Feedback Mode Research Articles

Student feedback delivery modes: A qualitative study of student and lecturer views

BackgroundStudent feedback on assessment is fundamental for promoting learning. Written feedback is the most common way of providing feedback yet this has been criticised by students for its ineffectiveness. Given the wide range of feedback modes available, (written, audio, video, screencast, face-to-face, self and peer-feedback) a better understanding of student and lecturer preferences would facilitate recommendations for optimising feedback delivery. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences and preferences for summative feedback modes of physiotherapy students and lecturers. MethodsA sample of convenience was used to recruit participants from one undergraduate physiotherapy programme in the UK. A total of 25 students were recruited for three focus groups and five lecturers for semi-structured interviews. Focus groups and individual interviews were guided by a semi-structured interview guideline and carried out by a research assistant who was not involved in teaching on the programme and therefore unknown to participants. Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. ResultsThree themes were developed in relation to student and lecturer experiences of feedback to date: the importance of dialogue; the value of feed forward; and feedback disparity. From the student perspective, three themes were identified supporting their feedback preference: the importance of human connection; added information from non-verbal communication; valuing the lecturer view. From the lecturer perspective, two themes were identified around feedback preferences: challenges of spoken feedback and the importance of self-assessment. ConclusionsThis study identifies challenges around selecting optimal feedback modes due to the lack of student-lecturer consensus. Students preferred lecturer-led modes, providing the highest quality personal interaction with lecturers (face-to-face, screencast, video, audio). Lecturers most often advocated for student led feedback modes (peer or self-assessment) as a means to students valuing the feedback and developing reflective skills.

Dual microelectrodes decorated with nanotip arrays: Fabrication, characterization and spectroelectrochemical sensing

Gold microelectrodes decorated with nanotips were developed for spectroelectrochemical experiments. These new dual probes were fabricated by combining fabrication processes of scanning near-field optical microscopy with photolithography. A nanotip array was produced at the surface of a coherent optical fiber bundle by a wet chemical etching step. The resulting nanostructured surface was sputter-coated with a thin gold layer. This gold film conferred plasmonic properties to the sharp nanotips and served as well as the electrode material to enable electrochemical reactions. A photolithographic process was used to delimit on the bundle surface nanotips-decorated microelectrodes with tunable dimensions (radii ranging between 20 μm and 3.5 μm) individually or in an array format. The resulting microelectrodes with a regular nanotip pattern were characterized first by cyclic voltammetry. Numerical simulation was used to assess the electrochemical properties of these platforms and the influences of the recessed geometry and of the nanotips. Approach curves were recorded in negative and positive feedback modes of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) on insulating and conducting substrates. Finally, spatially resolved Raman imaging allowed us to detect a mercaptobenzoic acid monolayer adsorbed on the microelectrode surface, demonstrating a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect induced by the gold-coated nanotips with a typical enhancement factor of ∼7 × 104. Such an approach introduces a reproducible method to fabricate promising SERS-active platforms with microelectrode behavior for SECM experiments.

Spin evolution and feedback of supermassive black holes in cosmological simulations

ABSTRACT It is well established that the properties of supermassive black holes (BHs) and their host galaxies are correlated through scaling relations. While hydrodynamical cosmological simulations have begun to account for the coevolution of BHs and galaxies, they typically have neglected the BH spin, even though it may play an important role in modulating the growth and feedback of BHs. Here we introduce a new sub-grid model for the BH spin evolution in the moving-mesh code arepo in order to improve the physical faithfulness of the BH modelling in galaxy formation simulations. We account for several different channels of spin evolution, in particular gas accretion through a Shakura–Sunyaev α-disc, chaotic accretion, and BH mergers. For BH feedback, we extend the IllustrisTNG model, which considers two different BH feedback modes, a thermal quasar mode for high accretion states and a kinetic mode for low Eddington ratios, with a self-consistent accounting of spin-dependent radiative efficiencies and thus feedback strength. We find that BHs with a mass $M_{\mbox{{bh}}}\lesssim 10^{8}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ reach high spin values as they typically evolve in the coherent gas accretion regime, in which consecutive accretion episodes are aligned. On the other hand, BHs with a mass $M_{\mbox{{bh}}}\gtrsim 10^{8}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ have lower spins as BH mergers become more frequent, and their accretion discs fragment due to self-gravity, inducing chaotic accretion. We also explore the hypothesis that the transition between the quasar and kinetic feedback modes is mediated by the accretion mode of the BH disc itself, i.e. the kinetic feedback mode is activated when the disc enters the self-gravity regime instead of by an ad hoc switch tied to the BH mass. We find excellent agreement between the galaxy and BH populations for this approach and the fiducial TNG model with no spin evolution. Furthermore, our new approach alleviates a tension in the galaxy morphology–colour relation of the original TNG model.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ГЕЙМІФІКАЦІЇ ДЛЯ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ МАРКЕТИНГОВИХ INTERNET - КОММУНІКАЦІЙ

The article summarizes foreign and domestic experience of using gamification tools in the field of Internet marketing – communications, including, within the content - marketing. The concept of «gamification», which was first used in 2002 by programmer Nick Pelling to create gaming interfaces for electronic devices, is disclosed. Approaches to defining the concept of «gamification» – as a measure of introduction of computer games in the non-gaming sphere of activity of the enterprise are analyzed. It is proved that gamification is most commonly used today to activate learning processes, to manage the motivation and behavior of company staff, and to a much lesser extent, to increase the effectiveness of the marketing communications complex.The trends of increasing popularity of Instagram and Facebook social networks in Ukraine as global trading venues are analyzed. It has been proven that social media sales can be increased by using gamification tools. Examples of successful experience in implementing gamification in social networks as an effective measure of enterprise marketing activity are presented.It is proved that gaming experience is specific to foreign companies only, so the topic of using gaming tools for Ukrainian business is relevant and needs further study. Provided information on using game tools on Instagram to increase sales activity.The basic conditions for the implementation of gamification in the field of Internet marketing - communications: creation of a system of goals, rules, rewards, a constant mode of feedback from the consumer, open competitive environment in the game process, monitoring of consumer activity. The technique of building an effective gaming system in the field of Internet marketing communications is presented.A number of examples in the article confirm the feasibility and high efficiency of using gamification tools in the marketing activities of the enterprise to increase sales and consumer loyalty.

Color image encryption algorithm based on the position index and chaos theory

A color image encryption algorithm is proposed based on the position index and chaos theory. First, the plain image is decomposed into its constituent red, green, and blue channels, each of which is resized to form one-dimensional arrays. Then, a permutation mechanism based on the position index values is introduced to effectively decrease the correlation between adjacent pixels by dynamically swapping the pixels of the three components. The Tent–Sine system is employed as a pseudorandom sequence generator to provide chaotic sequences in which the initial values and parameters are calculated from the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)-256 hash of the plain image. As a result, the algorithm is sensitive to the plain image. In addition, in contrast to the traditional ciphertext feedback mode, each pixel is modified based on the order of the position index sequences. The results of experimental simulations and extensive cryptanalyses indicate that the algorithm satisfactorily resists various typical attacks.

СТАН ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ РУХЛИВОСТІ НЕРВОВИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ В УМОВАХ СЛУХОВОЇ ДЕПРИВАЦІЇ

The article discusses the effect of sensory deprivation on the state of functionalmobility of nervous processes in schoolchildren aged 15-16. The relevance of the studyis the need to obtain and analyze new scientific data on the specificity of the impact ofauditory deprivation on the functional mobility of the nervous processes (FMNP) of a person. The main objective of this phase of the study was to study the features of thefunctional mobility of the nervous processes in children with hearing impairments.The studies were conducted, taking into account changes in the fluctuations ofmental performance during the working day and week, all studies were conducted ondays of high mental performance - from Tuesday to Thursday from 9.00 to 13.00hours. The total amount of experimental research for each subject represented nomore than 10 minutes in one examination. At the beginning of the study, eachindividual was familiarized with the methodology for studying the functional mobilityof nerve processes using the feedback mode. The study for the entire contingent wascarried out using the computer diagnostic method "Diagnost-1M", which wasdeveloped in the laboratory of physiology of higher human nervous activity of theInstitute of Physiology named after. O.O. Bogomoltsa National Academy of Sciencesof Ukraine (Kiev) professors M. V. Makarenk and V. S. Lizogub.After analyzing the data, we found that the mean values of FMNP in childrenwith sensory deprivation were statistically different from those in the control group.The reason for this is mental retardation and hearing problems in children withimpaired hearing. Qualitative analysis showed that among students in the controlgroup, individuals with high and medium levels of functional mobility of nerveprocesses are more often observed, and in the experimental group - children with lowlevels of FMNP. The central processing time is the shortest for the students in thecontrol group, in contrast to the experimental one. This is due to the lagging behind ofhearing impaired people in the area of forming perception of objective actions as aresult of speech underdevelopment. Also, the average values of the right-handedFMNP are significantly better compared to the functional mobility of the left hand inboth groups. This is due to the dominance of the right hand as a powerful means ofadaptive human behavior.Keywords: functional mobility, sensory deprivation, informationprocessing.

The Usability Testing of VR Interface for Tourism Apps

Virtual reality (VR) is considered to be an emerging technology. This study compared the usability differences of VR travel software, such as Google Street View, VeeR VR, and Sites in VR, for mobile phones. In the pilot study, three post-graduate students and one interface expert were invited to participate in the designed experimental tasks to provide opinions on the first draft of the questionnaire. Next, thirty college students were recruited to join the formal experiment. After operating the VR interface, they were asked to fill out the questionnaire, and a semi-structured interview was conducted. The results are described as follows: (1) Intuitive operation is required to allow people to select objects smoothly; (2) the chosen object requires a feedback mode to inform the user that the object has been selected; (3) the speed of the feedback mode should be adjustable to fulfil the needs of most people; (4) the contrast of icon color needs to be improved to ensure the most efficient verification of the operations; and (5) a search button or reminder function can be added to aid first-time users.

Research on an automatic leveling method with a feedback mode for a parallel 3D printer

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to propose an automatic leveling method for a printing platform based on a three-point coordinate feedback. The proposed method is used in fused deposition modeling additive manufacturing systems. The coordinate error of the leveled plane is constrained to within  ± 0.2 mm, which is less than the printed layer thickness.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the model of the forward and inverse solutions of the parallel arm is obtained based on the principles of vector algebra. Second, the automatic leveling mechanism for collecting the z-coordinate is designed. The best position of the virtual origin plane is obtained by comparing the z-coordinates of the test points. Finally, after making multiple adjustments through a closed-loop z-coordinate feedback, the parallelism of the printing plane and the virtual origin plane is limited to an effective range.FindingsThe experimental results show that after three leveling attempts, the z-coordinate of the test points can be constrained to within  ± 0.2 mm, which shows that this method can effectively achieve automatic leveling in a delta three-dimensional (3D) printer.Originality/valueThis study presents a novel and distinctive delta 3D printer leveling system by designing a leveling mechanism and a leveling algorithm. The method uses a closed-loop feedback mode to make the leveling process simple, convenient and efficient without requiring major changes to the printer. The error after leveling is less than the printed layer thickness, which fully guarantees the accuracy of the leveling process.

The local electrochemical behavior of the AA2098‐T351 and surface preparation effects investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy

In this work, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) measurements were employed to characterize the electrochemical activities on polished and as‐received surfaces of the 2098‐T351 aluminum alloy (AA2098‐T351). The effects of the near surface deformed layer (NSDL) and its removal by polishing on the electrochemical activities of the alloy surface were evaluated and compared by the use of different modes of SECM. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also employed to characterize the morphology of the surfaces. The surface chemistry was analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface generation/tip collection (SG/TC) and competition modes of the SECM were used to study hydrogen gas (H2) evolution and oxygen reduction reactions, respectively. H2 evolution and oxygen reduction were more pronounced on the polished surfaces. The feedback mode of SECM was adopted to characterize the electrochemical activity of the polished surface that was previously corroded by immersion in a chloride‐containing solution, in order to investigate the influence of the products formed on the active/passive domains. The precorroded surface and as‐received surfaces revealed lower electrochemical activities compared with the polished surface showing that either the NSDL or corrosion products largely decreased the local electrochemical activities at the AA2098‐T351 surfaces.

Evaluation of haptic guidance virtual fixtures and 3D visualization methods in telemanipulation\u2014a user study

This work presents a user-study evaluation of various visual and haptic feedback modes on a real telemanipulation platform. Of particular interest is the potential for haptic guidance virtual fixtures and 3D-mapping techniques to enhance efficiency and awareness in a simple teleoperated valve turn task. An RGB-Depth camera is used to gather real-time color and geometric data of the remote scene, and the operator is presented with either a monocular color video stream, a 3D-mapping voxel representation of the remote scene, or the ability to place a haptic guidance virtual fixture to help complete the telemanipulation task. The efficacy of the feedback modes is then explored experimentally through a user study, and the different modes are compared on the basis of objective and subjective metrics. Despite the simplistic task and numerous evaluation metrics, results show that the haptic virtual fixture resulted in significantly better collision avoidance compared to 3D visualization alone. Anticipated performance enhancements were also observed moving from 2D to 3D visualization. Remaining comparisons lead to exploratory inferences that inform future direction for focused and statistically significant studies.

Investigating the effect of real-time multi-peer feedback with the use of a web-based polling software on e-learners’ learning performance

ABSTRACT This study seeks to investigate the impact of a real-time multi-peer feedback process with the use of a web-based polling software on adult e-learners’ learning performance. Two groups of participants with 30 members in each were involved in the experiment. In the two-and-a-half-hour experiment, the experimental group adopted a web-based polling software – Rain Classroom to carry out the real-time multi-peer feedback activities for the learning of some English infinitive verbs, while the control group was applied the real-time single-peer feedback mode in learning the same content. A pretest, a posttest, a delayed posttest, a questionnaire survey and a follow-up interview were employed as the instruments for the experiment. The results revealed that the multi-peer group significantly outperformed the single-peer group on the delayed posttest, though no significant difference was found in the posttest between the two groups. The questionnaire survey and the follow-up interview showed that the multi-peer method gained great popularity among the participants and could enhance learners’ engagement in learning. Other related issues are also discussed.

Fluorescent and magnetic stellate mesoporous silica for bimodal imaging and magnetic hyperthermia

There is currently a crucial need of innovative multifunctional nanoparticles combining, in one formulation, imaging and therapy capacities allowing thus an accurate diagnosis and a therapy monitored by imaging. Multimodal imaging will ensure to speed up diagnosis, and to increase its sensitivity, reliability and specificity for a better management of the disease. Combined with a therapeutic action, it will also enable to treat the disease in a specific personalized manner in feedback mode. The mastered design of such bioprobes as well as the demonstration of their efficiency are still challenges to face in nanomedicine. In this work, novel fluorescent and magnetic core–shell nanocomposites have been designed to ensure, in one nanoformulation, bimodal fluorescence and MRI imaging coupled with therapy by magnetic hyperthermia. They consist in the coating of a magnetic iron oxide (IO) core (ca.18nm diameter to ensure magnetic hyperthermia) by an original large pore stellate mesoporous silica (STMS) shell to produce uniform and mono-core magnetic core–shell nanocomposites denoted IO@STMS NPs. To confer fluorescence properties, CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) NPs were grafted inside the large pores of the IO@STMS nanocomposites. To provide biocompatibility and opsonization-resistance, a tightly-bound human serum albumin (HSA) coating is added around the nanocomposite using an original IBAM-based strategy. Cellular toxicity and non-specific cell–nanomaterial interactions allowed to determine a concentration range for safe application of these NPs. Cellular endosomes containing spontaneously-uptaken NPs displayed strong and photostable QD fluorescence signals while magnetic relaxivity measurements confirm their suitability as contrast agent for MRI. HeLa cell-uptaken NPs exposed to a magnetic field of 100kHz and 357Gauss (or 28.5kAm−1) display an outstanding 65% cell death at a very low iron concentration (1.25μgFemL−1), challenging current magnetic hyperthermia nanosystems. Furthermore, at the particularly demanding conditions of clinical use with low frequency and amplitude field (100kHz, 117Gauss or 9.3kAm−1), magnetic hyperthermia combined with the delivery of a chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin, allowed 46% cell death, which neither the drug nor the NPs alone yielded, evidencing thus the synergistic effect of this combined treatment.

A visual-haptic neurofeedback training improves sensorimotor cortical activations and BCI performance.

Neurofeedback training (NFT) could provide a novel way to investigate or restore the impaired brain function and neuroplasticity. However, it remains unclear how much the different feedback modes can contribute to NFT training. Specifically, whether they can enhance the cortical activations for motor training. To this end, our study proposed a brain-computer interface (BCI) based visual-haptic NFT incorporating synchronous visual scene and proprioceptive electrical stimulation feedback. By comparison between previous and posterior control sessions, the cortical activations measured by multi-band (i.e. alpha_1: 8-10Hz, alpha_2: 11-13Hz, beta_1: 15-20Hz and beta_2: 22-28Hz) lateralized relative event-related desynchronization (lrERD) patterns were significantly enhanced after NFT. And the classification performance was also significantly improved, achieving a ~9% improvement and reaching ~85% in mean classification accuracy from a relatively low MI-BCI performance. These findings validate the feasibility of our proposed visual- haptic NFT approach to improve sensorimotor cortical activations and BCI performance during motor training.

Understanding the impact of teacher’s formative feedback on students’ self-reflection behavior and learning motivation

This article presents the results of questionnaire surveys on the impact of teacher’s formative feedback on students’ self-reflection behavior, self-reflection strategy and learning motivation conducted with 152 English major students from a teacher-education-oriented university in China. The study found the significant impact of teacher’s formative feedback on students’ self-reflection practices and learning motivation. The findings also showed that freshmen have stronger plasticity and are more susceptible to teacher’s feedback. Therefore, it is suggested that teachers should do a good job in the mode and method of positive evaluation feedback from the freshman year, and stick to it, so as to lay a good foundation for students’ learning motivation development, learning strategy improvement and self-reflection behavior.

Investigation of Transfer and Transport Kinetics on the Cobalt-Borate Catalyzed BiVO4 Photoanode.

BiVO4 is considered as promising photoanode material for solar water splitting [1]. Its performance is limited by slow water oxidation kinetics and poor charge separation [2]. To enhance water oxidation kinetics of BiVO¬4, Oxygen evolution catalyst (OEC) has been incorporated on the surface of photoanode. Cobalt borate (Co-Bi) is known as an excellent catalyst for water oxidation [3, 4]. In this work, we have incorporated Co-Bi as OEC on the surface of BiVO4 to enhance charge transfer and transport efficiency and hence overall enhancement of water oxidation kinetics. Mo-doped BiVO4 was coated on FTO by spin coating technique using precursor solution followed by calcination at 500oC for 3 hours. After formation of BiVO4, Co-Bi has been incorporated on photoanode surface by photoelectrochemical deposition technique. Photoanode material were named as S1: BiVO4 and S2: BiVO4/Co-Bi Photoelectrochemical activity was performed by chopped light voltammetry. Photocurrent of S2 was found to increase 36.61% of S1 at 0.95V which indicated that Co-Bi increases the surface catalytic activity of BiVO4. The onset potential was also found to shift cathodically on incorporation of Co-Bi. Charge transfer and transport efficiency were found to increase from 67% to 70% and 32% to 50% respectively upon incorporation of Co-Bi. These data shows that OEC facilitates separation of photogenerated charge and enhancement of interfacial charge transfer efficiency. Enhancement of Charge transport efficiency indicated that Co-Bi works as hole collector and hence mobility of photogenerated hole increases many folds. Further interfacial charge transfer efficiency was measured by electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Rct value was found to decrease from 2677Ω to 334Ω and relaxation frequency was found to increase from 52Hz to 185Hz which suggests faster charge transfer at the interface. Further, kinetics was measured from scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) technique. In this study probe was approached to substrate by probe approach technique (PAC) with different bias potential at the substrate and measure feedback current at the probe to study the hole transfer rate from substrate to the analyte. In this study 0.1m ferricyanide solution was used as probe redox. The interfacial charge rate constant was found 3-7×10-3 cm/sec with increasing positive bias on the substrate which suggest greater band bending at more positive potential and hence higher rate constant of hole transfer. Further localized kinetics was measured by SECM imaging on the substrate in feedback mode. Higher cathodic current shows better catalytic site for hole transfer. Co-Bi incorporation on the BiVO4 surface enhances overall efficiency of water spitting.

1550 nm external cavity diode laser with enhanced SMSR based on polarization mismatch by grating rotation.

A tunable external cavity diode laser (ECDL) with high side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) is demonstrated. The ECDL is operated at both strong and weak feedback steady states with single longitudinal mode. Compared with the strong feedback mode, the SMSR of the weak feedback mode is significantly enhanced by rotating the grating along the axis of the incident beam, which changes the polarization orientation versus the grating grooves. The highest SMSR of the weak feedback mode is 54dB at the injection current of 300mA. The tunable range of the ECDL with weak feedback mode reaches 130.9nm.

Influence of homodyne-based feedback control on the entropic uncertainty in open quantum system* *Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61663016 and 11404150).

For an open quantum system containing two qubits under homodyne-based feedback control, we investigate the dynamical behaviors of quantum-memory-assisted entropic uncertainty. Moreover, we analyze the influence of feedback modes and coefficients on the entropic uncertainty. Numerical investigations show that the memory qubit should be placed in a non-dissipative channel if the single dissipative channel condition can be chosen, which helps reduce the entropic uncertainty of the system. For the homodyne feedback control (or , due to different roles of the entangled qubits A and B, when they are subject to feedback control with different feedback coefficients λ, the exchange of feedback coefficients will cause variations of the entropic uncertainty. When the feedback coefficient corresponding to the memory qubit B is larger (, the steady value of the entropic uncertainty will be small, which is conducive to enhancing the robustness of the system. However, for the feedback control , the difference between the feedback coefficients has no effect on the steady values of the entropic uncertainty.

Determining the style of conducting a fight of qualified boxers based on neurodynamic indicators using multivariate analysis methods

Purpose: to justify the use of psychophysiological indicators to determine the style of conducting a fight in boxing.
 Material and methods. The study involved 27 qualified boxers of the middle weight category of 22-25 years. Athletes were tested on psychophysiological indicators. Initially, the determination of the psychophysiological capabilities of athletes was carried out. Then, using a cluster analysis of psychophysiological indicators, the athletes were divided into groups and the features of the styles of conducting a duel between the athletes of each group were analyzed using an expert assessment of their technical and tactical actions. Next, a distinction was made between the psychophysiological indicators of the athletes of the formed groups, i.e. different fighting styles.
 Results. Cluster analysis of indicators of psychophysiological testing showed the presence of 3 groups of athletes. An expert evaluation of the boxing match styles included in each group showed that the first group included boxers of the counterattack style, “Sluggers”, the second group included athletes of the attacking style, “Swarmers (in-fighter, crowder)”, the third group included athletes of the counterattack and defensive styles, “The out-boxers (out-fighter, boxers)". Boxers - “Sluggers” have higher mobility of nervous processes in comparison with representatives of other styles. Boxers - “pace” are distinguished by significantly higher neurodynamic endurance. “Attackers” - “Swarmer (in-fighter, crowder) ” are distinguished by a higher strength of the nervous system, determined by the number of errors in the test for the speed of a complex reaction in the feedback mode.
 Conclusions. Psychophysiological and neurodynamic indicators are informative for determining the inclinations of boxers to a particular style of conducting a duel. This provision can be applied at all stages of training athletes to quickly and effectively determine propensities for a particular style of conducting a duel based on innate neurodynamic and psychophysiological characteristics.

The conundrum of low achievement and feedback for learning

The literature on improving student engagement with assessment and feedback has a tendency to treat all students as if they are the same. Students with lower levels of attainment are generally under-represented within empirical studies and their feedback behaviours are less well understood. The recent drive to improve student assessment and feedback literacy and the move from ‘feedback’ being information about a task to being a process of understanding and using performance information is a larger conceptual leap for some students than others. In this paper, we consider issues surrounding the transition to new modes of feedback, focussing on what is needed for those who find study difficult and persistently are disappointed by their levels of attainment, to benefit from and take advantage of our feedback pedagogies. We examine literature advocating strategies such as increasing agency, using praise, developing feedback literacy and cultivating a growth mind-set. We argue that students who underachieve may benefit from strong relationships with educators and peers, exposure to feedback rich, low stakes environments, which permit repeated integrations of practice and feedback, and building feedback literacy through peer assessment activities.

Exploring online peer feedback and automated corrective feedback on EFL writing performance

ABSTRACT Previous studies have been done to research the effects of different electronic feedback (e-feedback) modes of helping English as a foreign language (EFL) students improve their writing. The purpose of this study was to employ online peer feedback (OPF) and automated corrective feedback (ACF) to assess EFL learners’ writing performance in the areas of sentence complexity, grammatical accuracy, and lexical density. Our major findings suggest that OPF is potentially more useful than ACF in improving sentence writing, making fewer grammatical errors, and producing more types of lexical items. Nevertheless, we also found that the majority of students favored the use of ACF for the purpose of producing a richer vocabulary. Less skilled writers tended to make greater improvements than higher-skilled writers in producing more sentences and lexical items after OPF use; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Based on our research results, we discuss and present the implications of these findings for pedagogical instruction and future research.