Modal Dependence Research Articles

Modality dependency of familiarity ratings of Japanese words

Familiarity ratings for a large number of aurally and visually presented Japanese words wer measured for 11 subjects, in order to investigate the modality dependency of familiarity. The correlation coefficient between auditory and visual ratings was .808, which is lower than that observed for English words, suggesting that a substantial portion of the mental lexicon is modality dependent. It was shown that the modality dependency is greater for low-familiarity words than it is for medium- or high-familiarity words. This difference between the low- and the medium- or high-familiarity words has a relationship to orthography. That is, the dependency is larger in words consisting only of kanji, which may have multiple pronunciations and usually represent meaning, than it is in words consisting only of hiragana or katakana, which have a single pronunciation and usually do not represent meaning. These results indicate that the idiosyncratic characteristics of Japanese orthography contribute to the modality dependency.

Are faster than predicted arrival times seeing Arctic Ocean warming?

Arrival times of M sequences transmitted across the Arctic in the spring of 1994 during the trans‐Arctic acoustic propagation (TAP) experiment [P. N. Mikhalevsky, 2851(A) (1994)] are faster than modeled arrival times using historical climatology. The modal dependence of the travel times appears to be consistent with a warming of the Atlantic intermediate water (AIW) in the Arctic Ocean. Calculations of the effects of this type of climate change signal, as well as ambient variability on the modal arrival times, will be presented. The possibility that the TAP results are consistent with new reports of AIW warming in the Arctic [Carmack et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. (in press) and K. Aagaard and E. C. Carmack, Science 266 (23 December 1994)] will be discussed. [Work supported by ONR, ARPA, and the Ministry of Science, Russian Federation.]

Effects of modality on subjective estimates of frequency and recency of spoken and printed words

Previous research (Pisoni and Garber, 1990; Garber and Pisoni, 1991) has demonstrated that subjective familiarity judgments for words are not differentially affected by the modality (visual or auditory) in which the words are presented, suggesting that subjects base their judgments on fairly abstract, modality‐independent representations in memory. However, in a recent large scale study in Japanese (Amano et al., in press), markedly modality effects on familiarity ratings were observed. The current research further examines possible modality differences in subjective ratings and their implications for word recognition. Specially selected words were presented to subjects for frequency and recency judgments. In particular, subjects were asked how frequently (or recently) they READ, WROTE, HEARD, or SAID a given spoken or printed word. These ratings were then used to predict accuracy and processing times in auditory and visual lexical decision and naming tasks. Our results suggest modality dependence for some lexical representations, primarily for words that occur fairly rarely in the language. [Work supported by NIDCD.]

On the Relationship between Mode and Substance in Spinoza's Metaphysics

On the Relationship between Mode and Substance in Spinoza's Metaphysics JOHN CARRIERO A CENTRALIF DIFFICULTPOSITIONtaken in Spinoza's Ethics is that things in the universe other than God--including rocks, trees, ideas, and minds--are modes of God; according to Spinoza, produced things are modally dependent on God. How are we to understand this relation of modal dependence? Spinoza inherits the term mode from Descartes, who was using the term as a replacement of sorts for the Aristotelian accident. In the Aristotelian tradition, accidents are supposed to inhere in their subjects. Is modal dependence for Spinoza basically the same thing as the traditional relation of inherence?' Some commentators have argued not. Explicating the traditional idea of inherence in terms of predication (so that the relation of inherence is supposed to amount to the relation between a property or quality and the subject of which the property or quality is predicated),~these commentators suggest that to interpret Spinoza's modal dependence in traditional terms would be to commit him to the view that a produced thing, e.g., Mt. Rushmore, is a quality or property predicable of God. In the view of these commentators, this position is so odd as to suggest that Spinoza's understanding of modal dependence cannot be the traditional idea of inherence but must be fundamentally novel. This line of reasoning is flawed in that it relies on a misleading caricature of the traditional relation of inherence. In particular, it is a mistake to explicate the traditional relation of inherence in terms of predication. In Section l, For ease of exposition, I am using modal dependenceas a label for the dependence of modes on their subjects in Spinoza (whatever that dependence may amount to) and inherence for the traditional idea of an accident's existing in a subject (whatever that may amount to). "Curley writes in Spinoza's Metaphysics: An Essay in Interpretation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969), hereafter cited as "SM," p. 18: "When qualities are said to inhere in substance, this may be viewed as a way of saying that they are predicated of it." [~45] ~,46 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 33:9 APRIL 1995 I sketch a traditional medieval Aristotelian conception of the dichotomy between substance and accident which distinguishes inherence from predication . I also show how Spinoza's thinking about the substance/mode dichotomy draws, often in surprising and subtle ways, on that tradition. In the remaining two sections I respond to arguments that have been offered against relating Spinoza's conception of modal dependence to a traditional conception of inherence . In Section ~, I take up Edwin Curley's claim that things like tables and chairs are of the "wrong logical type" to count as modes, which leads him to suggest that all that modal dependence comes to in Spinoza is causal dependence . In Section 3, I consider three of Bayle's objections to Spinoza's claim that produced things are modes of God, objections which Curley has suggested are so compelling as to give us further reason for doubting whether Spinoza understood modal dependence as inherence. 1. SPINOZA AND A TRADITIONAL ARISTOTELIAN CONCEPTION OF ACCIDENT Let's begin by recalling a standard Aristotelian treatment of the distinction between substance and accident.3 In the Categories (la 16ft.), Aristotle develops the notion of substance by presenting a pair of orthogonal distinctions. First, he distinguishes between things that can be said of a subject and things that cannot be said of a subject. Horse, for example, can be said of a subject, but Bucephalus cannot. Roughly, this first distinction is between universal and particular.4 Aristotle goes on to draw a second distinction, between things that exist in a subject and things that do not exist in a subject. According to Aristotle, white and being eight feet tall exist in subjects, say Socrates or Bucephalus, but humanity or horsehood does not exist in a subject. If whiteness exists in Socrates, why isn't it equally true that humanity exists in him? Aristotle 's point here is that Socrates is too closely bound up with his humanity for s As we shall see, questions have been raised in the middle part...

The stochastic modeling of fault-induced transients

A study on the stochastic characterization of fault-induced transients in HV and EHV transmission lines is performed, considering time dependence for both variance and autocorrelation. The aim is the definition of noise models for the design and the evaluation of digital relaying algorithms. A number of realistic network structures are considered for 400 and 220 kV lines, including shunt reactors and capacitors. Frequency-dependent models for machine windings are applied and proved to be important for the long-term behavior of the noise. The capacity of plants and network sparsity near the sending bus are investigated and shown to have a major role in the transients magnitude. Analog prefiltering is also assessed on a stochastic basis. The sampled variance and autocorrelation provide the basis for general conclusions on the modal dependence of the noise on network structures and for state modeling. >

Measurement of the replacement correction factor for parallel‐plate chambers in electron fields

When parallel-plate chambers are used for dosimetry in electron fields, the AAPM dosimetry protocol recommends a value of 1.0 for the replacement correction factor, P(repl),pp,E, until further data become available. Here, P(repl),pp,E for five commercially available parallel-plate chambers was measured as a function of electron energy from a nominal value of 5.5 to 22 MeV by comparison with a cylindrical chamber whose P(repl),cyl,E was obtained from data in the protocol. Since this method is based on the concept of a constant value for Ngas,pp, the energy and modality dependence of Ngap,pp is also investigated for these chambers for Co-60, 4-, 6-, 24-MV photons and for 22-MeV electrons. It is found that for three of the chambers P(repl),pp,E is independent of energy, consistent with unity within one or two standard deviations (s.d.). For the fourth chamber P(repl),pp,E is similarly consistent with one above 10 MeV, but decreases at lower energies, while for the fifth one it shows a systematic drop with decreasing energy.

Modal dependence of the photoelastic coefficient in multimode, step-index optical fiber time domain systems

A simple ray-optic approach for the analysis of strained step-index multimode fibers is shown to lead to the determination of the photoelastic coefficient in an optical-fiber time-domain system. The theoretical model includes the dependence of the photoelastic coefficient a on the modal content of the fiber and explains some of the experimental discrepancies observed in high-resolution reentrant-loop-based sensing systems. For high-step-index 200-240 mu m fibers with higher numerical resolution, the value of a is shown to vary from -0.2 to -0.3, which matches closely with experimental results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Bellows-type Mode Scrambler Integrated into a Distributed-index Branching Waveguide

Abstract A new integrated bellows-type mode scrambler has been introduced in distributed-index branching waveguides to eliminate the modal distribution dependence of the branching ratio. An initial demonstration of 1:1 branching ratio and stable modal distribution was achieved.

Radiation focusing and guiding in the free electron laser

In the free electron laser (FEL) the resonant interaction between the radiation field and electron beam can result in radiation focusing. If the centroid of the electron beam is transversely displaced off-axis, the radiation field, under certain conditions, will follow and be guided by the electron beam. The effect of a spatial modulation on the electron beam envelope can also modify the propagation characteristics of the radiation. These and other phenomena are analytically and numerically evaluated using a novel modal representation of the fully three dimensional radiation field. In this representation the transverse modal dependence consists of the usual Laguerre-Gaussian functions whereas the longitudinal dependence is determined and characterized by the source term in the wave equation. Among the advantages of this general source dependent expansion approach is that far fewer modes are needed to accurately describe the radiation. Hence, fast and accurate numerical solutions of the fully three dimensional FEL problem can be obtained over distances of many Rayleigh lengths.

Exponential Taylor states in circular cylinders

Solutions to the Woltjer–Taylor relaxed plasma equation ∇×B=μB, with μ a constant, inside an infinitely long, circular cylinder with magnetically impermeable walls and no net axial magnetic flux, are obtained for complex k, where modal spatial dependence is exp i(mθ−kz). Complex k yields the continuum of externally driven states between μ=0 (currentless) and the finite ‖μ‖ free-states. The continuum states are related to formation of plasma from magnetized electrode sources.

Paper-and-Pencil Tests of Piaget's Water-Level Test: Sex Differences and Test Modality

Paper-and-pencil tests of Piaget's water-level test were administered to 30 university students. The usual sex difference in favour of men ( n = 15) was not found. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of test modality and field dependence.

Electromagnetic induction fields in the deep ocean off California: oceanic and ionospheric sources

Summary. A 56 day long measurement of seafloor electromagnetic field fluctuations is separated into parts coherent and incoherent with the horizontal magnetic field at a terrestrial observatory 1700 km distant but at the same geomagnetic latitude. Least squares methods show that the M2 and N2 ocean tides are significant in the seafloor data but not on land. Spectra of the remaining data show high seafloor electric to seafloor magnetic field coherences, but markedly lower seafloor to land values, especially for the horizontal electric field. Model studies show that the correlated parts of the seafloor spectra are consistent with induction by broad-scale ionospheric sources, while the uncorrelated parts are explained by a combination of a barotropic long-wave continuum and an internal wave component. The oceanic electromagnetic field is discussed in terms of its modal structure and wavelength dependence, and implications for seafloor magnetotellurics may be profound.

Ray optics of a planar waveguide with an exponential index profile

Trajectories of optical rays propagating in planar waveguides with exponential-type refractive index profiles have been solved in an exact analytical closed form. Based on this trajectory idea and the known solutions of E, H fields of such exponential-type waveguides, we have extended the Rayleigh-Tien treatment of a step-function-type waveguide and calculated, using the experimental data of Taylor et al., the attenuation constant of the guided light due to surface roughness scattering. This constant, as obtained from this intuitively clear picture of the trajectory concept, is found to decrease rapidly with increasing mode number, which is just opposite to the modal dependence of attenuation constant of step-function-type waveguides.

Effect of dissipation and dispersion on slowly varying wavetrains

A kinematic model for disturbance wave motions slowly modulated in space and time is developed, which describes the effects of amplitude and frequency dispersion, modal dependence, flow inhomogeneities, dissipation, and high-order wave dispersion and diffusion. The results, based on general variational principles, apply to waves in arbitrary continuous media, but are discussed primarily in the fluid-dynamic context. The more complete theory presented here reduces to several known wave models in various limits and reconciles, within the framework of a broader unifying approach, a number of differences found among existing, although more specialized, formulations. These latter models are surveyed and, in particular, we emphasize how their domains of applicability may be limited by different kinds of dominant high-order dispersive or diffusive wave mechanisms. **;

Comments on ’’Magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium of plasma confined in a spherical microwave cavity’’

These comments summarize the modal dependence of stability of confined overdense and underdense plasma cores in spherical cavities, correct mistakes in pressure distributions and in modal frequencies of plasma-loaded spherical cavities, and point out an inherent degeneracy limitation of perfectly spherical cavities.

Modality dependency of loss of recency in free recall

Four experiments were carried out in which the probability of free recall of words as a function of serial position within lists was examined. The lists were presented either auditorily or visually, with subjects either silent or engaged in irrelevant articulation, and with recall either immediate or after an auditory or visual intervening task. The results provide evidence for the presence of modality-specific capacity limitations in primary memory, and also indicate that forgetting may occur in a last-in, first-out manner.