Mobilization Of Reserves Research Articles

Забезпечення фізичної активності людей з травмами і захворюваннями опорно-рухового апарату в умовах військового і надзвичайного станів

The purpose of the study was to consider the main methods of increasing the physical activity of people with disabilities (in wheelchairs) in emergency situations, military conflicts, natural disasters, etc. Materials and methods. The study of physical rehabilitation of people with disabilities (in wheelchairs) was conducted by the author during many years working as a trainer of the Kyiv Regional Center for Physical Culture and Sports for the Disabled “Invasport” and continued during the military actions in the country in 2022–2023 with an emphasis on the problems of rehabilitation of patients in military and emergency conditions. In order to increase the physical activity of people with disabilities (in wheelchairs) in conditions limited by military operations, it is recommended to pay special attention to exercises for the muscles of the neck, joints, and muscles of upper limbs; exercises for the lower limbs and pelvic organs; exercises for back and trunk muscles; balance exercises, breathing exercises, etc. Massage and self-massage procedures will also be useful in such situations. Results and discussion. The effectiveness of rehabilitation and, as a result, the successful outcome of maintaining the physical activity of people with spinal injuries and disabilities largely depends on the early start and correct selection of rehabilitation programs. In addition, the choice of methods and means of physical rehabilitation and physical activity for people with disabilities in the limited military and emergency conditions depends on their general physical and mental condition, the presence of accompanying diseases and complications, as well as on the surrounding circumstances. However, regardless of the difficulties and surrounding circumstances, people with disabilities (in a wheelchair) or with an injury and spine diseases must be engaged in physical therapy and do physical exercises in order not to lose the physical capacity for action, even limited, to be able to adapt to the circumstances and mobilize functional reserves of their bodies. Conclusion. Comprehensive rehabilitation is an integral part of therapy for patients with spinal injuries, people with disabilities (in wheelchairs), etc. Physical exercises not only affect the development of the motor activity of people with disabilities but also increase the body's resistance to adverse environmental factors, activating vegetative systems, stimulating and normalizing functions of body systems. The gradual adaptation of the body to physical exertion leads to adaptation, mobilization and use of the body's functional reserves. Physical training itself is an adaptation process that activates the body's hidden reserves

Effects of saline-alkali stress on the tissue structure, antioxidation, immunocompetence and metabolomics of Eriocheir sinensis

Saline-alkali water resources are abundant and widely distributed in China. The effective utilization of saline-alkali water resources by fishery is of great significance to enhance the aquatic product economy and restore the ecology of saline-alkali environments. Eriocheir sinensis is a saline-alkali water-suitable species. To explore its physiological response to saline-alkali stress, the hepatopancreas tissue structure, antioxidation, immunocompetence and metabolomics were investigated after 96 h of gradient saline-alkali treatment. The results confirmed the hepatopancreas damage through tissue sectioning, abnormal enzyme activity (aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT)) and aberrant malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was significantly upregulated (p < 0.05), which was followed by a decrease trend, indicating the enhancement of antioxidant capacity in response to the stress. Strengthened immunocompetence in response to saline-alkali toxicity was shown in the gradual increase of immune enzyme activity (acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP)) and the upregulated expression of immune genes (hsp 70, hsp 90, proPO and toll). Among the differential metabolites quantified by metabolomics, small peptides were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05), and acylcarnitines were obviously upregulated (p < 0.05), indicating that saline-alkali toxicity inhibited protein catabolism and stimulated the mobilization of energy reserves. Metabolic pathways enriched through the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis suggested that Eriocheir sinensis activated different mechanisms in response to various degrees of stress, such as “ABC transporters” and “purine metabolism” in response to low saline-alkali stress, while “pyrimidine metabolism” and “beta-alanine metabolism” to high saline-alkali stress.

Bio-priming with Trichoderma Enhanced Faster Reserve Mobilization in Germinating Soybean Cotyledons under Graded Macronutrients

Bio-priming with Trichoderma Enhanced Faster Reserve Mobilization in Germinating Soybean Cotyledons under Graded Macronutrients

Silicon improves seed germination and seedling growth and alleviates salt stress in Medicago sativa L. by regulating seed reserve mobilization and antioxidant system defense

Silicon improves seed germination and seedling growth and alleviates salt stress in Medicago sativa L. by regulating seed reserve mobilization and antioxidant system defense

Revising the dynamic energy budget theory with a new reserve mobilization rule and three example applications to bacterial growth

Dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory has been applied to model a wide range of organisms, including microbes. In the standard DEB model, biomass is partitioned into reserve and structural compartments, where reserve biomass is mobilized in a pseudolinear manner (while the reserve biomass density, defined as the ratio between reserve and structural biomass, decays linearly) to drive maintenance and the growth of structural biomass (and extracellular enzyme production if it is considered). However, the linear dynamics of the reserve biomass density makes the standard DEB model incapable of explaining the slowdown of microbial growth at high reserve density that is caused by macromolecular crowding effect which reduces biochemical reaction rates (a typical situation occurs when microbes are experiencing severe moisture stress) and is inconsistent with the observation that intracellular enzymatic reactions generally follow non-linear kinetics. By partitioning biomass into reserve, kinetic, and structural compartments, we show here that the Equilibrium Chemistry Approximation (ECA) kinetics can be used to represent enzymatically catalyzed reserve biomass mobilization that can then drive the kinetic and structural biomass synthesis. This revised DEB model better represents the tradeoff in ribosome allocation for structural growth and internal enzyme production, is structurally compatible with metabolic models of cell individuals, and includes the standard DEB model and the popular compromise model as special cases for representing population growth. We then applied the revised DEB model to interpret components of bacterial respiration, their dependence on substrate availability, and emergent microbial carbon use efficiency dynamics for an exponentially growing population. We found that the revised DEB model enables a better understanding of bacterial substrates use (carbon in our examples) than that can be derived from a few other models in the literature. In particular, the revised DEB model explains why carbon use efficiency may first increase, then plateau, and finally decrease with growth rate (and substrate uptake rate), as a function of proteomics. Additionally, the revised DEB model explains why the kinetic biomass compartment needs to be divided to reasonably incorporate proteomic control of microbial growth.

Mobilização de reservas de sementes e morfologia de plântulas de soja geneticamente modificada tratada com glifosato

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the application of the glyphosate herbicide on seed reserve mobilization and seedling morphology of genetically modified soybean. Two herbicide-tolerant (TMG 1264RR and P98Y11) and two herbicide-sensitive (Emgopa 315 and UFUS 7415) cultivars were selected for the study and subjected to germination, seedling length, and reserve mobilization tests after treatments with glyphosate solutions at the concentrations of 0.00, 0.06, and 0.12%. The hypocotyl/radicle ratio and the efficiency of conversion of reserves to seedlings were also determined. The higher the concentration of glyphosate, the lower the percentage of normal seedlings and the shorter seedling length, mainly in the herbicide-sensitive cultivars. The 'TMG 1264RR' glyphosate-tolerant genotype mobilized more reserves and was more efficient in converting biomass into seedlings. Herbicide application reduced the average length of the seedlings and caused the roots to become shorter than the hypocotyls. During germination, the herbicide changes seedling morphology since the seedling hypocotyl becomes proportionally larger than the radicle. Although, when applied, glyphosate altered the length, weight, and reserve mobilization of the four evaluated genotypes, the most affected were 'Emgopa 315' and 'UFUS 7415', the glyphosate-sensitive ones.

Germinação in vitro e mobilização de reservas de Vriesea friburgensis Mez

Abstract Studies on the germination and establishment of plants are key pieces to understanding the reproductive success of plants. This work aimed to describe in vitro germination and reserve mobilization in the bromeliad Vriesea friburgensis through morphological, histochemical, and biochemical analysis. The conditions used in this study for the in vitro germination are adequate. From the third day of in vitro inoculation, a uniform germination of 98% was obtained, exhibiting a high physiological quality of the seeds and a high potential to produce seedlings (94%). There is early reserve mobilization, which began in the imbibition phase. The accumulated reserves in the endosperm cytoplasm are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes provided by the aleurone layer. It is possible that compounds in the cell walls of the endosperm contribute to a lesser extent in mobilization. Additionally, it was observed that starch accumulation in the cotyledon increases when the seedling has formed. Results from this study provide insights for future studies on ecology, seed technology, and conservation in this species. This study contributes to the limited knowledge of the dynamics of reserves during germination and seedling establishment in Bromeliaceae. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study with this approach in the genus Vriesea.

Reserve mobilisation exhibits a biphasic pattern during seedling establishment in the Caatinga pioneer species Pityrocarpa moniliformis

Abstract Reserve mobilisation and metabolite utilisation were characterised during seed germination and seedling establishment in Pityrocarpa moniliformis, an endospermic legume from Caatinga. Seeds were germinated under controlled conditions for four days and seedlings were transferred to hydroponics and maintained at a greenhouse during four days. Samples were collected at distinct physiological stages and reserves, metabolites, and enzymatic activities were determined in different seedling parts. Galactomannans stored in the endosperm and non-reducing sugars accumulated in the cotyledons were mobilised from seed germination to hypocotyl emergence. During these processes, the accumulation of reducing sugars in the endosperm coincided with an increase in the starch content in the cotyledons and seedling axis, indicating that sugars released from galactomannans may have been utilised in starch biosynthesis. Starch and storage protein mobilisation in the cotyledons occurred later, from hypocotyl elongation to cotyledon expansion. Starch degradation possibly supported the accumulation of starch and soluble sugars in the root, while storage protein hydrolysis was associated with cotyledon greening and first leaf emergence. Accordingly, reserve mobilisation exhibits a biphasic pattern, enabling fast seedling establishment as a physiological strategy to ensure environmental colonisation.

Mobilization of Storage Reserves in Dalbergia spruceana Benth. (Fabaceae) Seeds During Germination at Different Temperatures

Mobilization of Storage Reserves in Dalbergia spruceana Benth. (Fabaceae) Seeds During Germination at Different Temperatures

“The Patient but Deadly Struggle”: Decomposition and the Danger of Catastrophic Terrorism as a Method of Political Warfare against the State of Israel

This article describes “decomposition” as a tactic of political warfare against the State of Israel. According to Stefan T. Possony, a recognized authority on Cold War strategy, the purpose of decomposition is to weaken an enemy by undermining the “integrating elements of society,” which, in a democracy, are fearlessness and resoluteness. Several means of weakening a society are: exploiting social cleavages and encouraging defeatism, thus making it vulnerable to a military attack. Decomposition as a tactic of warfare has its roots in Asian traditions. Members of the General Staff of Imperial Russia studied the methods of Genghis Khan and Tamerlane and, over time, the lessons of this research became part of the doctrine of the Red Army and its modern successors. There are clear indications that the methods of decomposition and the culture of defeatism have found support in contemporary Israeli society. During the domestic crisis of 2023, the opponents of the legally elected government endeavored to undermine its legitimacy at home and abroad, as well as its defense system which depends on the voluntary mobilization of reserves. Broadcasting a message of weakness and vulnerability is dangerous because it may be interpreted as an invitation for an aggressor. Under such circumstances, Hamas invaded the Western Negev and carried out a barbaric massacre on October 7, 2023. This act of Catastrophic Terror was a transforming event. In 1998, members of the team who identified and described the dangers of Catastrophic Terror anticipated the attack on the World Trade Center which took place on September 11, 2001. One of its consequences was the publication of the 9/11 Commission Report. The mandate of this commission was to investigate the “facts and circumstances relating to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.” This elegant division of the subject could serve as a model for Israel. The present study deals mainly with the circumstances and the domestic political controversy which preceded the events of October 7, 2023. Gathering and studying the actual facts is a task for future researchers. It is clear that the members of the 9/11 Commission knew that they were dealing with a deadly new threat and described it accurately in the preface to their report: We learned about an enemy who is sophisticated, patient, disciplined, and lethal. The enemy rallies broad support in the Arab and Muslim world by demanding redress of political grievances, but its hostility toward us and our values is limitless. Its purpose is to rid the world of religious and political pluralism, the plebiscite, and equal rights for women. It makes no distinction between military and civilian targets. Collateral damage is not in its lexicon. This observation applies to present-day Israel and the free world.

The Correlations of Barley Vitality and Storage Reserve Mobilization during Early Germination

The elucidation of the genetic relationship about storage reserve mobilization and enzymatic activity during barley germination is of particular importance for breeding and malt production. In addition to plant hormones such as gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA), recent research has highlighted the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling with hydrolase induction and plant growth. In this study, the correlation of barley vitality and mobilization of storage reserves during early seed germination was investigated. The activity of important hydrolases, as well as ROS-producing NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidases, was monitored between six different cultivars. Associated gene expression from imbibition to germination was also analyzed by correlation analysis and cluster analysis. During early germination, the activities of α-amylase, limit dextrinase, and β-glucanase had significant positive correlations with each other and affected seed germination. Gene expression analysis showed that RbohB1 and RbohF1 (NADPH oxidases) had strong correlations with AMY1 (α-amylase) and LD (limit dextrinase). The GA synthesis gene GA3ox2 was found to have a significant correlation with protease genes Cys (cysteine protease) and Ser (serine protease), while the ABA synthesis gene NCED1 (nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) had significant negative correlations with Cys and GA3ox2. Gene expression and enzyme assays indicated that NADPH oxidase, α-amylase, and limit dextrinase correlated well with barley vitality during early germination. The expression of the GA synthesis genes correlated well with glucanase and protease. These results provide information about barley gene regulation by analyzing correlations between genes.

Parasitism enhances gastropod feeding on invasive and native algae while altering essential energy reserves for organismal homeostasis upon warming

Marine bioinvasions are of increasing attention due to their potential of causing ecological and economic loss. The seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla has recently invaded the Baltic Sea, where, under certain conditions, it was found to outcompete the native alga Fucus vesiculosus. Parasites of grazers and temperature are among the potential factors which might indirectly modulate the interactions between these co-occurring algae through their single and combined effects on grazing rates. We tested the temperature and parasitism effects on the feeding of the gastropod Littorina littorea on F. vesiculosus vs. G. vermiculophylla. Uninfected and trematode-infected gastropods were exposed to 10, 16, 22, and 28 °C for 4 days while fed with either algae. Faeces production was determined as a proxy for grazing rate, and HSP70 expression, glycogen and lipid concentrations were used to assess the gastropod's biochemical condition. Gracilaria vermiculophylla was grazed more than F. vesiculosus. Trematode infection significantly enhanced faeces production, decreased glycogen concentrations, and increased lipid concentrations in the gastropod. Warming significantly affected glycogen and lipid concentrations, with glycogen peaking at 16 °C and lipids at 22 °C. Although not significant, warming and trematode infection increased HSP70 levels. Increased faeces production in infected snails and higher faeces production by L. littorea fed with G. vermiculophylla compared to those which fed on F. vesiculosus, suggest parasitism as an important indirect modulator of the interaction between these algae. The changes in the gastropod's biochemical condition indicate that thermal stress induced the mobilization of energy reserves, suggesting a possible onset of compensatory metabolism. Finally, glycogen decrease in infected snails compared to uninfected ones might make them more susceptible to thermal stress.

Dam parity affects fetal growth, placental size, and neonatal metabolism in spring-born beef calves.

To determine effects of dam parity on perinatal nutrient availability in beef cattle, data and samples were collected from 18 primiparous and 35 multiparous spring-calving Sim-Angus dams and their calves. Time to stand was recorded and neonatal vigor assessed. Jugular blood was collected from a subset of calves at 0 (post-standing and pre-suckling) 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of age, and blood chemistry panels were completed. Expelled placentas were dissected, dried, and weighed. Prepartum maternal circulating glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides, and urea N were analyzed. All statistical models included the fixed effect of dam parity, and calf sex (when P ≤ 0.25) was included for calf and placental variables. Effects of sampling hour, and parity × hour were included for calf metabolites over time using repeated measures. Multiparous dams had greater body weight prepartum (P < 0.001) but similar (P = 0.25) body condition score. Maternal circulating urea N and triglycerides were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in multiparous dams pre-calving. Calves born to primiparous dams weighed 10% less (P ≤ 0.04) at birth with smaller (P ≤ 0.01) heart and abdominal girths. Cotyledonary, intercotyledonary, and total placental masses were less (P ≤ 0.05) for primiparous dams. Dam parity did not affect (P ≥ 0.58) calf time to stand, vigor score at 10 min, or rectal temperature. Serum glucose was greater (P = 0.03) at 0 h but less (P ≤ 0.04) at all other hours in calves from primiparous dams. Calves from primiparous dams had greater (P ≤ 0.02) serum NEFA at 6, 12, and 24 h although plasma triglycerides were greater (P < 0.001) at 6 h. Calves from primiparous dams had greater (P ≤ 0.04) serum urea N at 12 h and creatinine at 12 and 24 h. Plasma insulin was greater (P ≤ 0.04) in calves from multiparous dams at 12, 48, and 72 h, but parity did not affect (P ≥ 0.18) serum total protein or plasma cortisol. Serum aspartate aminotransferase was greater (P ≤ 0.04) at 6 and 24 h, creatine kinase was greater at 24 h, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was less (P ≤ 0.04) at 6, 12, and 24 h, for calves from primiparous dams. Calves born to primiparous dams had greater (P ≤ 0.02) total bilirubin and direct bilirubin at 12 and 24 h. Data indicate that calves born to first-parity heifers had decreased perinatal nutrient availability, resulting in reduced fetal and placental growth, as well as greater energy reserve mobilization and metabolic indicators of stress as neonates.

Molecular, biochemical and micromorphological responses of cacao seedlings of the Parinari series, carrying the lethal gene Luteus-Pa, in the presence and absence of cotyledons

Investigations of the compatibility between cacao genotypes of the population of the Parinari series (Pa), resulting from the reciprocal crossing of Pa 30 × Pa 169 and Pa 121 × Pa 169, allowed the verification of the occurrence of the recessive lethal single character called Luteus-Pa. These genotypes have this gene in heterozygosity, which when intercross or self-fertilize, segregate in a 3:1 ratio. Normal (NS) and mutant (MS) seedlings grow normally and, after a period of approximately 30 days of age, MS leaves begin to show a metallic yellow color, followed by necrotic spots, and death of the entire seedling, approximately 40 days after the emergency. The work evaluate the molecular, biochemical and micromorphological responses in NS and MS, with and without cotyledons, resulting from the crossing of the Pa 30 × Pa 169 cacao genotypes, aiming to elucidate the possible lethal mechanisms of the homozygous recessive Luteus-Pa. The presence of the lethal gene Luteus-Pa in the seedlings of the cacao genotypes of the population of the Parinari (Pa), with and without cotyledons, resulting from the crossing of Pa 30 × Pa 169, in addition to regulating the synthesis of proteins related to the photosynthetic and stress defense processes, promoted an increase in the synthesis of proteins involved in the glycolic pathway, induced oxidative stress, altered the mobilization of cotyledonary reserves, the integrity of cell membranes, leaf micromorphology and induced the death of seedlings, soon after depletion of protein and carbohydrate reserves, especially in the absence of cotyledons.

Psychological support of young sportsmen in powerlifting and weightlifting

The article is a research into psychological and pedagogic support of sportsmen aged 18–25 years old, with taking into account the gender factor, at the stages of training with the strength exercises. It states methods of psychical reserves mobilization of different psychophysical types of sportsmen, aimed at training process efficiency increase in order to reach high results during competitions.Introduction. The article is based at the methodic of classical development of sportsmen’s strength abilities in powerlifting in composition with psychological methods of psychological and pedagogic support (PPS) for increasing of reliability and successfulness of pre-competition training. PPS is considered to be a combination of targets, media, methods and circumstances of planning, realization and control of the process of formation, activation and optimization of sportsmen’s psychological processes, at the stages of preparing for competitions and participating in them. Research target. Theoretical elaboration and experimental substantiation of the methodic of PPS training preparation for the competitions when going in for powerlifting and weightlifting.Materials and methods. The method of control test, pedagogic experiment (PE), fitness tests, anthropometrical methods, psychological development of personality methods, mathematical statistics methods. The research was being performed during five weeks (2020-02-01–2020-03-15). During the pedagogical experiment (PE), strength trainings were based at five-week cycle by B.I. Sheyko, which is equal to one pre-competition mesocycle. Sportsmen aged 18–25 years old formed two groups of 20 persons each: control group (CG) and experimental group (EG), divided [inside] by the gender factor. CG and EG were training with the classical powerlifting methodic, in EG it was supplemented with psychological processes optimization methods.The methodic of PPS preparation for a competition included: learning of goal-setting, forming of readiness for competitions, learning of coping, activation of motivation processes, increase of self-control and of psychoregulation of behavior and sport activity.Results. The authors elaborated five-week mesocycle (medium cycle) of training for powerlifters aged 18-25 years old. The forming impact of the complex of PPS methods in EG caused certain growth of strength results in EG at the end of PE: each of CG sportswomen lifted 142.5 kg in the sum of three-lift, CG sportsmen — 215 kg. In EG the result of sportswomen is 190 kg, the result of sportsmen is 250 kg. The growth, when comparing EG and CG, was 57.5 kg for sportswomen and 35 kg for sportsmen in favour of RG with PPS. Psychophysical types of young powerlifters, who need psychological and pedagogic support, were identified, recovery measures for psychological preparation were proposed.Conclusion. PPS in the complex with strength trainings caused certain growth of strength indexes of powerlifters aged 18–25 years old, with taking into account the gender factor. Strength indexes of girls progressed 1,8–2 times more significantly, than of men. When performing PPS, they wust take into account the gender specifics of powerlifters, attached to different impact of psychological preparation methods on boys and girls.

A View into Seed Autophagy: From Development to Environmental Responses.

Autophagy is a conserved cellular mechanism involved in the degradation and subsequent recycling of cytoplasmic components. It is also described as a catabolic process implicated in the specific degradation of proteins in response to several stimuli. In eukaryotes, the endoplasmic reticulum accumulates an excess of proteins in response to environmental changes, and is the major cellular organelle at the crossroads of stress responses. Return to proteostasis involves the activation of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and eventually autophagy as a feedback mechanism to relieve protein overaccumulation. Recent publications have focused on the relevance of autophagy in two central processes of seed biology: (i) seed storage protein accumulation upon seed maturation and (ii) reserve mobilization during seed imbibition. Although ER-protein accumulation and the subsequent activation of autophagy resemble the Seed Storage Protein (SSP) deposition during seed maturation, the molecular connection between seed development, autophagy, and seed response to abiotic stresses is still an underexplored field. This mini-review presents current advances in autophagy in seeds, highlighting its participation in the normal course of seed development from embryogenesis to germination. Finally, the function of autophagy in response to the seed environment is also considered, as is its involvement in controlling seed dormancy and germination.

Особливості психофізіологічного статусу студентів з різними типами вегетативної регуляції в умовах навантаження

The process of students’ adaptation should be considered as a dynamic and integrated process of forming the necessary skills to meet the needs that arise during study at a higher education institution. The purpose of the study was to establish the nature of psychophysiological indicators of students with different types of autonomic regulation in conditions of physical and mental activity. Materials and methods. The article presents the results of a study of the psychophysiological indicators of 128 students (65 boys and 63 girls) of the Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University aged 17-25 years. All students had psychophysiological indicators before and after mental and physical activity measured with the device for psychophysiological research «PFI-2». The students were divided into groups according to the types of vegetative regulation, according to the method of express assessment of the functional state of regulatory systems according to N. I. Shlyk. All students had indicators of heart rate variability at rest on short recordings of the cardiac signal (2 minutes), obtained with the help of the rhythm «MPFI-rhythmograph-1». Proofreading method according to the method of M. V. Krivonosov et al. (2001) was used as a mental load, which consisted of finding and selecting a specific letter in test tables for 20-25 minutes. Aerobic exercise consisted of taking a distance of 2 km on a rowing machine Concept-2 for 10 minutes. Results and discussion. The obtained results showed that after the mental load, the psychophysiological indicators of students of all groups did not change reliably, which led to the formation of adaptation mechanisms. However, only the students of group 3 have grouped reliable changes in some indicators of the correct sample, which reflects the state of development of mobilization. After physical exertion, changes in individual and typological indicators were observed in representatives of groups 1 and 3. A significant decrease in the indicators of functional mobility of nervous processes and the strength of nervous processes indicates the mobilization of the body's reserves. The value of the dynamics of nervous processes in group 1 significantly increased after physical exertion, which indicates the development of a state of fatigue. There was also a significant increase in the number of anticipated/delayed reactions in group 3, which indicates the predominance of excitation processes over inhibition. After physical exertion, no significant changes in psychodynamic parameters were observed, but in group 2, the time of the complex simple visual-motor reaction significantly increased, which indicates the development of a state of fatigue. After physical exercise, the students of group 3 have observed significant changes in the values of the correction test indicators, which indicates the mobilization of the body's reserves. Conclusion. The analysis of the results of the study made it possible to establish that the mental load had an insignificant effect on the representatives of group 3. After physical exertion, significant changes were observed in representatives of all groups, except for group 4

Effects of Varroa destructor on Hemolymph Sugars and Secondary Infections in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

The European honeybee contributes to the agriculture by its pollination; however, the overwintering loss rate over the last decades is worrisome. Varroa destructor is considered one of the most important causes of bee colony declines. This project aims to correlate the infestation by varroa to the hemolymph sugar concentrations and bacterial and viral coinfections. Six highly infested and six control hives were compared over time. Pooled hemolymph samples from honeybees were collected for sugar concentration measurements using a previously validated portable glucometer. The hemolymph samples were submitted for bacteriology. Multiplex RT-PCR analysis was performed on honeybees for six viruses: DWV-A, DWV-B, BQCV, ABPV, KBV, and IAPV. There was also no predominance of pathogenic bacteria. In September, sugar concentrations in hemolymph were significantly lower in highly infested hives than in control hives. Infested hives showed markedly higher viral loads except for ABPV. DWV-A and BQCV viral loads from highly infested hives were significantly higher in September compared to July. A continued and severe exposure to varroa leads to increased viral charges and decreased sugar concentrations, suggesting alterations in immunity, metabolism, and reserve mobilization. These parameters contribute to the weakening and mortality of the colonies.

Antioxidant enzyme activity and dynamics of reserve mobilization during germination and early seedling establishment of royal poinciana [Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.

Antioxidant enzyme activity and dynamics of reserve mobilization during germination and early seedling establishment of royal poinciana [Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.

Metabolomics analysis reveals the response mechanism to carbonate alkalinity toxicity in the gills of Eriocheir sinensis

Aquatic water with carbonate alkalinity presents a survival challenge to aquatic animals. As an economically important crab, large quantities of Eriocheir sinensis are cultured in carbonate-type saline-alkali ponds, while the toxic effect on E. sinensis from carbonate alkalinity is still unclear. In this study, untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics was performed to investigate the metabolic change caused by culture alkalinity, and confirmed distinct physiological response under gradient alkalinities. There were 39 differential metabolites obtained in the low-alkalinity group (4.35 mmol/L) versus control group, and “arachidonic acid metabolism” was enriched as a core response pathway. 93 differential metabolites were identified in the high-alkalinity group (17.43 mmol/L) versus control group, and a complex response net was manifested through integrated analysis, building by “steroid hormone biosynthesis”, “phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis”, “phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism”, “phenylalanine metabolism”, “mineral absorption”, “purine metabolism” and “carbon metabolism”. This indicated the mobilization of energy reserves and the suppression of protein and amino acid catabolism were manifested in E. sinensis gills to defense high alkalinity stress. In addition, the persistently regulation of key metabolites under various alkalinity, including diuretic compound “spironolactone” and the antiphlogistic compound “LXB4”, suggested anti-inflammatory action and excretion regulation were initiated to defend the stress.