Allocation Mode Research Articles

Distributional Bargaining and the Speed of Structural Change in the Petroleum Exporting Labor Surplus Economies

We embed the distributional bargaining concept in Sir Arthur Lewis’s labor surplus economy setting. In the petroleum-abundant labor surplus economies, distributional bargaining comes into its own, mainly over the subsidization of the large swaths of the population working in the sectors with substantial amounts of disguised unemployment. These are primarily the subsistence agriculture and the public sector. Based on the open-loop noncooperative differential game model, we derive three feasible bargaining equilibria, whereby only the antagonistic and the allocation modes are compatible with the setting of inferior institutional quality that dominates most natural-resource-dependent countries. We scrutinize both modes in the framework of the dual economy model and show that political bargaining in the allocation mode unambiguously protracts the process of economic modernization. The outcome of the antagonistic mode for the process of structural change depends on the magnitude of the labor cost increase in this phase. To assess the bargaining–modernization nexus empirically, we employ mostly pooled mean group (PMG) estimators for panel datasets spanning the years 1990–2016 for 21 oil-producing countries. For the system generalized method of moments (GMM) panel estimations, we employ a panel with 82 countries. We find that the revenues generated from exports of natural resources have a positive long-run impact on the economic modernization. Consistent with our theoretical model, the interaction of the authoritarian regime type with the natural resource wealth has a robust negative impact on the indicators of economic modernization.

MECHANICAL STABILITY OF THE Cabralea canjerana SAPLINGS SUBMITED TO LIBERATION IN SECONDARY FOREST, RS, BRAZIL

ABSTRACT The liberation of trees of interest by cutting competing trees, woody vines and other lianas is a very important silvicultural practice in the management of forest species of interest present in secondary forests. Thus, we aimed to know the influence of the liberation on the mechanical stability and what dimensional height limit of C. canjerana (Vell.) Mart. saplings must have so that there is no problem of buckling of the stem after the liberation. To this end, the liberation of 105 plants of the species was carried out and the diameter and height were measured before and annually for three years after the application of the treatment. Based on the Mechanical Design Theory, a regression model was generated to know to allocation mode of the diameter and height in the analized plants. The minimum diameter for buckling and the safety factor for all trees were calculated. The liberation resulted in the buckling of the stem of five trees, all below the safety limit, that is, with a real diameter smaller than the minimum diameter to support the weight of its height. According to the regression model generated the species grows proportionally in diameter and height. However, the liberation influenced the mechanical stability of the plants liberated, making a greater increment in diameter necessary so that the trees remained standing. The results demonstrate that the dimensions of the trees to be liberated should be considered in order to avoid problems of buckling of the stem after the treatment.

D2D Communication Mode Selection and Resource Optimization Algorithm With Optimal Throughput in 5G Network

Aiming at the problem of device-to-device (D2D) communication mode selection and resource optimization under the joint resource allocation mode in the 5G communication network, a probabilistic integrated resource allocation strategy and a quasi-convex optimization algorithm based on channel probability statistical characteristics are proposed. This strategy and algorithm guarantee D2D. Communication maximizes total system throughput while maximizing access. The analysis results show that this algorithm can significantly optimize the total throughput of the system and reduce the communication interference between the users, which proves the rationality and efficiency of the communication model. The research results obtained in Muwen can provide a theoretical basis for analyzing more complex D2D communication systems and provide a numerical basis for designing heuristic algorithms.

The relative value of firm and nonprofit experience: Tackling large‐scale social issues across institutional contexts

Research SummaryNonprofit organizations (NPOs) are often identified as a natural vehicle for the engagement of firms in large‐scale social issues. We evaluate this argument by examining the conditions under which NPO experience is more valuable than firm experience in overcoming the key challenges associated with corporate disaster giving. Findings from a quasi‐experiment across the 4,396 natural disasters worldwide between 2003 and 2015 demonstrate that firms could donate more by implementing the aid through NPOs (on their own) in countries with low (high) institutional development, especially where they lack (have) market operations. However, we also observe that firms more frequently than not opted into the allocation mode that yielded comparatively low aid, raising questions about incentive alignment and communication across the business and nonprofit sectors.Managerial SummaryFirms are increasingly tackling social issues across the world. Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) are often identified as natural channels for facilitating such engagement, but we have no systematic evidence to confirm this. We tackle this question by outlining the conditions under which allocating company aid for disaster relief and recovery through NPOs results in greater donations than when the firms disburse its aid directly to victims. We analyze all major natural disasters that affected the world between 2003 and 2015 and observe that firms would have donated more through an NPO (directly) in countries with low (high) institutional development where they lacked (had) local operations. Yet, firms frequently chose the channel that yielded lower donations.A video abstract is available at https://youtu.be/C8Xg6gqRabQ.

Modelling of hyperconcentrated flood and channel evolution in a braided reach using a dynamically coupled one-dimensional approach

Hyperconcentrated sediment-laden floods often occur in a braided reach of the Lower Yellow River, usually leading to significant channel evolution. A one-dimensional (1D) morphodynamic model using a dynamically coupled solution approach is developed to simulate hyperconcentrated flood and channel evolution in the braided reach with an extremely irregular cross-sectional geometry. In the model, the improved equations for hydrodynamics account for the effects of sediment concentration and bed evolution, which are coupled with the equations of non-equilibrium sediment transport and bed evolution. The model was validated using measurements from the 1977 and 2004 hyperconcentrated floods. Furthermore, the effects were investigated of different cross-sectional spacings and allocation modes of channel deformation area on the model results. It was found that a suitable cross-sectional distance of less than 3 km should be adopted when simulating hyperconcentrated floods, and the results using the uniform allocation mode can agree better with measurements than other two allocation modes.

Conceptualizing and measuring performance orientation of research funding systems

In this article, we propose a synthetic indicator for the performance orientation of public R&D funding at the country level that allows for quantitative comparisons across countries and over time, and we illustrate the methodology for its computation and validation. The indicator characterizes R&D funding from the state in terms of the extent the beneficiaries’ performance is taken into account in the allocation of resources. By building on the literature on research funding, the indicator combines information on how funding is allocated with quantitative measures of funding volumes. It is operationalized in terms of a fine-grained decomposition of public R&D funding in instruments, each of them characterized by their mode and criteria of allocation. Building on a large-scale European project, we test the operationalization of the indicator for a sample of European countries, and we perform a set of sensitivity and robustness analyses to inquire the impact of definitions and of data issues, particularly for what concerns cross-country comparisons. We conclude with a discussion of the advantages and limitations of the indicator and by proposing a research agenda for its further development.

Interference Coordination in Heterogeneous Small-Cell Networks: A Coalition Formation Game Approach

Heterogeneous small-cell networks have been identified as key technological components in accomplishing objectives of the fifth generation wireless communication system, in which the key point is the hyper dense deployment of small-cells. However, the interference among dense small-cells exacerbates in hyper dense deployment coupled with incessant use of multimedia services. In this paper, a network-side self-organized coalition formation approach for intra-tier interference mitigation primarily through neighborhood cooperation is proposed. By forming disjoint coalitions, small-cell access points (SAPs) are able to mitigate the interference within a coalition and thus improve their achievable data rates. The cooperative behavior among the neighborhood SAPs is formulated as a coalition formation game in partition form with non-transferable utility. Instead of fully reversible and irreversible methods used in prior studies, a merge and split based algorithm with partial reversibility rule which can obtain a final stable partition in the recursive core is proposed. The proposed algorithm converges to a final stable partition in a finite number of steps and works efficiently for both co-channel and orthogonal radio resource allocation modes. Simulation results have verified that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the individual SAP throughput for both modes when compared with the conventional and the non-cooperative schemes.

Fish energy budget under ocean warming and flame retardant exposure

Climate change and chemical contamination are global environmental threats of growing concern for the scientific community and regulatory authorities. Yet, the impacts and interactions of both stressors (particularly ocean warming and emerging chemical contaminants) on physiological responses of marine organisms remain unclear and still require further understanding. Within this context, the main goal of this study was to assess, for the first time, the effects of warming (+ 5 °C) and accumulation of a polybrominated diphenyl ether congener (BDE-209, brominated flame retardant) through dietary exposure on energy budget of the juvenile white seabream (Diplodus sargus). Specifically, growth (G), routine metabolism (R), excretion (faecal, F and nitrogenous losses, U) and food consumption (C) were calculated to obtain the energy budget. The results demonstrated that the energy proportion spent for G dominated the mode of the energy allocation of juvenile white seabream (56.0–67.8%), especially under the combined effect of warming plus BDE-209 exposure. Under all treatments, the energy channelled for R varied around 26% and a much smaller percentage was channelled for excretion (F: 4.3–16.0% and U: 2.3–3.3%). An opposite trend to G was observed to F, where the highest percentage (16.0 ± 0.9%) was found under control temperature and BDE-209 exposure via diet. In general, the parameters were significantly affected by increased temperature and flame retardant exposure, where higher levels occurred for: i) wet weight, relative growth rate, protein and ash contents under warming conditions, ii) only for O:N ratio under BDE-209 exposure via diet, and iii) for feed efficiency, ammonia excretion rate, routine metabolic rate and assimilation efficiency under the combination of both stressors. On the other hand, decreased viscerosomatic index was observed under warming and lower fat content was observed under the combined effect of both stressors. Overall, under future warming and chemical contamination conditions, fish energy budget was greatly affected, which may dictate negative cascading impacts at population and community levels. Further research combining other climate change stressors (e.g. acidification and hypoxia) and emerging chemical contaminants are needed to better understand and forecast such biological effects in a changing ocean.

Computation Offloading Strategy Based on Joint Allocation in Mobile Device Cloud

The contradiction between mobile terminal limited energy and users’ high requirements is more and more intensified, to provide satisfactory computation performance for real time applications, offloading workloads to Mobile Device Cloud (MDC) will be adopted. In this paper, we consider the problem of communication competition in the network, and put forward the offloading strategy based on the Joint Allocation Scheme (JAS) for lower latency. In the physical layer, the channel bandwidth allocation mode of OFDMA is used to make transmission rate realistic, combined with the task assignment, a delay model belongs to the NP problem can be established. We use the step-by-step solution, firstly consider the allocation of continuous task, and then use the simulated annealing algorithm (SAA) to get the optimal solution.

Adaptive beam‐allocation method based on lobe efficacy

During the torpedo guidance procedure, homing-torpedo beam allocation and guidance operate in a fixed allocation mode. However, in the complicated acoustic-warfare environment, the true target is very likely to release many decoys. The torpedo must constantly detect and track multiple targets at the same time before the actual target is confirmed. Based on the analysis of the environment, this study suggests an efficacy-computation model on the basis of lobes and a secondary beam-disposal framework based on beam formation and beam allocation, in addition to the universal norm for lobe classification based on the maximum efficacy. Based on considering four factors simultaneously – target probability, tracking demand, identification needs and task requirements – a comprehensive self-adaptive beam-allocation method is proposed. First, the whole beam section is divided into many lobes based on all target positions, and then all the target efficacies in each lobe can be computed. The calculation methods for both the efficacy function of each factor and the overall efficacy function are also provided. The simulation results show that this method can ensure that the stable tracking of multiple targets and the goals is identified simultaneously. This method can provide a rational and effective approach to multiple-target beam allocation.

Traffic Allocation Mode of PPP Highway Project: A Risk Management Approach

Highway projects are the favorites of public‐private partnership (PPP) investors because of their stable cash flow. However, there are high uncertainties in terms of traffic volume, resulting in unpredictable revenues, which has drawn major concern of PPP investors. For a road in a network, the traffic volume is determined by the traffic allocation rate, which is affected not only by the total traffic volume in the region but also by other traffic risk factors, such as travel time, toll rates, and travelling comfort. The conventional traffic allocation forecasting technique predominantly depends on the travel time, overlooking other risk factors. Consequently, traffic allocation forecasting is usually inaccurate. To improve the accuracy of traffic allocation forecasting in PPP road projects, this paper proposes to consider the effect of traffic risks together with traffic time by using the mean utility. Multinomial logit (MNL) model based on mean utility is used to predict the traffic allocation rate. To validate the proposed model, the system dynamic (SD) modeling is established to forecast the traffic volume of a case highway using the proposed traffic allocation forecasting model. The simulated result shows that the simulated traffic volume of past years from the proposed model is highly consistent with the actual one, evidencing that the proposed model can greatly improve the accuracy of the traffic forecasting.

The distributional effects of lotteries and auctions—License plate regulations in Guangzhou

Lotteries and auctions are common ways of allocating public resources, but they have rarely been used simultaneously in urban transportation policies. This paper presents a unique policy experiment in Guangzhou, China, where lotteries and auctions are used in conjunction to allocate vehicle licenses. Guangzhou introduced vehicle license regulations to control the monthly quota of local automobile growth in 2012. To obtain a license, residents are required to choose between the lottery and auction method. Since the introduction of the regulations, there has been heated debates on the distributional effects of lotteries and auctions; however, the debates have not been grounded in empirical studies. We analyze the distributional effects of such mixed mode of resource allocation in a positive manner based on individual behavioral choices. We conducted a survey in January 2016 (n = 1000 people ∗ 12 months), and used mixed logit models to analyze how socio-economic status, including income and household automobile ownership, determined people’s choices among lottery, auction, and non-participation alternatives. We find that income increased participation, but did not influence non-car owners’ choices between lotteries and auctions, which contrasts with the common notion that lotteries benefit the poor. Additionally, the positive impact of car ownership on participation indicates a car-dependent trajectory for automobile growth. The significant socio-economic differentiators between lotteries and auctions were age, gender, and education. Proxies of mobility needs were insignificant overall. The program attributes had a much larger impact than all other variables—people were more likely to choose lotteries with higher winning rates and more participants and more likely to choose auctions with higher prices and more participants. We concluded that for those who participated, the choice between lotteries and auctions did not depend on their income or mobility needs but, rather, the probability of winning plates and the opportunity for speculation.

Performance analysis of non-coherent MIMO MRC scheme with training using finite-SNR diversity and multiplexing tradeoff

The inherent tradeoff between the twin benefits offered by multiple antenna systems, namely, the diversity gain and the multiplexing gain is captured as the diversity multiplexing tradeoff (DMT). The DMT at asymptotically high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is optimistic, whereas at finite SNR, it is practical. In this paper, point-to-point multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems are considered under the assumption of coherent and non-coherent communication implying, respectively, whether perfect channel state information is available at the receiver (CSIR) or not. The literature mainly addresses non-coherent communication with training at asymptotically high SNR, whereas the finite-SNR analysis is more relevant in practice. We address the performance analysis of a MIMO maximal ratio combining scheme by deriving closed-form expressions of the DMT at finite SNR under non-coherent communication with training. At a fixed multiplexing gain and finite SNR, a reduction in the diversity gain is observed when coherent communication is replaced by non-coherent communication with training. We also show that for a high multiplexing gain, the reduction in diversity gain is much more pronounced as compared to that at a low multiplexing gain. A training-based channel estimation scheme discussed in the literature is used in two modes of power allocation, namely, the capacity optimal power allocation and equal power allocation (EPA). In both modes, at a fixed average SNR and with equal duration of training, we observe that the power allocation mode does not make a significant impact on the finite-SNR DMT of the MIMO scheme. We also observe that in the EPA mode, the diversity gain reduces with increase in training duration.

Spatial-temporal allocation of regional land consolidation project based on landscape pattern and system dynamics

In order to determine the mode of spatial-temporal allocation about the regional land consolidation project, Qing county in Hebei province was set as the study area. Based on the perspective of landscape pattern, by utilizing the method of system dynamics and synergetics, the influence of land consolidation project on landscape pattern and ecological process were analyzed. By considering regional natural, environmental and social economic development conditions, the regional land consolidation project in time and space configuration model was build, which coupled the structure and function, time and space. This model contains three sub-systems: social, economic and landscape ecological system. Based on feedback theory, the level variable, rate variable, auxiliary variable and constant variable and other system variables were confirmed. Then, used system dynamics theory the main feedback loop and secondary feedback loops in each sub-system were analyzed and level equations, rate equations and auxiliary equations of the feedback loops were built. Thereby, the system model was got. In the model, coupling and coordination degree was used to distinguish the total coupling and coordination condition of the system. Used the actual data of research area from 2004 to 2015 as the simulation data, and the year of 2013 was set as the benchmark year of simulation. All the relative error of the data was controlled in 2% through Vensim platform. The prediction system behavior from the model is the same as actual situation, which verified the applicability and accuracy of the model. The results proved that this model can represent the dynamical evolution process of the coupling between the system factors. At the time, combined with GIS technology, coordinated development model in dynamic scenes of the research area land consolidation project in time and space configuration has been simulated.

Effect of nitrogen management modes on grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency and light use efficiency of wheat

A nitrogen management experiment with three nitrogen levels (0, 120, and 180 kg·hm-2, namely N0, N120, N180) and three nitrogen allocation modes (NA: base fertilizer 100%; NB: base fertilizer 70% + seedling fertilizer 30%; NC: base fertilizer 60% + jointing fertilizer 40%) was conducted at four sites (Chongqing, Renshou, Guanghan and Xichang) during two consecutive years, the SPAD value, canopy photosynthetic rate (CAP), photosynthetically active radia-tion (PAR) interception efficiency and grain yield were determined, and the nitrogen use efficiency and PAR use efficiency were calculated. The results showed that the SPAD of upper-most three leaves, CAP, PAR interception efficiency and grain yield were promoted with increasing nitrogen fertilizer, but nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, productivity efficiency, uptake efficiency and use efficiency were decreased. The promoting effects of nitrogen fertilizer postponing were different among nitrogen levels, with the highest SPAD in N180 treatment and the highest CAP in N120 treatment. The light use efficiency of different nitrogen fertilization patterns differed among four sites. Furthermore, nitrogenous fertilizer postponing significantly increased nitrogen agricultural fertilizer use efficiency, productivity efficiency, uptake efficiency and apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency, but declined nitrogen use efficiency, and the performance of NC was better than NB. Among different sites, Guanghan had the highest SPAD, CAP, PAR interception efficiency and grain yield, Xichang had higher SPAD and nitrogen use efficiency, lower CAP and PAR use efficiency, Chongqing and Renshou had the lowest SPAD, light use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield. Biomass had significant positive relationships with grain yield, CPA, SPAD, and PAR interception efficiency. Therefore, the increase of nitrogen fertilizer could promote yield at all sites, and nitrogenous fertilizer postponing could further optimize grain yield component and improve nitrogen and light use effi-ciency. But the effects depended on the years and sites, thus a target nitrogen management mode should be site-specifically made.

Simplified Frequency Estimation for Unit Scheduling Criteria for Grids With High Wind Penetration

The current unit scheduling criteria on Penghu Island entail applying net load demand to determine the numbers of online diesel units. The net load may underestimate the number of required online units in a system with high wind power penetration, especially under off-peak load and high wind conditions, both of which engender insufficient operating reserves. Therefore, this study proposes new unit scheduling criteria that integrate the system equivalent speed droop with the M factor by considering different loads and wind conditions. This study also identified the maximum allowable power loss and the required size of the operating reserve by considering system reliability. Finally, this study determined the allocation modes for units and the required generation distributions for various loads. In accordance with the requirements of system loads at specific times, the proposed unit scheduling criteria could provide system operators with corresponding unit operating modes, as well as generation distributions, thereby sustaining power reliability and quality levels.

Impact of a combined multimodal-aerobic and multimodal intervention compared to standard aerobic treatment in breast cancer survivors with chronic cancer-related fatigue - results of a three-armed pragmatic trial in a comprehensive cohort design

BackgroundCancer-related fatigue (CRF) and insomnia are major complaints in breast cancer survivors (BC). Aerobic training (AT), the standard therapy for CRF in BC, shows only minor to moderate treatment effects. Other evidence-based treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy, e.g., sleep education/restriction (SE) and mindfulness-based therapies. We investigated the effectiveness of a 10-week multimodal program (MT) consisting of SE, psycho-education, eurythmy- and painting-therapy, administered separately or in combination with AT (CT) and compared both arms to AT alone.MethodsIn a pragmatic comprehensive cohort study BC with chronic CRF were allocated randomly or by patient preference to (a) MT, (b) CT (MT + AT) or (c) AT alone. Primary endpoint was a composite score of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Cancer Fatigue Scale after 10 weeks of intervention (T1); a second endpoint was a follow-up assessment 6 months later (T2). The primary hypothesis stated superiority of CT and non-inferiority of MT vs. AT at T1. A closed testing procedure preserved the global α-level. The intention-to-treat analysis included propensity scores for the mode of allocation and for the preferred treatment, respectively.ResultsAltogether 126 BC were recruited: 65 were randomized and 61 allocated by preference; 105 started the intervention. Socio-demographic parameters were generally balanced at baseline. Non-inferiority of MT to AT at T1 was confirmed (p < 0.05), yet the confirmative analysis stopped as it was not possible to confirm superiority of CT vs. AT (p = 0.119). In consecutive exploratory analyses MT and CT were superior to AT at T1 and T2 (MT) or T2 alone (CT), respectively.ConclusionsThe multimodal CRF-therapy was found to be confirmatively non-inferior to standard therapy and even yielded exploratively sustained superiority. A randomized controlled trial including a larger sample size and a longer follow-up to evaluate multimodal CRF-therapy is highly warranted.Trial registerDRKS-ID: DRKS00003736. Recruitment period June 2011 to March 2013. Date of registering 19 June 2012.

Sustainability Evaluation of a Typical Cement Production Chain in China – An Emergy Perspective

Abstract Cement production has drawn great attention on account of its high consumption and emission during its production process, which impeded system sustainable development. It has been a hot issue to assess the potential effect of environmental emissions and optimizes the production process. In this paper, emergy analysis is conducted to quantify the quality and hierarchy of the resources, products and services and calculate the eco-environmental supports and socioeconomic investments for integrated ecological economic assessment from perspective of ecological economic system. Meanwhile, regarding production process, socio-economic system and ecological economic system, carbide slag substitution scenario, maize straw fuel substitution scenario, and waste heat recovery scenario are respectively set up to account the resource conversion and recycling utilization efficiencies with comparison to baseline, thus quantifying the energy conservation and emission mitigation effects for cement industry. Finally, oriented to the emergy-based sustainability indicator, the ternary emergetic diagram will be conducted to identify the optimization allocation mode of various ecological elements during the cement production process and overcome the difficulty of process optimization for traditional emergy analysis in the future work.

Failure Analysis of a New Irrigation Water Allocation Mode Based on Copula Approaches in the Zhanghe Irrigation District, China

The risk analysis of an irrigation water allocation strategy based on physical mechanisms is critically important in practice. Conventional risk analysis only considers the role of the channel system and ignores the factors related to on-farm ponds. This paper proposes a channel-pond joint water supply mode (CPJM) based on copula approaches. Two copulas, the Plackett copula and No.16 copula, are chosen and two types of analyses are carried out with the proposed mode: (1) a risk assessment of CPJM with joint probability and conditional probability; and (2) determination of the water supply strategy given the pond water supply frequency. With a case study of the second channel in the Zhanghe Irrigation District (ZID), Southern China, nine combinations of channel water supply frequency (CWSF) and pond water supply frequency (PWSF) are studied. The results reveal that the failure probabilities of the joint distribution and the conditional distribution of the CPJM are 0.02%–16.54% and 0.45%–33.08%, respectively, with corresponding return period of 42–5000 and 10–222 years. Nevertheless, a previous study has shown that the real probability is 33.3%, which means that the return period is equals to three years. Therefore, the objective failure evaluation of the irrigation water-use strategy is useful for water saving in this channel system. Moreover, the irrigation water allocation strategy can be determined and the failure charts relating the CWSF and PWSF can be obtained for a predetermined PWSF. Thus, the channel-pond joint water supply mode provides a more reasonable estimate of the irrigation water allocation strategy reliability.

Opportunity exploitation and resource exploitation

Purpose– Guided by the proposed opportunity and resource integrative entrepreneurial growth model, the purpose of this paper is to explore how different opportunity type firms grow integrally and what the laws for different opportunity integration growth modes are.Design/methodology/approach– A multiple case study on six firms in information and communication technologies industry in China is conducted.Findings– Three types of entrepreneurial opportunities exist. These are identification type opportunity, discovery type opportunity, and creation type opportunity. Entrepreneurship among the three types of entrepreneurial opportunities operates under different laws. For each type of entrepreneurial opportunity, firms need to balance the two growth modes, namely, the opportunity identification and assessment/resource allocation mode and the opportunity utilization and resource identification/acquisition mode, in order to achieve a leveraging effect.Research limitations/implications– Vertical comparison is missing.Practical implications– Firms need to balance the two growth modes, namely, opportunity identification and assessment and resource allocation mode and opportunity utilization and resource identification and acquisition mode, to achieve leverage effect.Originality/value– This paper integrates system theory with entrepreneurship research and proposes the opportunity and resource integrative entrepreneurial growth model. This model is helpful, both in aiding firms to follow the laws for entrepreneurial opportunities and to identify entrepreneurial opportunities. The business model plays a vital role in entrepreneurship. Firms taking advantage of the Internet of Things are more likely to gain a competitive advantage and to achieve success in their entrepreneurial activities.