Modal Framework Research Articles

Hintikka, Free Logician

The combination of quantifiers with a semantics for epistemic operators in a modal framework is one of the major contributions of Hintikka in intensional logic. Hintikka’s starting point is his diagnosis of the failure of existential generalization and the substitution of identicals in terms of referential multiplicity. In this paper, I introduce Hintikka as a free logician. Indeed, Hintikka’s first-order epistemic logic is grounded on a logic free of ontological presuppositions with respect to singular terms. It is also a logic free of presuppositions of uniqueness of reference. After having focused on the use of quantifiers and singular terms in Hintikka’s epistemic logic, I discuss some consequences from a semantico-logical perspective, but also from a philosophical one. By arguing against the so-called contingent a priori truths defended by Kripke, I conclude with a proposal in favour of Hintikka’s non-rigid interpretation of proper names.

Distinguishing Standards and Regulation for Innovation Research

Certain influential innovation impact studies do not sharply distinguish standards from regulation. Is differentiation needed? In what way do they differ in how they work and work out? This article applies and extends a framework of regulatory modalities to open up the black box of direct innovation effects. It includes standards as a separate regulatory modality following careful consideration of alternatives, i.e., accommodating them as a special instance or as a hybrid of law, norm, market and architecture. The authors capture the essential differences between standards and law. They reconcile Lessig's emphasis on constraints with findings of enabling and constraining effects in innovation research by differentiating direct inherently constraining effects of regulatory modalities and modality-specific direct generic effects - as opposed to indirect effects. They conclude that standards and law merit separate treatment in innovation research, and recommend complementary frameworks to uncover unaddressed issues.

Psychological dimension of corruption

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore relatively neglected side of corruption – citizen-initiated bribe offers – to identify the degree to which citizens on the grassroots level are ready to support top-down government anti-corruption policies.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on Avessalom Podvodny’s framework of modalities, this research analyzes the results of the nationally representative survey of 1,002 respondents, and ten in-depth interviews – both held in Azerbaijan. The author uses both logistic regression and qualitative description to highlight research inferences.FindingsModalities provide a new way of making sense of the factors affecting corruption, and informality. Bribe offers are associated with imbalance within Local-Global, Symbol-Content, Active-Passive pairs of modalities. All of the relevant independent variables (except for one), drawn from relevant theories and organized around modalities, are statistically significant in predicting bribe offers.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is able to pose and answer fundamental policy questions: why villagers in Azerbaijan prefer to invest in building mosques and cemeteries rather than schools and kindergartens? Why insurance is not perceived as a sphere of business by the Azerbaijani population? On a practical level, the paper shows that governments’ selective focus on bureaucratic graft neglects formidable argument that the problem of corruption is tightly woven into political culture of a post-Soviet society. Simple administrative measures cannot overcome fundamental value orientations within a society.Originality/valueThe paper adds to corruption researchers’ toolkit, by expanding research to factors affecting citizen voluntary choices to bribe. The research shows what specific variables should be considered and which of them are statistically significant in explaining citizen choices.

The necessitive impersonal REIK(Ė)TI ‘need’: the rise of modal meaning

The focus of the paper is on the frequency, distribution patterns and semantic profile of the necessitive impersonal reik(ė)ti ‘need’ in old and contemporary Lithuanian texts. The study employs corpus based quantitative and qualitative analysis to investigate the patterns of use of reik(ė)ti ‘need’ in the Database of Old Writings (16th-17th centuries) as well as the fiction sub-corpus of the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language and the humanities and biomedical sciences sub-corpora of the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian (CorALit). The study follows van der Auwera and Plungian’s (1998) modality framework. The quantitative analysis shows that the present tense form reikia ‘need.PRS.3’ is the dominating one across all the sub-corpora analysed. The results of the qualitative study indicate that the deontic sub-type of participant external modality is prevailing in the old Lithuanian texts as well as in the fiction sub-corpus and in the biomedical sciences texts of the contemporary Lithuanian. The discourse of the humanities displays a fairly frequent employment of reik(ė)ti ‘need’ for discourse organising functions alongside the deontic uses. Although the usage patterns of reik(ė)ti ‘need’ in the biomedical sciences and the humanities share certain common features, they also point to discipline specific trends of argumentation. It is also important to observe that the objective deontic reik(ė)ti ‘need’ seems to gradually acquire the features of subjective deontic modality over time, which corresponds to the typical subjectification cline (cf. Traugott 1989).

Coronary autoregulation and assessment of stenosis severity without pharmacological vasodilation.

For identification of myocardial ischaemia by non-invasive imaging or invasive physiological assessment, administration of a vasodilating or positive inotropic agent is often considered indispensable to exhaust the cardiac compensation mechanisms. Indeed, microcirculatory dilatation is needed for assessment of myocardial perfusion or coronary blood flow. However, three different modalities exist that quantify myocardial ischaemia without recourse to pharmacological stress agents, using either myocardial contrast echocardiography, imaging of myocardial blood volume or invasive coronary pressure measurement with the instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR). The theoretical framework of these vasodilator-free modalities revolves around the two innate mechanisms that protect the myocardium from ischaemia at rest: coronary autoregulation and arteriogenesis. Coronary autoregulation and metabolic dilatation form the putative processes that regulate microvascular tone and constitute of a complex interplay between metabolic factors, myogenic control, and endothelium-based control that each interact with coronary arterioles of a different size. Arteriogenesis describes the development of large calibre collateral arteries from a pre-existing network, triggered by occlusive coronary artery disease. Following these descriptions, the fundamental principles and the existing evidence of these three diagnostic modalities are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on iFR, which is clinically best applicable. Instantaneous wave-free ratio has proven to be an effective method to determine the haemodynamic significance of coronary stenoses in two recent large randomized clinical trials, together enrolling over 4500 patients. Ultimately, this review aims to clarify the theoretical rationale and to describe the clinical implications of functional stenosis assessment under resting conditions.

Arc magmatism witnessed by detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology, Hf isotopes and provenance analysis of Late Cretaceous-Miocene sandstones of onshore western Makran (SE Iran)

The present work aims to contribute to the Cenozoic tectonic setting of the western part of the Makran Accretionary Wedge in SE Iran. We determine the provenance of both deep marine turbiditic and deltaic-shelf Late Cretaceous-Miocene sandstones, describe the sandstone modal framework and heavy minerals and report a new geochronological and isotopic study including 2307 detrital zircons U-Pb ages and 204 in-situ Hf isotopic analyses. Modal sandstone framework compositions indicate that a magmatic arc and recycled accreted sediments were the main sources of Eocene-Oligocene and Miocene sandstones. Cr-spinel and heavy mineral assemblages indicate ultramafic rocks, likely ophiolitic mantle, as a subsidiary source. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages cluster in five main age groups: (1) Neoproterozoic grains suggesting a continental crust provenance within the Central Iran blocks, (2) Jurassic grains with Hf isotopic compositions of continental crust, suggesting a rifting related magmatic provenance, (3) Late Cretaceous and (4) Eocene grains, with Hf isotopic compositions typical of continental crust and non-depleted mantle, suggesting a continental magmatic arc provenance, and (5) Early Miocene grains. The new U-Pb age and Hf isotopic ratios correspond to those obtained in the east Iranian Makran. They fit tectonic reconstructions with Middle Jurassic intracontinental rift, Early Cretaceous to Eocene subduction below Central Iran forming a continental arc to the north of Makran and closure of the related oceanic in the Paleogene. Erosional products of the corresponding magmatic arc are found in the Makran Basin. Our data disprove that provenance characteristics of the Makran sedimentary rocks are consistent with derivation from the Himalayan sources.

A New Modal Framework for Epistemic Logic

Recent years witnessed a growing interest in non-standard epistemic logics of knowing whether, knowing how, knowing what, knowing why and so on. The new epistemic modalities introduced in those logics all share, in their semantics, the general schema of $\exists x \Box \phi$, e.g., knowing how to achieve $\phi$ roughly means that there exists a way such that you know that it is a way to ensure that $\phi$. Moreover, the resulting logics are decidable. Inspired by those particular logics, in this work, we propose a very general and powerful framework based on quantifier-free predicate language extended by a new modality $\Box^x$, which packs exactly $\exists x \Box$ together. We show that the resulting language, though much more expressive, shares many good properties of the basic propositional modal logic over arbitrary models, such as finite-tree-model property and van Benthem-like characterization w.r.t.\ first-order modal logic. We axiomatize the logic over S5 frames with intuitive axioms to capture the interaction between $\Box^x$ and know-that operator in an epistemic setting.

Understanding Interpersonal Meaning-Making in Chinese High School Students’ ESL Writing: A Systemic Functional Perspective

Drawing on the framework of Modality from systemic functional linguistics, the present study aimed to explore adolescent ESL learners’ interpersonal meaning-making. Data were collected from 10 writing tasks completed by a group of 50 adolescent ESL learners in China. Functional text analysis was utilized to analyze the data, including Modality types, orientation, value, and polarity. The finding revealed that overuse of certain types of modal verbs is common in Chinese ESL learners’ writing, for instance, the case of “can”. Most of the modality deployed was simple and congruent. In conclusion, systematic introduction of Modality and the provision of more contexts for learners to practice them are highly recommended in such a context.

Impossible Worlds and the Logic of Imagination

I want to model a finite, fallible cognitive agent who imagines that p in the sense of mentally representing a scenario—a configuration of objects and properties—correctly described by p. I propose to capture imagination, so understood, via variably strict world quantifiers, in a modal framework including both possible and so-called impossible worlds. The latter secure lack of classical logical closure for the relevant mental states, while the variability of strictness captures how the agent imports information from actuality in the imagined non-actual scenarios. Imagination turns out to be highly hyperintensional, but not logically anarchic. Section 1 sets the stage and impossible worlds are quickly introduced in Sect. 2. Section 3 proposes to model imagination via variably strict world quantifiers. Section 4 introduces the formal semantics. Section 5 argues that imagination has a minimal mereological structure validating some logical inferences. Section 6 deals with how imagination under-determines the represented contents. Section 7 proposes additional constraints on the semantics, validating further inferences. Section 8 describes some welcome invalidities. Section 9 examines the effects of importing false beliefs into the imagined scenarios. Finally, Sect. 10 hints at possible developments of the theory in the direction of two-dimensional semantics.

КОНЦЕПТЫ «САД» И «ПУСТЫНЯ» В РОМАНАХ ФРЭНКА ГЕРБЕРТА СЕРИИ «ДЮНА»

The study is based on effective methods of cognitive linguistics to study concept in the system of language. Speech realization of the concept in a literary text is examined as determined in its functions by an author’s idea, genre and style of the text. The research is a timely development of a modal framework notion for a work of literature, which enabled to describe verbalization of the concept as a system of semantic, formal and functional characteristics. The study confirmed that science-fiction novels from the series “Dune” by Frank Herbert are characterized by philosophical depth and complexity of language, while the concepts “garden” and “desert” play the key role in creating ideological and esthetic contents of the novels. The paper contains analyses of the concepts on various levels of the literary text. It is noted that a concept can be examined at the level of language verbalization, at the levels of the text, the hypertext and literary discourse, while concepts are represented on phonetic, lexical and syntactic levels of the language. Concepts in a literary text have a cohesive hypertext function and provide the dialogue of the writer and the reader in literary discourse. The basis of concept realization in F. Herbert’s science-fiction was linguistic and stylistic analysis, referring to the broader context. Research discloses hypertext function of the concept in the literary text to provide communication of the reader and the writer in the literary text. It is discovered that the cultural component of the text of novels is closely connected with verbalization of concepts. Analyses disclosed opposition of the concepts providing the principle of reader’s choice. The study showed that the writer models reader’s perception of heroes and events of novels by creating axiological modality. The paper brings forth conclusions about F. Herbert’s values experiments, the role of the reader in creating the system of values and the connection of axiology with epistemic and deontic modalities semantics.

On the Co-occurrence of RASHII : Within the framework of Modality and Evidentiality

본고는 언어유형론의 입장에서 조동사 「らしい」와 보편성 있는 의사적 Modality, Deontic, Epistmic의 Modality 및 Evidentiality 형식과의 承接 문제에 대해서 그 실태를 기술하고 承接의 의미, 어순, 문의 계층 등의 문제를 검토한다.BR 조사 결과 「らしい」와 승접할 수 있는 것은 의사적 Modality 「∼たい、∼たがる、∼てほしい、∼てもらいたい」, Deontic의 「∼なければならない、ほうがいい、∼といい、 ∼ばいい、 ∼ていい、∼てもいい、べきだ」, Epistmic의 「かもしれない、にちがいない、はずだ」、Evidentiality의「みたいだ、(し)そうだ、 (する)そうだ、 ようだ」가 있다. 다의적인 마카는 상호 承接하면 의미 레벨이 다르다고 하는 규칙에 따르고, 성질이 조화를 이루지 못하면 承接할 수 없다. 본고는 특히 「らしい」와 Epistmic의 Modality, Evidentiality 형식과의 承接을 밝혀 내고, 承接 가능과 불가능의 원인을 검토해 보았다.BR 承接형식은 엄격한 순서에 따른다. 다의적인 Epistmic와 Evidentiality의 마카가 상호 承接하는 경우, 의미적으로는 「추론」「가정」「예상」「추정」「추측」「전문」「완곡」의 어순을 보이고 있다. 또 Modality와 Evidentiality의 범주 내에서 보편성 있는 Modality의 이종공기어순(異種共起語順) DDE 규칙(Dynamic/BoulomaicDeonticEpistmic)를 좀 더 구체적으로 분석하면, 「VPDynamic/Boulomaic Deontic EpistmicEvidentiality 화용론적 분석/ 조동사(SFP)」와 같은 어순이 있다고 필자는 생각한다.

The Legitimacy of Comparative Constitutional Law: A Modal Evaluation

In recent years, there has been intense debate — within the judiciary, academia, the press, even Congress — over the legitimacy of using foreign law in American courts. This question cannot be answered, however, unless one knows what the relevant criteria for constitutional legitimacy are. By what standards should we decide whether it is appropriate for American courts to cite foreign law in their decisions? Before we can figure out whether it is constitutionally proper for American courts to use foreign law, we need to first agree on what makes something constitutionally proper. In a pair of path-breaking books, Constitutional Fate: Theory of the Constitution and Constitutional Interpretation, Philip C. Bobbitt offers a modal approach to constitutional argument, presenting six different types, or modalities, through which constitutional discourse is channeled. This Article will attempt to evaluate the legitimacy of the practice of comparative constitutional law by American courts through modal lenses. It will ask one question — is it legitimate for our judges to cite foreign law? — six times, each time analyzing it within a particular modal framework; textual, historical, structural, doctrinal, prudential, and ethical. Using those methodological tools, it will provide one answer.

Why Don'T 2D Jokes Fall Flat? A Two-Dimensional Interpretation of Russell's Joke About the Yachts

In recent critical comments on “On Denoting”, Saul Kripke says that Russell's famous analysis of joke about yachts in terms of degrees and graded positives is incorrect. His criticism has given rise to a number of issues related to interpreting cross-world comparisons like “Х might have been greater than it is” in doxastic contexts like “John believes that P”. The main goal of this paper is to compare two approaches to cross-world predication in intensional contexts. One is Wehmeier’s subjunctive modal framework which distinctive feature is the use of two explicit mood markers. The other is Chalmers’s generalized epistemic two-dimensionalism, based on the idea of assigning all our expressions two kinds of intensions. Despite the fact that these approaches have of lot in common, they provide different interpretations of belief reports about cross-world comparisons. I argue that epistemic 2D framework is philosophically more relevant here than subjunctive markers approach.

Nonlinear characterization of a bolted, industrial structure using a modal framework

This article presents measurements from a sub assembly of an off-the-shelf automotive exhaust system containing a bolted-flange connection and uses a recently proposed modal framework to develop a nonlinear dynamic model for the structure. The nonlinear identification and characterization methods used are reviewed to highlight the strengths of the current approach and the areas where further development is needed. This marks the first use of these new testing and nonlinear identification tools, and the associated modal framework, on production hardware with a realistic joint and realistic torque levels. To screen the measurements for nonlinearities, we make use of a time frequency analysis routine designed for transient responses called the zeroed early-time fast Fourier transform (ZEFFT). This tool typically reveals the small frequency shifts and distortions that tend to occur near each mode that is affected by the nonlinearity. The damping in this structure is found to be significantly nonlinear and a Hilbert transform is used to characterize the damping versus amplitude behavior. A model is presented that captures these effects for each mode individually (e.g. assuming negligible nonlinear coupling between modes), treating each mode as a single degree-of-freedom oscillator with a spring and viscous damping element in parallel with a four parameter Iwan model. The parameters of this model are identified for each of the structure׳s modes that exhibited nonlinearity and the resulting nonlinear model is shown to capture the stiffness and damping accurately over a large range of response amplitudes.

Arthur Prior and ‘Now’

On the 4th of December 1967, Hans Kamp sent his UCLA seminar notes on the logic of ‘now’ to Arthur N. Prior. Kamp’s two-dimensional analysis stimulated Prior to an intense burst of creativity in which he sought to integrate Kamp’s work into tense logic using a one-dimensional approach. Prior’s search led him through the work of Castaneda, and back to his own work on hybrid logic: the first made temporal reference philosophically respectable, the second made it technically feasible in a modal framework. With the aid of hybrid logic, Prior built a bridge from a two-dimensional UT calculus to a one-dimensional tense logic containing the ‘now’ operator J. Drawing on material from the Prior archive, and the paper “‘Now”’ that detailed Prior’s findings, we retell this story. We focus on Prior’s completeness conjecture for the hybrid system and the role played by temporal reference.

An Interdisciplinary Approach to Creating a Culture of Safety

Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program At New York Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center, potentially unsafe behaviors or conditions have been observed on the labor and delivery unit. We demonstrate the successful implementation of an innovative program to improve the culture of safety within the obstetric unit with a goal to improve outcomes. Proposed Change To use TeamSTEPPS as a basis and transform a less safe working environment into a safer, more collaborative, working environment. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation A formalized plan for a culture of safety was gradually introduced to the obstetric department. Before the initial culture of safety roll out, an Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality (AHRQ) survey was completed by staff members. Formalized TeamSTEPPS training set the framework for communication tools and modalities that would be the expectation in all obstetric areas. Eighty‐five percent (450 members) of the obstetric team completed TeamSTEPPS training by September 2014. Once staff had an understanding of the plan, leadership from nursing, obstetrics, and anesthesia were able to promote the use of tools, including multidisciplinary briefs, huddles, and debriefs, which created a general, nonpunitive, transparent department. This is demonstrated by a 45% increase in medical event reporting across all specialties from January 2013 to August 2014. Evaluation Metrics: Over a 2‐year interval, increases were noted in the following domains of a Culture of Safety survey: (a) When patient safety issues or events were identified and reported to leadership, staff response indicated a 6% increase in feeling that their issues were heard; (b) When patient safety issues or events were identified and reported to leadership, staff response indicates a 14% increase in feeling that action was taken to address the event; (c) When patient safety issues or events were identified and reported to leadership, staff response indicated a 13% increase in feeling the action taken/planned in response prevented future harm or similar events from occurring; (d) When patient safety issues or events were identified and reported to leadership, staff response indicated a 17% increase in feeling that feedback and communication are given about the event. Implications for Nursing Practice Adapting a transparent environment grants nurses the ability to discuss obstetric events and near misses rather than fear retaliation from reporting. The integration of a formal culture of safety program laid the roadmap for everyone to follow, set expectations, and generally changed the way members of the department interacted with one another.

Modal approach of photon correlations in lattices of coupled waveguides

Quantum propagation of indistinguishable photons in coupled waveguide lattices is analyzed in the asymptotic limit. Such an approach reveals the existence of two main relevant families of modes supported by the photonic lattice: localized side modes and Floquet-Bloch eigenmodes delocalized over the array. Under two-photon injection, the modal framework unravels the photon bunching and antibunching effects occurring in coupled waveguide lattices. In particular, photon correlations in the Floquet-Bloch modes are exhibited. Engineering of the propagation in such delocalized eigenmodes through patterning of the array coupling constant may open the way to discrete photonics platforms implementing efficient modal manipulation of quantum light involving large photon-number states.

Diversity 2.0: A framework for audience participation in assessing media systems

Abstract The concept of diversity has always been an underlying principle in media policy-making and the era of participatory media has not changed that core concern. However, dramatic changes in contemporary media systems suggest a need to reconsider how this complex principle is conceptualized and applied. Social media have brought about a seemingly infinite amount of sources and content by lowering the barriers to participation in the fields of media and communications. Much hope has been attributed to their democratizing potential. However, empirical evidence indicates that much digital media consumption focuses on content provided by few actors, and is becoming polarized. And while the rapid diffusion of new media technologies facilitates more participatory communication, persistent digital divides hinder opportunities for access and production. This article argues that diversity as a policy-making principle needs to be refocused to address these opportunities and challenges regarding the role that media systems can play in fostering citizenship, civil society and participation. Based on existing academic and public/policy discourses, the article constructs a framework of participatory modalities and discusses their relationship with the conventional dimensions of diversity, as well as their relevance in terms of policies and regulation.

Constructing Meanings

Chalmers’s philosophical work exploits a distinctive version of two-dimensionalism, a formal modal framework from the 1960s and 1970s that one can use to define two kinds of possible worlds semantic values. Chalmers presents this as the best form of a Fregean account of content. One of the principal aims of Constructing the World is to provide its metaphysical foundations. Chalmers presents himself as vindicating a Fregean account of meaning. I will be arguing that this is incorrect; the resulting theory of meaning is not properly regarded as Fregean, because it is not a plausible theory of cognitive significance How much this poses a problem for Chalmers depends upon whether his notion of content ultimately depends upon the Fregean theory of content, that is, the theory of content that does provide an account of cognitive significance. Although Constructing the World takes the form of a vindication of something like Carnap’s project in the Aufbau, my interest in this paper is in that part of Constructing the World that can be seen as vindication of another work of Carnap’s, namely Meaning and Necessity. The central notion in Meaning and Necessity was analyticity. The central notion in Chalmers’s Constructing the World is what Chalmers calls ‘a priori scrutability’, the basic characterization of which (40) is: S is a priori scrutable from C for s iff x is in a position to know a priori that if C, then S.

English

800x600 The present paper used the modal framework of Simpson in doing a stylistic analysis of the story “Things You Don’t Know” by Ian Rosales, a highly-acclaimed Filipino writer. Since stylistics has always been concerned with how readers interpret the texts by focusing on linguistic choices, the modal choices of the writer based on Simpson’s modal framework would allow the readers to identify the attitude of the narrator. Indeed, results show that the epistemic type of modal was preponderant –this type apparently allows the readers to feel the narrator’s uncertainty in situations or events. In addition, this modal framework also enables the readers to further identify the shade of a text, since the choice of modals highlights either a positive, negative, or neutral shade of a story. Since the epistemic modal was the most pronounced, the story is definitely negative in shade, and this can be inferred in the short story where the narrator is uncertain what was going on in her everyday affairs. In turn, this uncertainty is emphasised by the narrator’s dependence on his/her perception of external appearances or surroundings. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/3L-2014-2002-08 Keywords: boulomaic; epistemic; deontic; dynamic; modality; shade Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;}