Mode Of Infestation Research Articles

SEPTICEMIA DUE TOGLOBICATELLA SANGUINIS IN AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT ADULT: A CASE REPORT ANDLITERATURE REVIEW

Background:Globicatella Sanguinis is a germ that is rarely isolated in practice however, in view of identification errors due to its resemblance to viridans streptococci and the difficulties presented by many commercial systems of phenotypic identification, this pathogen remains underappreciated. Several works have highlighted the isolation of this bacteria, but the clinical characteristics and modes of infestation are still unknown. Case presentation:A 82-year-old Moroccan woman with high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes was discovered unconscious and transferred to our unit for medical care. He was immunocompetent with no history of malignancies, recurrent infections or immunosuppression medications. The investigation of the febrile consciousness disorder presented by the patient reveled Globicatella sanguinis in blood cultures. All other septic simples were negative. The evolution was marked by apyrexia, and an improvement in her state of awareness after rehydration, antimicrobial medication, glycemic and blood pressure rebalancing. Conclusions:This is the first case of Globicatella sanguinis isolation in our department. Literature review shows a high MIC level against third generation cephalosporins. In light of the increasing emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, the establishment of appropriate antibiotics has become an imperative necessity. However, more researches are required to look into the pathophysiology and risk factors of G. sanguinis infections among humans. Its low occurrence may be attributable in part to difficulties in laboratory identification, and it is probable that recognition of this organism will improve when modern technologies such as MALDI-TOF MS and next-generation sequencing become more widely used.

First results of the archaeoparasitological study of the Volna 1 burial ground (Temryuk District, Krasnodar Krai)

The paper presents the results of an archaeoparasitological analysis of the soil samples from a number of the burials dated to the end of the 4th — first half of the 3rd c. B.C. of the ancient burial ground of Volna 1 situated in the territory of the “Asiatic part” of the Bosporan Kingdom (present-day Temryuk District, Krasnodar Krai). As the result of the investigation, the parasitogenic spectrum of the studied population group has been determined. The eggs of three types of helminths were found. The presence of the eggs of human whipworm (Trichuris trichi-ura) in the soil samples from the burials suggest relatively poor sanitary and hygienic condition of the population and undeveloped hygienic habits of the studied population group. Analysis of the archaeoparasitological data in the historical context and utilization of the archaeopathological material from the archaeological sites of the chronologically close period from the territory of Europe and Asia Minor permitted identification of the range of possible causes of such a situation. The undeveloped hygienic habits are also manifested by finding of of lancet fluke (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) eggs in the soil samples. Besides, the presence in the soil samples of the eggs of this parasite is indicative, from the point of view of archaeoparasitology, of the type of the economy, its methods and, partly, of the dietary specifics. Interesting is the fact of finding of the broad tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum) eggs in one of the samples. Given the life cycle of the broad tapeworm and mode of infestation, it is possible to determine unambiguously that the tapeworm infestation might have happened during the consumption of raw underboiled/underroast or dried fish from the freshwater lakes and rivers from the territory of the south of Russia (River Kuban, River Don etc.). Having considered the obtained data in the historical-archaeological con-text, it is possible to hypothesize on the directions of travels of the infested individual. Characteristics of the archaeoparasitological spectrum indicate possible use of anthelminthic agents, or consumption of food with vermicidal effect with respect to the round worms. An important result of the study is demonstration of capabilities of the archaeoparasitology as a source of bioarchaeological information on the population of Northern Black Sea coast.

The Major Sweet Potato Weevils; Management and Control: A Review

Sweet potato is an important food crop, grown commonly in tropical and subtropical regions, but production has been subjected to less research worldwide, compared to the major staple crops. Sweet potato weevils are the major destructive pest causing drastic yield decline and resulting in a decrease in millions of dollar annually. A wide range of management strategies in controlling sweet potato weevils includes; cultural method, chemical method, biological method, Sterile Insect Technique, soil management, Sterile Insect Release, pheromone traps, Host Plant Resistance and Integrated Pest Management. However, the chemical method is limited by larvae internal feeding, whilst the biological approach has been constraints to some point. The pheromone method has enhanced for monitoring of sweet potato weevils, but adapting to integrated pest management is most highly effective and environmentally safe to growers. This paper reviews the factors that contribute to the infestation of weevils, mode of infestation, and various control management strategies towards decreasing the infestation of weevils in the plantation of sweet potato.

The Major Sweet Potato Weevils; Management and Control: A Review

Sweet potato is an important food crop, grown commonly in tropical and subtropical regions, but production has been subjected to less research worldwide, compared to the major staple crops. Sweet potato weevils are the major destructive pest causing drastic yield decline and resulting in a decrease in millions of dollar annually. A wide range of management strategies in controlling sweet potato weevils includes; cultural method, chemical method, biological method, Sterile Insect Technique, soil management, Sterile Insect Release, pheromone traps, Host Plant Resistance and Integrated Pest Management. However, the chemical method is limited by larvae internal feeding, whilst the biological approach has been constraints to some point. The pheromone method has enhanced for monitoring of sweet potato weevils, but adapting to integrated pest management is most highly effective and environmentally safe to growers. This paper reviews the factors that contribute to the infestation of weevils, mode of infestation, and various control management strategies towards decreasing the infestation of weevils in the plantation of sweet potato.

<em>Vitis vinifera</em> canes, a source of stilbenoids against downy mildew

Aim: To investigate the antifungal efficacy of grape cane extracts enriched in stilbenes against Plasmopara viticola by in vivo experiments on grape plants.Methods and results: Experiments on grape plants were carried out from 2007 to 2008 at commercial vineyards in « Le Tourne » (southwest region of France) on Vitis vinifera L. cv Merlot plants and in a greenhouse, where 45-day-old plants (Merlot) were used. Grapevine plants were treated with stilbene extract (STE) or « Bordeaux mixture » (BM) as positive control. STE, prepared from Vitis vinifera canes, contained 33% of total stilbenes ranging from monomers to tetramers and was used at 5 g L-1. The degree of protection against downy mildew was determined as the percentage of infected leaf surface area and pathogen attack frequency. On young plants in greenhouse, P. viticola inoculation and three treatments with STE were carried out. After the treatments, the disease reduction was from 59 to 69% for pathogen attack frequency and from 83 to 88% for infected leaf surface for the two modes of infestation (artificial and secondary). STE triggered a similar intense decrease in downy mildew infection as recorded for BM. In the vineyard assay, downy mildew infection was allowed to occur naturally. Field grown plants were treated every 7th day for eight weeks or every 14th day for eight weeks during June and July. We observed that STE was also able to prevent P. viticola infection in vineyard but to a lesser extent. Treatment with STE every 7th day provided better results in terms of infection frequency and infected leaf area than that every 14th day. STE treatment of plants every 7th day in vineyard reduced the frequency of attack by 16 to 39% and leaf surface infection by 57 to 61%, which was lower than that recorded for BM. STE also displayed in vitro inhibitory effects on the release of zoospores from sporangia and the germination of zoospores of P. viticola. Zoospore germination was completely inhibited at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 and zoospore release was inhibited at 330 mg L-1.Conclusions: Treatment of young grapevine plants in greenhouse with stilbene extract from grapevine canes offered considerable protection against P. viticola that was identical to that provided by Bordeaux mixture. STE was also able to prevent P. viticola infection in vineyard but to a lesser extent. Treatment with STE every 7th day in vineyard provided better results than that every 14th day.Significance and impact of the study: Stilbenes from grapevine canes are good candidates as natural fungicides against downy mildew. Given the very large quantity of grape canes available each year, this strategy could be scaled up to control this grapevine disease in a sustainable manner.

<em>Vitis vinifera</em> canes, a source of stilbenoids against downy mildew

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim:</strong> To investigate the antifungal efficacy of grape cane extracts enriched in stilbenes against <em>Plasmopara viticola</em> by <em>in vivo</em> experiments on grape plants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Experiments on grape plants were carried out from 2007 to 2008 at commercial vineyards in « Le Tourne » (southwest region of France) on <em>Vitis vinifera</em> L. cv Merlot plants and in a greenhouse, where 45-day-old plants (Merlot) were used. Grapevine plants were treated with stilbene extract (STE) or « Bordeaux mixture » (BM) as positive control. STE, prepared from <em>Vitis vinifera</em> canes, contained 33% of total stilbenes ranging from monomers to tetramers and was used at 5 g L<sup>-1</sup>. The degree of protection against downy mildew was determined as the percentage of infected leaf surface area and pathogen attack frequency. On young plants in greenhouse, <em>P. viticola</em> inoculation and three treatments with STE were carried out. After the treatments, the disease reduction was from 59 to 69% for pathogen attack frequency and from 83 to 88% for infected leaf surface for the two modes of infestation (artificial and secondary). STE triggered a similar intense decrease in downy mildew infection as recorded for BM. In the vineyard assay, downy mildew infection was allowed to occur naturally. Field grown plants were treated every 7<sup>th</sup> day for eight weeks or every 14<sup>th</sup> day for eight weeks during June and July. We observed that STE was also able to prevent <em>P. viticola</em> infection in vineyard but to a lesser extent. Treatment with STE every 7<sup>th</sup> day provided better results in terms of infection frequency and infected leaf area than that every 14<sup>th</sup> day. STE treatment of plants every 7<sup>th</sup> day in vineyard reduced the frequency of attack by 16 to 39% and leaf surface infection by 57 to 61%, which was lower than that recorded for BM. STE also displayed <em>in vitro</em> inhibitory effects on the release of zoospores from sporangia and the germination of zoospores of <em>P. viticola</em>. Zoospore germination was completely inhibited at a concentration of 100 mg L<sup>-1</sup> and zoospore release was inhibited at 330 mg L<sup>-1</sup>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Treatment of young grapevine plants in greenhouse with stilbene extract from grapevine canes offered considerable protection against <em>P. viticola</em> that was identical to that provided by Bordeaux mixture. STE was also able to prevent <em>P. viticola</em> infection in vineyard but to a lesser extent. Treatment with STE every 7<sup>th</sup> day in vineyard provided better results than that every 14<sup>th</sup> day.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: Stilbenes from grapevine canes are good candidates as natural fungicides against downy mildew. Given the very large quantity of grape canes available each year, this strategy could be scaled up to control this grapevine disease in a sustainable manner.</p>

Phthiriasis palpebrarum: Diagnosis and treatment

Phthiriasis palpebrarum is an ectoparasitosis in which Phthirus pubis infest the eyelashes. It is rare and it can easily be misdiagnosed as blepharitis. The purpose of this study is to describe seven cases of phthiriasis palpebrarum so as to discuss its mode of infestation, diagnosis and treatment. This is a study of all cases of phthiriasis palpebrarum reported in our laboratory. For each patient, an ophthalmic examination and parasitological examination of the eyelashes were performed. There were five men and two women. Their ages ranged from 4 to 50years with an average of 21.57years. There were four children and three adults. The main symptom was itching of the eyelids. Clinical signs included reddish-brown crusts at the base of the eyelashes in all the cases and visible lice and nits in three cases. Biomicroscopic examination showed lice and nits anchored to the eyelashes in three cases. In the other two cases, the initial diagnosis was felt to be blepharitis. In all cases, the diagnosis of phthiriasis palpebrarum was confirmed by parasitological examination of eyelashes, which revealed the presence of adult and nit forms of Phthirus pubis. The number of adult lice ranged from 1 to 30. In all cases, treatment was based on mechanical removal of both the lice and nits. Outcomes were favorable without recurrence. In conclusion, phthiriasis palpebrarum can be easily diagnosed by close examination of the eyelashes and eyelid margins at the slit lamp and can be managed mechanically. Parasitological examination of the eyelashes can confirm the diagnosis.

Comparison of In Vitro Heat and Cold Tolerances of the New Invasive Species Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) With Three Known Tephritids

Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White (Diptera: Tephritidae) is spreading throughout central Africa attacking a variety of fruit; quarantines are placed on fruit from this region that are considered hosts. The only phytosanitary treatment that is commercially available is an ionizing irradiation treatment for all Tephritidae at 150 Gy. The development of other treatments, such as heat, cold, or fumigation, usually requires testing tens of thousands of insects at a dose that provides efficacy and may take several years. It may be possible to shorten the time required to develop treatments by comparing tolerance of a new quarantine pest to tolerances of pests with similar behaviors and modes of infestation for which treatment schedules are available. Cold and heat tolerance ofB. invadens was compared with tolerance of Anastrepha ludens (Loew), Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) in vitro. Third-instar B. invadens was no more cold tolerant than the other species when treated in diet at 0.94 +/- 0.65 degrees C and no more heat tolerant than C. capitata when immersed in vials in water at 44.7 +/- 0.1 degrees C. The data at 0.94 +/- 0.65 degrees C was used to include B. invadens in a USDA cold treatment schedule for citrus fruit from Africa so that trade would not be interrupted while protecting U.S. agriculture from this invasive pest.

Cordylobia anthropophaga cellulitis of the penis

Background: Myiasis is a condition in which fly larvae (maggots) invade living tissue. It is now considered a rare condition in humans, because of improved physical hygiene. It is imperative therefore to present a new case in order to stimulate a high index of suspicion among clinicians. Aim: To report a case of a boy who presented with furuncular cellulitis of the penis from which fly larva was extracted. Case report: An 8-year-old boy presented with a painful swelling of the penis which was referred as a case of phimosis. A boil-like pruritic lesion was noticed prior to the penile swelling. About three-weeks prior to presentation, two live maggots were extracted from a two-month old puppy which the child handled very often as a pet. Clinical examination revealed a single papular lesion on his penis from which a live maggot was extracted. He responded to treatment with anit-tetanus toxoid, oral paracetamol and topical gentamicin cream. The mode of infestation, prevention and management are highlighted. Conclusion: There is need to raise the level of awareness and stimulate a high index of suspicion among clinicians about this disease which is prone to misdiagnosis and from which fatal cases have been reported in children. Key words: Cordylobia anthropophaga, Cellulitis, Penis, Children, Nigeria

A conifer seedling with two herbicolous fungi from the Baltic amber forest

A Baltic amber inclusion of a fossil spruce seedling of which the lower part of the hypocotyl and the primary root are not preserved is provisionally described as Picea baltica ad int. The remnant of the hypocotyl and the basal parts of the cotyledons are infested by a conidial fungus. Its conidiophores correspond to those of the genus Gonatobotryum Corda. However, the fungus is not assignable to any extant species and is therefore described as a new species, Gonatobotryum piceae. A further infestation, most probably by a stroma-forming anamorph, is visible on the cotyledons of the seedling. Its mode of infestation is similar to that of Sirococcus strobilinus Preuss which occurs in extant spruce seedlings. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 155, 449–456.

Eyelid leishmaniasis: Letter to the editor

An interesting case of eyelid leishmaniasis is reported. Although the face is the site of predilection of cutaneous leishmaniasis, eyelid involvement has been reported to be rather uncommon. The author suggests an auto-inoculation mode of infestation. Parenteral stibogluconate effectively terminated infestation with a small scarring.

Ein Fall von Ophthalmomyiasis interna in Kenia*

An unusual case of ophthalmomyiasis is reported, in which two living fly larvae were observed inside the patient's eye. One larva was removed from the anterior chamber by paracentesis; the other was destroyed on the retina by photocoagulation. The mode of infestation, clinical picture and treatment are discussed in brief.

Studies on the incidence of the intestinal protopozoa in the mountainous area of Chollapuk-do

This study was undertaken in order to elucidate the prevalences of the intestinal protozoan infection according to localities and the mode of the infestation in the mountainous area of Chollapuk-do, Korea during the year 1970-1971. 8,508 of fecal samples were collected among the inhabitants of the mountainous area, which covered 18 Myens(=Township) from 6 Guns(=County) in the eastern part of Chollapuk-do. Most of the inhabitants of this area were engaged in farming and living under lower economic and poor sanitary conditions. The samples were examined twice repeatedly by iodine stained direct fecal smear method. For the study on the mode of infestation, with the exception of drinking water, the zinc sulfate floatation technic was applied for the examinations of hog-feces, manure heap, garden soil, sewage, dishtowel, dust in room and floor, house fly and house rat. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Among total 8,508 fecal specimens examined, 3,152(37.6 %) were positive for the intestinal protozoa: E. histolytica 9.8 %, E. coli 25.6 %, E. nana 7.2 %, G lamblia 6.8 %, I. butschlii 0.6 %, and C. mensnili 0.7 %. 2. A single infection of the intestinal protozoa was the highest(68.3 %), and double infection(22.3 %) triple, quadruple and quintuple infections were in decreasing order. 3. The highest distribution (39.8 %) was observed in the group aging 41-50, and the lowest (27.3 %) in the group above 61. The groups under 10 years showed a relatively high positive rate among all age groups. 4. Sexual distribution of protozoan infection showed slightly higher rate (38.6 %) in male than that (35.4 %) of female. 5. Jangsoo-gun showed the highest positive rate (42.9 %) and Namwon-gun was the lowest (32.5 %). The prevalence of E. histolytica showed the highest (11.6 %) in Imsil-gun and the lowest (6.9 %) in Jangsoo-gun. 6. E. histolytica cysts were found 9.1 % among total 99 samples of hog feces, 4.8 % among 78 samples of manure heap, 0.6 % among 164 samples of fingernail dirt, 5.3 % among 57 samples of drinking water, 15.8 % among 19 samples of sewage, 7.1 % among 42 samples of dishtowel, 0.1 % among 780 samples of house fly and 5.0 % among 40 samples of house rat.