Mode Competition Research Articles

FORMATION OF CELLULAR-TYPE STRUCTURES DURING PLASTIC DEFORMATION

A theoretical study of patterns of the evolution and formation of dislocation structures during the plastic deformation of crystals is carried out. A nonlinear theory of the formation of cellular dislocation structures in an ensemble of screw dislocations has been developed. The nonlinear dynamics of an ensemble of dislocations is investigated in a two-dimensional domain, taking into account periodic boundary conditions of the Born - Karman type imposed on the initial equation. The local kinetics of dislocations is chosen in the form of multiplication of dislocations by means of their double transverse sliding and annihilation. A homogeneous stationary solution of the system (thermodynamic branch) is found. It is established that at a critical deviation from the thermodynamic branch, an instability of the homogeneous state occurs in the system due to the correlation interaction of dislocations. To obtain solutions in the domain of instability, the system of evolutionary equations is transformed to a system of equations for collective (mode ) variables. The expediency of such transformation lies in the fact that the system can be divided into subsystems of unstable and damped modes and it makes possible to apply the principle of adiabatic exclusion of unstable variables (the principle of subordination). Using the smallness of the values characterizing the increments of unstable modes, the principle of subordination is applied for the system of collective variables. In this case, it is shown that the system can be reduced to solving differential equations for a relatively small number of variables (order parameters). In the vicinity of the bifurcation point, two stable solutions are obtained for the order parameters. The first one is a consequence of the competition of modes and it leads, in the soft excitation regime, to a periodic one-dimensional structure for the dislocation density, the second parameter is a result of the cooperation of unstable modes and it leads to the formation of a hexagonal structure in the hard regime of emergence. The question is solved, which of these two structures is implemented, when the system reaches the bifurcation point. The equations for the order parameters are written in the variational form and the corresponding potential function is determined. Its analysis at the points of minima showed that the hexagonal configuration is more likely at the moment of instability occurrence. As the bifurcation parameter increases, the single-mode structure becomes more likely. Thus, the formation of a dissipative cellular structure serves as an indicator of the attaining of non-equilibrium critical conditions in a local volume, when a deformable crystal begins to change its defective structure minimizing its elastic energy.

Adaptation of Fluctuating Magnetoacoustic System to External Signals

The adaptation of systems to external influences is of broad interest. We study the influence of microwave signals of different shapes on the magnetoacoustic wave system with a giant nonlinearity in canted antiferromagnet FeBO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> at room temperature, which is close to its phase transition to the paramagnetic state. The classical nonlinear system obeys external deterministic signals; the modulation response describes the shape of these signals. In response to a noisy spectrum, the system shows self-organization, and mode competition selects one excited mode while suppressing others. With an increase in the power of the external signal, another self-organization is observed in the form of a narrow peak at the frequency of the fundamental minimum. This represents the first observation of the macroscopic quantum statistical phenomenon, Bose-Einstein condensation of magnetoacoustic wave quanta in a wave system with a high level of thermal fluctuations. The resulting picture of adaptation can analogously be transferred to many other adaptive wave systems, including large scale adaptive wave systems in the natural environment.

Исследование динамики выходной оптической мощности полупроводниковых лазеров (1070 nm) с маломодовым латеральным волноводом мезаполосковой конструкции при сверхвысоких токах накачки

At ultrahigh levels of pulsed current pumping, the characteristics of semiconductor lasers based on an asymmetric heterostructure with a broadened lateral waveguide of a mesa-stripe design are studied. A peak power of 5.1 W is demonstrated at a pump current amplitude of 10 A. Three types of spatial dynamics of laser radiation are determined: the first one is a slow (~ 200 ns) intensity profile variation along the lateral near field at initial level of pump currents; the second one is a presence of fast (~ 10 ns) processes of mode competition at moderate pump currents; the third one is a chaotic temporal behavior of the output power at maximum pump currents.

Static and dynamic mode evolution in high-power distributed side-coupled cladding-pumped fiber amplifiers

AbstractWe present a theoretical study of mode evolution in high-power distributed side-coupled cladding-pumped (DSCCP) fiber amplifiers. A semi-analytical model taking the side-pumping schemes, transverse mode competition, and stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering into consideration has been built, which can model the static and dynamic mode evolution in high-power DSCCP fiber amplifiers. The mode evolution behavior has been investigated with variation of the fiber amplifier parameters, such as the pump power distribution, the length of the DSCCP fiber, the averaged coupling coefficient, the number of the pump cores and the arrangement of the pump cores. Interestingly, it revealed that static mode evolution induced by transverse mode competition is different from the dynamic evolution induced by stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering. This shows that the high-order mode experiences a slightly higher gain in DSCCP fiber amplifiers, but the mode instability thresholds for DSCCP fiber amplifiers are higher than those for their end-coupled counterparts. By increasing the pump core number and reducing the averaged coupling coefficient, the mode instability threshold can be increased, which indicates that DSCCP fibers can provide additional mitigation strategies of dynamic mode instability.

A Brief Explanation of the Logic behind the Location Choice of Fast Food Restaurants in China

Chinese market is relative new for fast food chains. In this article, we will explore the competition between the McDonald’s and KFC. We will review two papers, each one focusing on one different aspect of the competition mode we are studying. For the Mayer’s model, we can apply the profit’s concept into our Hotelling model. For the electoral vote model, we can incorporate the concept of market share. We will try to quantify the variables involved in the real world fast food market. We will assume an imaginary line of positions for the firms to choose. Then, in the section of Theoretical Nash Equilibrium, we will try to solve the strategic setting and apply the principles further in the extensions. Finally we will find empirical evidence, which conforms perfectly to our propositions. To sum up, we propose that KFC and McDonald’s clustering at the center are of reason, generating maximum profit and market share, creating a stable Nash Equilibrium.

Perovskite-Type Oxides La0.6M0.4Ni0.6Cu0.4O3 (M = Ag, Ba, Ce) towards the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) in Alkaline Medium: Structural Aspects and Electrocatalytic Activity

In this work, La0.6M0.4Ni0.6Cu0.4O3 (M = Ag, Ba, and Ce, denoted as LANC, LBNC, and LCNC, respectively) electrocatalysts were synthesized by the Pechini method at 1023 K for two hours in air. Rietveld refinement allowed the identification of the crystallographic phases present in all oxides. The electrocatalytic performance of these oxides towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was examined in alkaline medium by rotating disk electrode (RDE) technique and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in the redox competition mode. The results indicate that the best performance was found with the LANC electrocatalyst prepared with carbon as a conducting agent (LANC/Carbon), which showed good catalytic activity towards the ORR via a pseudo fourelectron transfer pathway. The enhanced electrocatalytic activity of LANC is probably a result of the presence of a Ag phase, which improves the synergistic effect between the perovskite and carbon added to increase the conductivity, thus leading to a higher ORR performance when compared to other materials.

Inelastic Nature of Labour Market Needs a Progressive Wage Structure to Equilibrate Skills and Salary Compensation

Due to various externalities, a labour market never operates in perfect competition mode. One such externality is the inelasticity in wages introduced due to personal fulfilment and satisfaction that led to personal job preference. This meant that salary is not the sole determinant of one’s career choice, and thereby, remove one important factor that could equilibrate one’s skills and his/her salary compensation. But, there are other externalities at play. Inefficient transmission of external economic indicators into the labour market ranks as another method in which salary could be out of sync with economic fundamentals. Protected industries or career in emerging fields are examples in which salary are usually higher than the norm. Such realities in the labour market as well as the presence of externalities difficult to unwound thus presents particular challenges to national governments seeking to pull the labour market towards a better equilibrium between skills qualifications and salary compensation. Being fairer, such a labour market is the foundation on which income inequality can be ameliorated, and meritocracy could work its magic in assigning higher salary jobs to those with the necessary qualifications. More importantly, a labour market that assign appropriate value to particular skills qualifications provide a roadmap for individuals to learn new skills, and upgrade to more competitive and better paying jobs. The key question is how do we get there? One approach is to introduce a nationally certified mechanism in which a minimum salary is associated with particular skills qualifications. This mechanism assigns a higher salary to higher educational and skills qualifications, and is not restricted to traditional correlation between salary and educational qualifications. Emphasis on skills qualification is important as individuals should constantly learn and pick up new upgraded skills through continuous learning throughout their careers. Naturally, this should be compensated. Implemented across all sectors of the labour market, such a skill centred salary compensation system would collectively move the entire labour market to a better equilibrium position between skills qualifications and salary compensation. Such a system also reaps other sociological benefits in the wider society, principally in the high value placed on education, as well as charting a continuous path towards skills upgrading for the less education inclined. But, one caveat to the skill centred salary compensation scheme is the need for calibration with a nationally agreed yardstick. One option in this endeavour would be conducting surveys across and within industries to put a price on various educational and skills qualifications. Collectively, a labour market is hampered by various externalities, and is never in perfect competition mode. This meant that there may be disequilibrium in skills qualifications and salary compensation. Implementing a national skills-centred salary compensation system where salary moves in lockstep with skills qualification may be one way to achieving better income equality and seeding a learning and skills upgrading culture in a country.

Study of a Dual-Mode Multibeam Interaction Circuit With Coaxial Structure for Ka-Band High-Power EIK

A dual-mode five-beam extended interaction klystron (EIK) with a coaxial structure is proposed that can stably obtain high output power. The TM <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{\textit {mn}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mode with uniform angular distribution in the coaxial cavity can effectively interact with beams located at the peaks of the axial electric field. However, when the center radius of the cavity is enlarged to meet the cathode area requirements of high-power devices at high frequency, the interval between adjacent modes will rapidly decrease. Especially when combined with a multigap structure, the circuit will suffer from mode competition. This article describes a study of the beam–wave interaction characteristics of the multigap coaxial cavity driven by multiple beams, contributing to a stable circuit design. The results show that the appropriate mode selection for each cavity can increase the stability and efficiency of this device. A <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Ka</i> -band EIK with four cavities has been designed to show the circuit capability. The output cavity operates in the TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">51</sub> - <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> mode, but the other cavities operate in the TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</sub> - <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> mode. The 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation predicts a power of 211.6 kW at 35.19 GHz with the beam parameters of a voltage of 42 kV and a total current of 15 A (3 A <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ). The corresponding gain, electronic efficiency, and 3-dB bandwidth are 53.26 dB, 33.5%, and 50 MHz.

Numerical investigation of relative intensity noise in frequency-doubled multimode fiber lasers

In this paper, we study the intensity noise performance of frequency-doubled lasers. In particular, we investigate how the relative intensity noise (RIN) of multimode fiber lasers is affected by the second harmonic generation process. We first develop an analytical approach and show that, in contrast with a single-mode laser, the low frequency RIN (or excess noise) of a two-mode laser can increase of more than 6 dB after the frequency-doubling operation. This occurs when the intensities of both modes are different and this is explained by a nonlinear coupling between noise and intensity of modes. To deal with more commonly-used multimode fiber lasers, we have extended our study to any number of modes. For this purpose, we have developed a model to numerically simulate the dynamics of a multimode fiber laser. This model includes noise sources and mode competition dynamics due to spatial hole burning. It gives access to the complex amplitude of the electric field of the laser. Using this model, we have confirmed that the excess noise of frequency-doubled multimode fiber lasers can be more than 6 dB higher than the excess noise of the laser before frequency-doubling.

A long-distance high-power microwave wireless power transmission system based on asymmetrical resonant magnetron and cyclotron-wave rectifier

This paper demonstrates the analysis of a long-distance high-power microwave wireless power transmission (MWPT) system based on asymmetrical resonant magnetron and cyclotron-wave rectifier. In the system, the novel magnetron with the asymmetrical resonant cavity, the straps, and the output loop coupling circuit can effectively promote the beam–wave interaction, suppress the mode competition, and enhance the output coupling, which results in a 400 kW output microwave power with a conversion efficiency of 45%. The transceiver Cassegrain antenna system with its simple structure, high conversion efficiency, and high power capacity can attain an integral power transmission efficiency of 2.6% at 10 km distance. The cyclotron-wave rectifier with high efficiency and single-tube high power capacity can achieve 85% microwave to DC conversion efficiency. Finally, the long-distance high-power MWPT system can achieve 8.5 kW DC power with about 1% DC–DC transmission efficiency at the operating 2.45 GHz frequency and for the 10 km distance. Such a system is likely a potential and attracting solution to remotely power the fuel-free aerial vehicle from the ground, can also provide electrical power to an isolated mountain top or an island, and even an alternative to transmit the power from space solar power satellite in geostationary orbit to the ground.

A multi-wavelength pulsed mid-infrared laser based on Er:YAG

Highly doped erbium crystals have complex fine energy levels, which can be used to emit lasers of different wavelengths under different conditions. The mid-infrared multi-wavelength laser of erbium ions has not yet achieved stable laser emission. In this study, the rate equation is used, with consideration of mode competition, to design a mid-infrared Er:YAG pulsed laser that emits four wavelengths at room temperature. The gain of the multi-wavelength erbium laser is related to the Boltzmann distribution coefficient. Based on this, the conditions for multi-wavelength output have been calculated and verified in experiments. A four-wavelength stable output mid-infrared pulsed laser based on Er:YAG was produced. This laser may be applied to remote sensing or gas detection.

Consistency of splitting frequency difference with longtudinal modes spacing variation in Zeeman dual-frequency laser

Phase anisotropy in laser resonant cavity will bring about an influence on laser frequency and polarization, such as laser frequency splitting, of which the frequency difference is determined by their introduced phase retardation. For a helium-neon laser with a small phase retardation in the cavity, the two split modes are very close to each other whose burned holes are overlapped. Then only one mode oscillates while the other is always in lock-in state due to strong mode competition, which forms hidden frequency split. Meanwhile the spacing between adjacent longitudinal modes deviates from original value and produces a certain variation equal to twice the hidden splitting frequency difference. As a result the longitudinal modes spacing variation is dominated by the phase retardation. On the other hand, by applying transverse magnetic field to a laser tube along the polarization direction, the neon atoms will undergo transverse Zeeman effect and be divided into two groups to provide the gain for polarized light beams parallel to the magnetic field and perpendicular to the magnetic field respectively. Then the laser mode competition is greatly weakened so that the two split modes can oscillate simultaneously to obtain the frequency difference. In order to make profound study of the consistency between longitudinal mode spacing variation and splitting mode frequency difference in the presence of transverse magnetic field, the samples of tilted quartz plate or half wave plate is placed into laser cavity to produce phase retardation. By the two mentioned methods, the splitting frequency difference varying with phase retardation of samples is deduced to make a comparison. Two measurements show that the average relative deviation is less than 1%, while the experimental results accord with theoretical analyses quite well. In this way splitting frequency difference of Zeeman dual-frequency laser can be determined accurately, and a new method to measure the phase retardation of half wave plate is provided.

Success factors in Capsim’s Capstone simulation: An empirical examination

The Capstone business strategy simulation has been used in business schools throughout the world. Scholars have investigated the impact of Capstone and other simulations on student learning, but there are no published studies that investigate factors associated with success. This study examines the performance of 7,347 participants using Capstone in 2019. Results suggest an optimal team size of four students. Overall, teams performed better in the competition mode than in the footrace mode, and better in official rounds than in practice rounds. Completion of training modules was associated with improved team performance in some but not all instances.

A High-Current-Density Terahertz Electron-Optical System Based on Carbon Nanotube Cold Cathode

A high-current-density terahertz electronoptical system based on a carbon nanotube (CNT) cold cathode has been investigated in order to solve notable mode competition in high-order harmonic gyrotrons. Simulation results show that a near-axis electron beam can be generated, with a beam current of 160 mA at an accelerating voltage of 23.5 kV. The source supports the electron beam with a velocity ratio of 1.1 and a guiding center radius of 57 μm. A narrow beam spatial distribution is evidenced by adjusting control anode voltage, satisfying the need for high operating current density in slow wave devices. The current density of the electron beam is up to 620 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at the output port and the velocity ratio is 0.44, with parallel energy accounting for 84% of the total energy.

Mode competition in broad-ridge-waveguide lasers

The lateral brightness achievable with high-power GaAs-based laser diodes having long and broad waveguides is commonly regarded to be limited by the onset of higher-order lateral modes. For the study of the lateral-mode competition two complementary simulation tools are applied, representing different classes of approximations. The first tool bases on a completely incoherent superposition of mode intensities and disregards longitudinal effects like spatial hole burning, whereas the second tool relies on a simplified carrier transport and current flow. Both tools yield agreeing power-current characteristics that fit the data measured for 5–23 µm wide ridges. Also, a similarly good qualitative conformance of the near and far fields is found. However, the threshold of individual modes, the partition of power between them at a given current, and details of the near and far fields show differences. These differences are the consequence of a high sensitivity of the mode competition to details of the models and of the device structure. Nevertheless, it can be concluded concordantly that the brightness rises with increasing ridge width irrespective of the onset of more and more lateral modes. The lateral brightness at 10 MW cm−2 power density on the front facet of the investigated laser with widest ridge (23 µm) is comparable with best values known from much wider broad-area lasers. In addition, we show that one of the simulation tools is able to predict beam steering and coherent beam coupling without introducing any phenomenological coupling coefficient or asymmetries.

Stable dual-wavelength laser incorporating polarization-maintaining erbium-doped fiber

A stable dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The mode competition in the gain medium was suppressed by enhancing the polarization hole burning mechanism through incorporation of polarization maintaining erbium-doped fiber and nonlinear polarization rotation. The fiber laser displayed high stability with lasing side-mode suppression ratios of 60.69 and 60.57 dB. Additionally, the negligible peak power fluctuation of 0.01 dB was achieved at 1557.17 and 1560.19 nm with both peak powers of 0.23 mW and 3-dB bandwidth of 0.028 and 0.025 nm, respectively. These findings provide insights for an enhanced seed laser source design for remote dual-wavelength fiber laser applications.

Competition of whispering gallery lasing modes in microwire with hexagonal cavity

The competition characteristics of different orders of whispering-gallery lasing modes in a single ZnO microwire with hexagonal cavity are investigated comprehensively. As the scale of the cavity increases, the mode competition would be emerging strongly. The high-order whispering-gallery mode (WGM) lasing is indicated to be transverse electric modes with polarization dependence of about 86%. In addition, the competition of whispering-gallery lasing modes depends strongly on the diameter of cavities and the excitation intensities due to the effects of spatial hole burning. The Power Fourier transfer gives the distinct path length of fundamental and high-order optical field. Moreover, the finite difference time domain presents the optical field of high-order WGM lasing that tends to be closer to the center of hexagonal cavities. Remarkably, the Purcell factors of WGM are enhanced strongly with the reduction in diameter of hexagonal cavities, and the maximum value of F p approaches 20.

Characterization of Inherently Chiral Electrosynthesized Oligomeric Films by Voltammetry and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM).

A voltammetric and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) investigation was performed on an inherently chiral oligomer-coated gold electrode to establish its general properties (i.e., conductivity and topography), as well as its ability to discriminate chiral electroactive probe molecules. The electroactive monomer (S)-2,2′-bis(2,2′-bithiophene-5-yl)-3,3′-bibenzothiophene ((S)-BT2T4) was employed as reagent to electrodeposit, by cyclic voltammetry, the inherently chiral oligomer film of (S)-BT2T4 (oligo-(S)-BT2T4) onto the Au electrode surface (resulting in oligo-(S)-BT2T4-Au). SECM measurements, performed in either feedback or competition mode, using the redox mediators [Fe(CN)6]4− and [Fe(CN)6]3− in aqueous solutions, and ferrocene (Fc), (S)-FcEA, (R)-FcEA and rac-FcEA (FcEA is N,N-dimethyl-1-ferrocenylethylamine) in CH3CN solutions, indicated that the oligomer film, as produced, was uncharged. The use of [Fe(CN)6]3− allowed establishing that the oligomer film behaved as a porous insulating membrane, presenting a rather rough surface. This was inferred from both the approach curves and linear and bidimensional SECM scans, which displayed negative feedback effects. The oligomer film acquired semiconducting or fully conducting properties when the Au electrode was biased at potential more positive than 0.6 V vs. Ag|AgCl|KCl. Under the latter conditions, the approach curves displayed positive feedback effects. SECM measurements, performed in competition mode, allowed verifying the discriminating ability of the oligo-(S)-BT2T4 film towards the (S)-FcEA and (R)-FcEA redox mediators, which confirmed the results obtained by cyclic voltammetry. SECM linear scans indicated that the enantiomeric discriminating ability of the oligo-(S)-BT2T4 was even across its entire surface.

Steady‐State Electrocatalytic Activity Evaluation with the Redox Competition Mode of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: A Gold Probe and a Boron‐Doped Diamond Substrate

AbstractIn the current context of energetic transition, investigations of alternative complex systems require tools such as scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), offering interesting opportunities as an electroanalytical technique to evaluate innovative catalysts. Herein, we demonstrate how a judicious choice of probe and substrate materials opens up improved performances to achieve steady‐state measurements for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic activity detection through redox competition scanning electrochemical microscopy (RC‐SECM). On the probe side, we show that using gold enhances the stability of the local oxygen concentration detection in comparison to the regularly used platinum one. On the substrate side, we evaluate boron‐doped diamond as an appealing alternative to classical support substrate, that shows a low ORR activity, high stability and very good reusability. This work introduces an alternative approach for quantitative measurements with SECM, improving measurement ease, comfort and reproducibility, thus paving the way towards standardized benchmarking and numerical simulation‐based parameter extraction.

High performance single-mode vertical cavity surface emitting lasers based on CsPbBr3 nanocrystals with simplified processing

• A simple ligand-assisted reprecipitation strategy is developed for applications in CsPbBr 3 PNCs-based VCSELs. • The fabricated VCSELs exhibit excellent single-mode lasing without mode competition. • Low lasing threshold (8 μJ/cm 2 ), high Q (~1425) and SE coupling factor (~0.24) are achieved. • The ultrafast decay of ~10 ps indicate a high modulation bandwidth (~GHz) of the VCSELs. Perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) have emerged as highly promising optical gain materials for laser applications. Despite the recent surge of reports on their lasing performance, it remains a challenge to achieve PNCs-based single-mode vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) because of their inhomogeneous gain saturation. Here, we successfully demonstrate high performance single-mode VCSELs using CsPbBr 3 PNCs that were synthesized via a facile ligand-assisted reprecipitation strategy. The optical gain medium with wide crystal size range was fabricated, and the dense assembly of each individual PNCs was expected to offer a homogeneous optical continuum to reduce gain saturation inhomogeneity. The fabricated VCSELs exhibit excellent single-mode lasing at ~541 nm without mode hopping and high spontaneous emission coupling factor of ~0.24, which is one order of magnitude higher than those of nitride-based VCSELs. Through streak camera direct observations, the stimulated emission of the laser device exhibits an ultrafast decay of ~10 ps, and the electron hole plasma (EHP) mechanism is considered responsible for stimulated emission in the VCSELs. This work paves the way toward next-generation high performance PNC-based single-mode laser devices with reduced fabrication cost for practical application.