Modern German Research Articles

History and modification of modern cinematic vocabulary

This article is devoted to the diachronic modification of the cinematic vocabulary of the modern German language. The relevance of this study is determined by the insufficient study of the formation and development of German film lexicon in the XXI century, which contributes to new research on this issue in modern linguistics; as well as the need to study the process of formation and evolution of the German language film lexicon to identify linguistic and cultural features of this area of vocabulary.The purpose of the study is to determine the semantic features of the lexical units of the German language, representing the cinematic vocabulary in the framework of the historical development of the language. To achieve this research goal, the following tasks were set and solved: 1) the modern scientific linguistic literature has been studied and analyzed in order to form a theoretical basis for this research problem; 2) the semantic field of cinematography has been considered and the analysis of individual lexical units of German cinematography has been carried out and the modification of lexemes in the context of the historical development of the language in relation to modern trends has been described; 3) the nature of borrowing in the German language of film terms from other languages and the analysis of their structure is made. The article discusses the interpretation and definition of the semantic content of the German language film lexicon. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the grammatical and lexical modification of the German language film terminology based on the diachronic aspect is described for the first time in Russian linguistics, as well as the synchronic correlation of film vocabulary with modern trends is traced. As a result, it was revealed that the semantic group denoting the professions of performing skills in modern German is represented by the word composition of nouns, as a rule, one of which is a verbal noun. The German film language tends to use borrowed synonyms for the original word in communication, the vast majority of these borrowings came from Latin, French and English.

Types of autonomous V-final clauses

Abstract In German (and Dutch), main clauses and dependent clauses differ clearly with respect to form. Main clauses are always V2 and autonomous (with speech act status) while dependent ones are verb-final/VL (V-last) and nonautonomous (without speech act status). This paper is about autonomous clauses with the form of dependent clauses (i.e. VL-form, also captured in the literature under the term insubordinate subordination, coined by Evans, Nicholas. 2007. Insubordination and its uses. In Irina Nikolaeva (ed.), Finiteness: Theoretical and empirical foundations, 366–431. Oxford: Oxford University Press). In the recent literature, it has been argued that in order to explain the occurrence of autonomous dependent clauses in the historical development of German, the introducing main clause fell elliptically leaving behind a dependent form with autonomous status. The present paper argues that this account is false. Dependent forms can exist independently. Since speech act autonomy of dependent forms exists with certain (albeit not all) complementizers, a special account is provided. It is argued that this development typical of modern German, matches with the tendency toward an illocutionary semantics in its own right. Parallels for the latter path of grammaticalization are drawn from several languages other than German. The importance of the concerns for modern generative grammar is a twofold one: first, it provides insights into how independent (autonomous), but formally dependent sentences divide into several kinds of modality that are expressed in the left sentential periphery; and, second, it shows in which ways speaker-perspective is grammaticalized.

Two structures of extraposition in central dialects of Early New High German

Extraposition in OV Germanic languages is a complicated phenomenon, which has been analyzed in different ways—as a result of rightward movement, as base generation of extraposing items to the right, and as a result of raising of predicative elements. The most common type of item in extraposition is CP, but also PPs and heavy adjuncts are attested in extraposition in Modern German. Early New High German (ENHG) material adds complexity to this topic, since it shows much more widespread extraposition, allowed for arguments as well. In this article, I propose a twofold analysis of extraposition in ENHG. Based on DP-extraposition to the predicate, I argue that in certain cases extraposition can result from rightward movement of an extraposing XP, while in other cases it is raising of the particle to position adjoined to vP, which leaves XP in overt extraposition to the predicate.

USAGE OF ANTHROPONYMS IN MODERN GERMAN AND UKRAINIAN MEDIA DISCOURSES

The article is dedicated to establishing the peculiarities of using anthroponyms in modern German and Ukrainian political media discourses. The study materials were modern online media news from Germany and Ukraine during January-March 2023. Onyms in general and anthroponyms in particular occupy a central place in reference in the information flow. Proper names are undoubtedly an essential component of media discourse, as any complete message presupposes the presence of referents that are identified through anthroponyms, toponyms, or other types of onyms. When referring to anthroponyms in German and Ukrainian media practices, a similar set of collocations with anthroponyms can be observed: from maximal identification of the referent with attributive expressions to the use of traditional contextual synonyms. Nevertheless, certain features of reference to onyms in the analyzed political media texts can be observed. In German media linguistic culture, the use of elaborate anthroponyms is typical, where party affiliation, age, and other information can be indicated, which is obviously due to the desire for comprehensive identification of the actors. In Ukrainian media practice, there is a tendency towards shorter identification of anthroponyms In modern German and Ukrainian media texts, we observe the following principle of using anthroponyms: the headline provides minimal identification for actors, the opening provides maximum identification of the anthroponym, and in the text itself, reference to the anthroponym is made through the surname or other reference markers.

The Comparative Analysis of the Image of the "German-Nazi" in the German Literature about the Second World War

In the presented work, the author examines the German-language prose about the Second World War. The comparative analysis is carried out on the material of the novel by one of the most famous German prose writers and anti-fascist writers "Time to live and a Time to Die" by Erich Maria Remarque and the novel by the modern German prose writer Uwe Timm "By the example of my brother". The object of the study is the poetics of the above-mentioned works in a comparative aspect. The subject is the realization of the central image of the work - the image of a "German-Nazi" who is a participant in the Eastern campaign. The author dwells in detail on the realization of the image, including in the analysis the image of the artistic space of works and the motivic system. The main conclusion of the study is based on a different approach to the interpretation of the image of the "German-Nazi" by Remarque and Timm. In his novel, Remarque clearly points to the guilt of his compatriots in unleashing war and mass killings of civilians. The image of a "German-Nazi" is associated with the image of an ideological enemy. The modern German author adheres to a different point of view, which, in many respects, is based on his personal experience, because the hero of the novel is the writer's brother. The image of a "German-Nazi" in his work correlates with the image of a lost German who believed patriotic rhetoric and carried out an order.

Абстрактность и конкретность значения слова как лексико-семантическая категория

The aim of the study is to determine the abstractness and concreteness of a word at the lexico-semantic level (involving the material of the German language). The paper sheds light on the notions of the abstractness and concreteness of the meaning of a word, which will make it possible to see a lexico-semantic category in these phenomena. The scientific novelty lies in establishing a category derived not only from the nominative function of words, but also from the properties of the lexico-semantic level of the language system and manifested in the properties of the meanings of words. The main characteristics of the meanings of words depend on whether a verb is the head in the paradigm and also on the order of the paradigm or if it is a verb member of the paradigm and in this case, the order does not matter. In the process of examining the system of verbal meanings of the modern German language, the hierarchy and structure of lexico-semantic verbal paradigms were revealed. As a result, it was proved that the criteria for determining the abstractness or concreteness of the meaning are the abstraction of paradigmatic and syntagmatic properties of some verbs, the abstractness of verbs expressed in the extensive nature of their syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in the language system and the definiteness of the same properties in specific verbs with clear paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STYLISTIC DEVICES IN THE GERMAN TRANSLATIONS OF THE BOOK OF ECCLESIASTS

The article presents a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in the German translations of the "Books of Ecclesiastes", which is a text of the Old Testament, typical of biblical didactic and prophetic books, and whose purpose is to encourage people to think about the meaning of life. The book raises the issues of transience and futility of human existence especially acutely. The relevance of the study lies in the comparison of modern German translations of the book of Ecclesiastes with the aim of demonstrating translation trends and different approaches to the reproduction of artistic means in these translations. The research material consists of translations of the book of Ecclesiastes from different years, made by translators from the ancient Hebrew language into German. The article examines the stylistic means of the biblical text and their reproduction in modern translations, compares and comments on some problematic fragments of the book of Ecclesiastes, the translation of which, despite a large number of scientific works, still needs clarification. Particular attention is paid to fragments of the text, the interpretation of which has a double meaning. The research material allows analysing the diachronic trends in the translation of the book of Ecclesiastes and drawing conclusions about the possibility and purpose of reproduction by the translator’s content and means of artistic imagery in translations of different years. According to the conducted analysis, the authors came to the conclusion that, despite centuries of discussion, an attempt to make a single universal translation of the book of Ecclesiastes is impossible. From a methodological point of view, we should emphasize that in recent years there has been a negative trend toward a recipient-oriented understanding of the text, which, in turn, pushes the translator to omit stylistic devices and form a translation of the holy book that is more understandable for today, which unfortunately leads to the loss of artistic stylistics of the archaic poetic text.

PECULIARITIES OF USING THE VERBALISATION COMPONENTS OF THE CONCEPT ALTRUISM IN THE INTEGRATION PROCESSES (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE GERMAN PUBLICISTIC TEXTS)

Nowadays' realities dictate new manifestations of the use of components of the concept verbalization. The publicistic texts serve effectively for the objective reflection, as newspaper articles optimally record all shades of changes in social and, as a result, language processes. Taking into account the characteristics, we understand the concept as a unit of a generalized linguistic and mental resource with ethno-national or culturally determined human ideas about reality. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the verbalization means use of the concept ALTRUISM based on frequency and semantic characteristics in the modern German publicistic texts. The research material was texts of the newspaper "Die Welt" with a total sample of 30,000 word usages, within 518 examples of components, which belong to different parts of speech of the concept verbalization ALTRUISM were identified. The method of contextual analуsis of newspaper texts was used with regard to the integration social mechanisms of modern Germany. The frequency indicators of the verbalization components are interpreted within the studied sample on the basis of comparative analysis. The verbalization means analysis of the concept ALTRUISM on the material of the studied continuous sample proves the dominance of adjectives with the meaning "altruistic". It confirms the characteristics of altruistic motives, actions and goals as a manifestation of collective consciousness in German society. Mechanisms of understanding and designation of ALTRUISM in the conditions of integration processes are related to the corresponding emotional and psychological states of new society members with a migratory experience, which in linguistic expression are revealed by the use of antonyms with the meaning "selfish" to evaluate "altruistic behavior". Veiled manifestations of egoism, contextually marked by means of verbalization of the concept ALTRUISM have become a feature of the linguistic expression of social processes in modern Germany. In the future, we plan to make a comparative analysis of verbalization means of the concepts EGOISM and ALTRUISM on the material of the same sample of publicistic texts using statistical methods to establish the optimal objective characteristics of the interaction of the verbalization components, which belong to the different parts of speech.

ДИДАКТИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ЕЛЕКТРОННИХ СЛОВНИКІВ В ПРОЦЕСІ ВИВЧЕННЯ НІМЕЦЬКОЇ МОВИ ЯК ІНОЗЕМНОЇ

The article analyzes the didactic principles of electronic dictionaries as a type of information and communication technologies when learning German as a second foreign language. The object of analysis was online dictionaries: ABBYY Lingvo, Multitran, Babylon NG, Duden online, Langenscheidt online. These electronic tools are effectively used at the Department of Applied Linguistics of the Lviv Polytechnic National University o in the process of teaching German as a sпecond foreign language and the cycle of translation disciplines for the training of specialists of the first (bachelor) level of higher education in the field 035 "Philology" (disciplines: "Modern German Language", "Practice of Speech", "Translation practice", "Translation workshop"), fields of knowledge 03 "Humanities" in face-to-face, distance and mixed learning conditions. It is noted that in the era of digitization, electronic means of education, in particular lexicographic sources, occupy a significant place in the educational process, becoming an integral part of it, which is explained by the successful competition of electronic sources with their paper counterparts. Electronic dictionaries make it possible to optimize the volume and composition of articles, combine different forms of information presentation (text, sound, graphics, animation), supplement and correct the content of databases, rationally structure information using hypertext technologies. The research is based on scientific and methodological principles regarding the use of electronic dictionaries in the process of learning foreign languages, developed in the works of domestic and foreign authors. It was concluded that the didactically correct use of digital tools (electronic dictionaries) in the process of learning foreign languages serves to form four types of speech activity and translation skills, contributes to the formation of universal language competence and innovative culture of the pupil/student and teacher/teacher.

Rainer Maria Rilke’s Biography between 1910 and 1922 in the context of his 'Duino Elegies' and 'Sonnets to Orpheus'

4 Aralık 1875'te Prag'da dünyaya gelen René (Rainer) Maria Rilke, modern Alman edebiyatın öncü temsilcileri arasında sayılır. Özellikle Duino Ağıtları’ı ve Orpheus’a Soneler’i onun şiir alanındaki başyapıtları olarak nitelenir. Ancak, söz konusu iki eserin yazımı çok zorlu koşullar altında gerçekleşmiştir. Rilke 1910 yılında derin bir krize sürüklenmiş, ancak Ağıtlar’ı ve Soneler’i 1922’de tamamladığında huzura erebilmiştir. Arada geçen yıllar (1910-1922), bu çalışmanın konusudur. Amacımız, söz konusu iki baş yapıtın nasıl ve hangi şartlarda yazıldığını irdelenmektedir. Rilke bu on iki yılda sanatında derin izler bırakan ve her iki eserin motiflerine yansıyan deneyimler yaşamıştır. Bu on iki yıl, aynı zamanda Rilke’nin olgunluğa ulaştığı “geç dönemi” olarak adlandırılır ve Malte Lauridds Brigge’nin Notları başlıklı romanın 1910 yılında yayınlanmasından sonra başlar. Paris’te geçen bu roman Alman dilinde yazılmış ilk modern roman olarak kabul edilir. Rilke, bu romanla ve ondan önce yayınlanan Yeni Şiirler’le sanatının zirvesine ulaşmasına ulaşmıştır. Ne var ki Malte Lauridds Brigge’nin Notları’nı bitirir bitirmez, belirtildiği gibi Rilke büyük bir üretkenlik krizine girmiştir. Daha sonraki yıllar, bu krizi aşıp aynı yüksek sanatsal düzeyde eser vermeye devam etme çabalamakla geçmiştir. Krizi aşmak için Rilke’nin ilk başvurduğu ilk çare, kendini çeviri yaparak oyalamaktı. Bu sıralarda yolculuk etme arzusu da boy göstermiştir. Rilke’nin “Orta Dönemi” (1902-1910) Paris’in damgasını taşırken, 1910’dan sonraki geç dönemine çıktığı yolculuklar ve gezileri damgasını vurmuştur. Bu inceleme işte bu yılları asıl olarak ele almaktadır ve baş yapıtı sayılan iki eseri Rilke’nin bu kadar yer değiştirmesine rağmen nasıl meydana geldiğini göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Rilke’nin yaşamında ve eserinde derin izler bırakan deneyimler, inceleme boyunca ele alınıp pozitivist bir bakış açısıyla yansıtılmaktadır. Yaşamöyküsündeki sıralamaya göre Rilke’nin bu yıllarda çıktığı ilk önemli gezi 1910 yılındaki Kuzey Afrika ve Mısır gezisidir. Eski Mısır uygarlığından ve Mağrip’teki canlı İslamdan Rilke önemli ölçüde esinlenmiştir. Nitekim 1912’de misafir kaldığı Duino şatosunda Duino Ağıtları’ınn ilk dizelerini kaleme almayı başarır. İkinci önemli gezisi 1912-13’te çıktığı İspanya gezisidir. İspanya’dan bir süre Paris’e döndükten kısa bir süre sonra, Birinci Dünya Savaşı patlak verir ve Rilke 1919’a kadar Almanya’da kalmak zorunda kalır. Ancak 1919’da bir daha geri dönmemek üzere Almanya’yı terk eder ve (1922’de her iki başyapıtını tamamlayacağı) İsviçre’ye yerleşir.

Theology, History, and the Modern German University ed. by Kevin M. Vander Schel and Michael P. DeJonge

Reviewed by: Theology, History, and the Modern German University ed. by Kevin M. Vander Schel and Michael P. DeJonge Walter Sundberg Theology, History, and the Modern German University. Edited by Kevin M. Vander Schel and Michael P. DeJonge. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2021. 358 pp. When I was asked to review this volume, I was intrigued immediately by the title. Few subjects are more important in contemporary Christian theology than the nexus of theology and the discipline of history in the context of German university culture. It is important wherever Christian intellectual life is carried on in the global church. When the volume arrived, I discovered it was a collection of fifteen essays. Reviewing a bunch of essays is like herding cats. The introduction by the editors was helpful and accurate, but not sharply focused. If I had been asked to introduce the volume, I would have said something direct and simple like this: In the Early Church, theological reflection was often led by bishops (e.g., Irenaeus, Augustine). In the Middle Ages, monks took the lead (e.g., Anselm, Aquinas). With the coming of the Reformation, and into the Modern World, theology has become largely the province of the academic professorate. (Think of Luther as the last monk and the first professor.) The professorate [End Page 226] is beholden as much to university culture, with its secular canons of criticism, as it is to the church and its articles of faith. In the emergence of the professorate, Protestant faculties in German universities have dominated. A chief reason for this dominance is the role that the discipline of history has played in the development of modern Christian theology. Church history is the youngest branch of theological study, having been first added to the curriculum at the University of Helmstedt in 1750. The editors call this "the historical turn" whose implications "are reflected in the shifting compositions of university faculties and curricula … as universities themselves grew beyond the medieval organizational structures to become centers of historical scholarship" (1). What does one do when faced with the challenge of historical criticism? One possibility is for history to go on the attack. Historical method assumes explanation by mundane causes. Claims about divine incursion and miracle have no place. Seas do not part; the dead do not return to life. Lessing famously spoke of the "ugly broad ditch" separating "accidental truths of history" from "eternal truths." A possible defense is to concede the public record of events and instead assert the interior life as the locus of religion. "Dogmas and doctrines," said Schleiermacher, are "nothing but general expressions for definite feelings." Troeltsch labeled Schleiermacher's strategy an "'agnostic theology of mediation' which recognized the inexact and symbolic character of religious language" (65). To put it another way, "theology springs from … personal conviction and … without it theology is a mere dead letter" (45). Roman Catholics of the "Tübingen School" (for example, Johann Sebastian Drey) sought to harness history. Yes, history teaches that Christian life in the church, and thus truth, are subject to constant change. But this is the work of the Holy Spirit who leads us to the discovery of further revelation beyond scripture (John 16:13). Eternal truth of revelation is not only "being," it is "becoming." History, Bible, and doctrine join together in harmony because the (Roman) church is nothing less than the continuation of the incarnation. As Drey put it, "the primitive history and the subsequent course [End Page 227] of Christianity are in fact one history … Christianity is itself only one reality" (122). This idea helped to make popular the historical/theological discipline known as "the development of doctrine." For Barth, the public record of Christian teaching in the Bible and the history of doctrine produced a rigorous discipline (Wissenschaft) with definite rules determined by the historic Christian community: "church dogmatics." Writing explicitly against Lessing's ugly ditch, "Barth stressed … that knowing God depends on God's own action; we do not reach this goal through a historical inquiry, even if such inquiry may help us understand that God alone is the source of any human knowledge" (307). These are but three examples. In all the essays, we see...

Особенности эвфемизации в современном экологическом дискурсе (на примере немецкого языка)

The paper is devoted to the study of euphemisms, which, due to certain functional values, have a great manipulative potential realized in various discursive practices. The concealment of unpleasant facts through euphemisms is often found in the mass media reflecting political and business interests, as well as in product advertising. The aim of the research is to identify the semantic-pragmatic and extralinguistic features of euphemistic naming units characteristic of modern German ecological discourse. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that it was possible to determine the causal factors that activate the processes of secondary naming in the language leading to the creation of euphemisms in the ecological language. The authors describe the functionality of euphemistic naming units and also consider in detail their structural-semantic aspect. As a result, it was found that euphemisms as means of softening negative assessments are always conditioned by the social situational relevance and are distinguished by the ability to conceal the direct meaning of the denotation, mitigate its negative connotation, thereby not causing negative associations in the recipient.

Образ Альбрехта Дюрера в теории и практике назарейцев и их последователей

The formation of Albrecht Dürer’s cult in German romantic culture is an important problem of modern art history, since the image of the German master, created in the first half of the 19th century, still influences the perception of his work. The article analyses the works of the Nazarene artists and German masters from Munich and Dusseldorf, where the Nazarene traditions were especially strong. Special attention is paid to the design and organization of the so-called Dürer-Feste. In addition, the works of romantic masters have been identified, in which the influence of the style and iconography of Dürer’s works is especially clearly manifested (by P. Cornelius, F. Pforr, E.N. Neureuther, L.E. Grimm). The main subjects associated with the romantic cult of A. Dürer are identified: friendship with Raphael, work for Maximilian I, receiving the coat of arms from the hands of the emperor, and connection with contemporary artists. The peculiarity of the romantic cult of Dürer is special attention to the personality and biography of the master, which manifested itself in the theory and everyday practices of German artists. At the same time, in the art of German Romanticism, references to Dürer’s work are not so frequent. They are found mainly in graphic works, the plots of which are associated with patriotic or historical themes. The article shows that the image of Dürer in the German romantic culture is multifaceted. The Nuremberg master was perceived as a pious Christian artist, an outstanding engraver, a symbol of the chivalric Middle Ages, and at the same time a bright representative of the burghers of Early Modern times. But first of all, the artists of the Romantic era praised Dürer as the embodiment of the national idea and the direct predecessor of modern German painters.

The Library of Duke Wilhelm IV of Sachsen-Weimar and the Provenance of Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft Publications in the Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek

Abstract In 2004, fire struck the Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek (HAAB), particularly affecting its seventeenth-century collections, among them rich holdings of works associated with the Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft (Fruitbearing Society), the foremost seventeenth-century German cultural society. Scholars and librarians feared that unique copies of titles that Society members deposited or once owned, which represent valuable source material relating to early modern German and European thought and culture, were lost or damaged in the fire. This article examines the development and dispersal of the library of the second head of the Society, Duke Wilhelm IV of Sachsen-Weimar, and analyzes its Society connections and context, including the handling of deposit copies members sent to the Erzschrein, or Society archive. This library, as one of the predecessor libraries to the Ducal Library and ultimately the HAAB in Weimar, is a channel through which unique copies of Society works may have reached the HAAB. Through analysis of archival sources related to Wilhelm’s library and the Society in Weimar, application of bibliographic methods, and physical inspection of HAAB copies of Society titles for evidence of provenance, this article investigates their fate from a qualitative perspective in the wake of the library fire.

Phonetic adaptation of Anglicisms in Modern German

       On the linguistic map of the modern world, the English language has assumed a great role. In fact, Anglicizms have appeared in the languages of various linguistic groups spread throughour the world.        This work discusses the analysis of Anglicisms introduced into the German language.

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Listening to Human Rights: Class Conflict in Hanns Eisler’s Deutsche Sinfonie

Abstract In what began as a piece against the Nazi concentration camps, the composer Hanns Eisler and his collaborator, the poet and playwright Bertolt Brecht, created the eleven-movement, twelve-tone Deutsche Sinfonie, Op. 50 (1935–1958) to communicate political ideas. They soon expanded it to articulate what they saw as the very roots of fascism: militarism and capitalism. To explain the problems of class conflict in Europe, Eisler and Brecht focused on two groups that were central to Marxist–Leninist ideology: peasants and industrial workers. In two movements, the Peasant Cantata (Bauernkantate) and Workers Cantata (Arbeiterkantate), they portrayed long-standing injustices that peasants and industrial workers endured in the twentieth century. Eisler thus viewed the Deutsche Sinfonie, his largest and most ambitious work, as a way of explaining the arc of modern German history—from the late nineteenth century through to the 1940s—and how the Nazis came to power. The article further argues that the Deutsche Sinfonie can be analysed in relation to the discourse on human rights, drawing on the work of Martha Nussbaum, Micheline Ishay and other human rights theorists and historians, as a contribution to what Mark Philip Bradley calls the ‘global human rights imagination’. The article explains the vital role that the Peasant Cantata and Workers Cantata had in the overall conception of the work and how human rights issues were at the core of that musical idea. To place the Deutsche Sinfonie in historical and cultural context, this interdisciplinary analysis integrates methodologies of both cultural history and musicology.

Potentializing physical violenceHistorical Sociology of Polizei and Sozialstaat from a system theoretical perspective

Abstract Violence as a means of threatening the life and health of others is the foundation of power structures. According to a system theoretical understanding, however, physical violence becomes the basis for the power medium only when it is potentialized as a possibility for the political system. This potential threat contributes to the exodus of the political system through the formation of political organizations. This paper examines this hypothesis about violence and the political system from a historical, sociological perspective. I analyzed semantically the significance of Polizei, whose scope is said to have been limited from various governance practices, including welfare to the maintenance of security since the 19th century, in the development of labor protection policy, which was a precondition for the formation of the modern German welfare state. On the one hand, the work of the police in social policy was clearly distinguished from welfare on the level of political semantics; on the other hand, the appearance of other professionals made it possible for the police to continue to be involved in a wide range of social policy. These empirical findings show that the semantic differentiation of the political system with the potentialization of violence does not mean irrelevance and indifference to the environment; rather, it expands the scope of interest and makes it possible to relate to a more diverse range of subjects.

Манипулирование собеседником в ситуациях делового общения (на материале немецкого кинематографа)

The paper presents the most common ways of manipulating the interlocutor in the business communication of Germans using the example of dialogues from modern German films. The authors consider the basic principles of business interaction between partners in order to identify deviations from the norms of communicative behaviour. The aim of the research is to identify and describe the main tactics of manipulation in the business communication of Germans. The paper examines acts of manipulation, the linguistic units used for further recognition of an act of manipulation and also reveals Germans’ response to manipulation attempts. In addition, the authors consider the main personality types of the manipulator in business communication. The research is novel in that it is the first to consider the linguistic units peculiar to the act of manipulation in German business communication. As a result of the study, it has been found that the main tactics of the manipulator’s behaviour in business communication are his/her attempt to depart from the accepted norms of behaviour in the business communication of Germans by creating situations unusual for the manipulated person (tactics of departure from generally accepted norms), as well as the tactics of seduction, implemented through the use of the manipulator’s personal qualities.

Qualia-Structure of German From-Ethnonymic Adjectives (based on <i>deutsch</i> Lexeme)

The article is devoted to revealing the hidden meanings of the from-ethnonymic adjective deutsch, which are not recorded in modern German lexicographic sources as separate meanings. They can be identified using the methodology for determining qualia structures developed by J. Pustejovsky. Agentive, constitutive, formal and telic meanings (or attributes) of the qualia structure can be identified in each from-ethnonymic adjective. Authoritative authentic explanatory dictionaries of the German served as the material for the study. The revealed values of the qualia structure are divided into nuclear, subnuclear and peripheral. Core semes implement permanent and mandatory attributes of an object, while peripheral semes are optional or nonpermanent. The values represented in all five dictionaries form the core. It has been established that nuclear semes implement only agentive attributes of objects. Values that were not indicated in all dictionaries or were identified on the basis of the analysis of the examples given in the dictionary entry constitute the nuclear zone. This zone includes formal and constitutive meanings. Meanings that do not have correspondences in dictionary definitions or are revealed during the analysis of examples in dictionary entries form the periphery of the field of lexicographic meanings of from-ethnonymic adjective. Such meanings are manifested by the telic attributes of the qualia structure.