible.

Influence of injection mode and antioxidant dietary on the toxicity of Doxorubicin as a chemotherapy drug

Influence of injection mode and antioxidant dietary on the toxicity of Doxorubicin as a chemotherapy drug