Mobile Survey Research Articles

Estimating Travel Demand with a Multimodal Transport Model Including E-Scooters in Iași, Romania

Cities, even medium-sized and small ones, have become overwhelmed by traffic and congestion. Innovative solutions are required and recent studies have focused on sustainable approaches. This study aims to develop a multimodal transport model consisting of an urban public transportation (UPT) service combined with an e-scooter sharing service. The main purpose of the model is a comparison between two travel alternatives (car and UPT + e-scooter), calculating their associated levels of utility. The methodology is based on a multinomial logit model, implemented in Matlab software, using results from an online mobility survey (socio-economic characteristics of potential users of e-scooters). The additional aim is related to the assessment of the inhabitants’ availability to shift from car to multimodal service or to simple e-scooter service. The developed micromodel was applied in Iași, a mid-sized city located in the northeast of Romania. Several price strategies were analysed in order to find their influence on users’ mobility behaviour. It turned out that the price for the shared e-scooter is too high at this moment to be used for daily travel. Without a price decrease and public authorities’ involvement in facilitating the multimodality, the e-scooter remains only an entertainment activity.

The Online Battlefield: How Conflict Frames in Political Advertisements Affect Political Participation in a Multiparty Context

This article examines how politicians’ conflict framing strategies in online campaign advertisements affect citizens’ political participation in a multi-party context. We rely on a unique combination of innovative research methods to do so, including a four-wave panel survey, a content analysis of Facebook browser-tracking data and a mobile experience sampling survey with data donations. All data were collected during the 2021 Dutch general elections. We find that conflict framing can discourage citizens from engaging in low-effort forms of political participation, such as discussing politics, signing a petition and visiting political websites. The results show that conflict frames can demobilize citizens because they lower enthusiasm and are perceived as less informative. Our study provides insights into the potential unintended consequences of using conflict framing as a campaign strategy in a multi-party setting.

Quantification of methane emissions in Hamburg using a network of FTIR spectrometers and an inverse modeling approach

Abstract. Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas, and anthropogenic CH4 emissions contribute significantly to global warming. In this study, the CH4 emissions of the second most populated city in Germany, Hamburg, were quantified with measurements from four solar-viewing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers, mobile in situ measurements, and an inversion framework. For source type attribution, an isotope ratio mass spectrometer was deployed in the city. The urban district hosts an extensive industrial and port area in the south as well as a large conglomerate of residential areas north of the Elbe River. For emission modeling, the TNO GHGco (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research greenhouse gas and co-emitted species emission database) inventory was used as a prior for the inversion. In order to improve the inventory, two approaches were followed: (1) the addition of a large natural CH4 source, the Elbe River, which was previously not included in the inventory, and (2) mobile measurements were carried out to update the spatial distribution of emissions in the TNO GHGco gridded inventory and derive two updated versions of the inventory. The addition of the river emissions improved model performance, whereas the correction of the spatial distribution with mobile measurements did not have a significant effect on the total emission estimates for the campaign period. A comparison of the updated inventories with emission estimates from a Gaussian plume model (GPM) showed that the updated versions of the inventory match the GPM emissions estimates well in several cases, revealing the potential of mobile measurements to update the spatial distribution of emission inventories. The mobile measurement survey also revealed a large and, at the time of the study, unknown point source of thermogenic origin with a magnitude of 7.9 ± 5.3 kg h−1 located in a refinery. The isotopic measurements show strong indications that there is a large biogenic CH4 source in Hamburg that produced repeated enhancements of over 1 ppm which correlated with the rising tide of the river estuary. The CH4 emissions (anthropogenic and natural) of the city of Hamburg were quantified as 1600 ± 920 kg h−1, 900 ± 510 kg h−1 of which is of anthropogenic origin. This study reveals that mobile street-level measurements may miss the majority of total methane emissions, potentially due to sources located within buildings, including stoves and boilers operating on natural gas. Similarly, the CH4 enhancements recorded during the mobile survey from large-area sources, such as the Alster lakes, were too small to generate GPM emission estimates with confidence, but they could nevertheless influence the emission estimates based on total column measurements.

Uncovering urban circadian pulses based on an animated cartogram: the example of Bogotá

ABSTRACT This paper describes a new kind of dynamic map showing the differing location of ‘day’ and ‘night’ populations and how they balance out over 24 h. To this end, we created a smoothed animated cartogram, with visual effectiveness as the main criterion. The area of study is the Bogotá metropolitan area in Colombia, where an urban mobility survey (EODH) was carried out in 2019. This paper emphasizes the method developed and the discussions which arose over the course of our work. We used R language to process the data and create the animations in order to make them reproducible, following an open-science approach. We mainly used the cartogramR and spatstat packages. The R script is appended.

대학생의 재학 중 일경험과 직업가치의 관계 분석

Objectives This study analyzes the relationship between work experience in school and job values of male and female college students. In particular, it is to confirm the effect of work experience on job value according to gender. Using the 2017~2020 Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey, let's analyze the consistent effect of college student's work experience in school on job value.
 Methods Using The Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey (GOMS) 2017-2020 and subjects of this surveys were 35,217 people who four-year male and female college students(8,933 people in 2017, 9,116 people in 2018, 9,350 people in 2019, and 7,824 people in 2020). A t-test was conducted to verify the change in job value according to the work experience in school of male and female college students. And Regression analysis was conducted to analyze the impact.
 Results The study results can be summarized as follows. First, it was found that male students' work experience and work experience related to their major consistently increased intrinsic job value and had a positive (+) effect. Second, it was found that female students' work experience related to their major consistently increased the intrinsic job value and had a positive (+) effect. On the other hand, it was analyzed that female students' work presence or absence of work experience consistently increases the external job value and has a positive (+) effect. Third, the consistent effect of the number of work experiences of unversity students was not confirmed. However, it was confirmed that there was no effect except for 2020.
 Conclusions The work experience in school of a male and female college students was identified as an important factor influencing job values. First, male and female college students should have work experience related to their major in order to increase their intrinsic job values. Second, it seems necessary to differentiate the career guidance of male and female students. Third, the number of work experiences in school should be selected and focused on meaningful work experiences rather than work experiences that do not help university students' career development. This result presents the direction of work experience in school for the development of job values of university students. And I think it will be helpful for the school and the government to establish policies on the work experience of university students.

Screening Hesitancy of a Universal Voluntary-based Rapid Antigen Test for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) During Omicron Wave in Hong Kong

BackgroundThe Hong Kong government distributed rapid antigen test (RAT) kits to households across the city and called for a universal voluntary testing exercise for three consecutive days during the Omicron wave to identify infected persons early for quarantine and disrupt transmission chains in the community. We conducted a survey to evaluate the participation rates and explore the determinants of voluntary RAT adoption and hesitancy. MethodsThis cross-sectional survey was conducted through computer-assisted telephone interviews from 19 May to 16 June 2022 using an overlapping dual-frame telephone number sampling design. Information on willingness to adopt voluntary RAT, four themes of personal qualities, attitudes toward the government’s health policies, incentives to motivate RAT adoption, and personal sociodemographic factors were collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the factors associated with RAT adoption. ResultsOf the 1010 participants, 490 successfully responded to the fixed-line and 520 to the mobile phone survey, with response rates of 1.42% and 1.63% and screen hesitancy rates of 36.1% and 39.3%, respectively. Participants of adoption RAT were those aged 30–49 years, with high perceived COVID-19 infection severity, ≥ 3 doses of COVID-19 vaccination, and more agreement with the health policies on material resources and quarantine orders. Individuals who were less risk seeking and more altruistic reported a higher adoption of voluntary RAT. ConclusionsUnderstanding the willingness to participate in a voluntary universal testing programme might shed light on effective ways to minimise screening hesitancy in future public health strategies and campaigns.

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Public Transport: A Mobility Survey in Naples (South of Italy)

Introduction: The COVID-19 outbreak has not only had a fatal impact on people's lives, but it has also threatened the entire world of transportation. The number of trips, the mobility habits and the users’ mode choices from the beginning of the pandemic has changed significantly over the last year. Objective: This manuscript analyzed the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the users’ mobility choices following the pandemic phases during “new normality” was analysed. The objective of this research is twofold: i) to estimate and evaluate the changes in user's mode choices and environmental impact; ii) to identify mobility policies aimed at fostering the use of local Public Transport (PT). Methods: A Stated Preference survey was carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic in the city of Naples (South of Italy): i) to assess users’ mobility habits before the COVID-19 pandemic; ii) to evaluate users’ choice of Public Transport after the COVID-19 pandemic period; iii) to identify the attributes related to users’ reluctance (e.g., fear of contagion, service uncertainty) to continue using public transport and the main characteristics that Public Transport should have to be perceived as a safe transport alternative. Results: The results show that 56% of users would be willing to wait up to 20 minutes longer for the bus and train to ensure social distancing, especially on reliable info mobility. Conclusion: Moreover, 6% of the users, who previously travelled with local PT, would shift to private transport. This means that in the province of Naples, there would be more than 54 million trips by private car with the subsequent effects on congestion and environmental pollution in one month.

Examination of the demographic representativeness of a cross-sectional mobile phone survey in collecting health data in Colombia using random digit dialling

ObjectivesAs mobile phone ownership becomes more widespread in low-income and middle-income countries, mobile phone surveys (MPSs) present an opportunity to collect data on health more cost-effectively. However, selectivity and coverage...

Integrated workflow with mobile mapping survey and BIM approach to digitalize subway infrastructures

The planning and management of underground public transport is a central challenge for industrialized countries. Since an increasing number of human activities is polarized in metropolitan areas, the effort put into the digitalization for management of the underground lifelines is growing. This paper presents an innovative methodology (SCANtoBIM) to carry out digitization, inspection, and diagnostics of existing underground tunnels to obtain a digital model without disruptions. The multi-dimensional survey system (ARCHITA) allows for collecting data about the tunnel geometry, structural, and functional conditions. Data digitalization and analysis give as-built CAD models and Building Information Models (BIMs). Within the framework of the Management and Identification of the Risk for Existing Tunnels, the proposed process helps the infrastructure manager during the facility service life. The workflow for the digitalization and diagnosis from mobile mapping data has been implemented to obtain a BIM model representing more than 40 km-long metro tunnels.

MaaS Adoption and Sustainability for Systematic Trips: Estimation of Environmental Impacts in a Medium-Sized City

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is often seen as a promising solution to address societal and environmental challenges. Despite the importance of quantifying its potential benefits, few previous works have focused on the impacts on the environment, and all of them considered large cities. This study aims to forecast the diffusion of MaaS in a medium-sized city and quantify the consequent reduction in pollutant emissions for commuting trips. Answers from a mobility survey administered to employees of the Municipality of Padua (Italy) were used to calibrate a model predicting MaaS adoption, which was applied to real working trips to estimate daily vehicle emissions savings in future scenarios with different MaaS bundles. The results indicated that the opportunity to have multimodal mobility options providing door-to-door travel is a fundamental element to ensure wide MaaS diffusion. Furthermore, public transport was confirmed to be the backbone of such a system. Compared to the current scenario, we observed up to a 41% reduction in pollutant emissions. The analysis pointed out that MaaS adoption is highly dependent on the characteristics of the proposed bundles, thus highlighting the importance of a proper design of the service and ex ante evaluation of emission savings.

MOBILE MAPPING FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE SURVEY OF THE COMPLEX OF ST. JOHN OF THE HERMITS IN PALERMO (ITALY)

Abstract. During the 11th and 12th century, the Arab-Norman architectural style characterized the most beautiful and important Cultural Heritage buildings in Sicily, and especially in Palermo (Italy). The relevance of these monuments is highlighted by their inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites List in 2015. For many years, the University of Palermo has been studying and documenting several Arab-Norman cultural assets, and in particular, the complex of St. John of the Hermits in Palermo (Italy). A first detailed 3D survey of the main structures of this complex was carried out using a terrestrial laser scanner while the 3D survey of the entire complex was made using a Mobile Mapping System (MMS). The paper describes the workflow and the results of the mobile mapping survey undertaken with a Handheld Mobile Laser Scanner (HMLS) based on Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (SLAM) technologies. The work allowed surveying the entire site with an extremely fast acquisition and obtaining the geometric information useful for historical architectural evaluations. In addition, due to the characteristics of the site, the work enabled the assessment of the HMLS data processing testing different automatic algorithms for point cloud filtering.

Improving success of non-communicable diseases mobile phone surveys: Results of two randomized trials testing interviewer gender and message valence in Bangladesh and Uganda.

Although interactive voice response (IVR) is a promising mobile phone survey (MPS) method for public health data collection in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), participation rates for this method remain lower than traditional methods. This study tested whether using different introductory messages increases the participation rates of IVR surveys in two LMICs, Bangladesh and Uganda. We conducted two randomized, controlled micro-trials using fully-automated random digit dialing to test the impact of (1) the gender of the speaker recording the survey (i.e., survey voice); and (2) the valence of the invitation to participate in the survey (i.e., survey introduction) on response and cooperation rates. Participants indicated their consent by using the keypad of cellphones. Four study arms were compared: (1) male and informational (MI); (2) female and information (FI); (3) male and motivational (MM); and (4) female and motivational (FM). Bangladesh and Uganda had 1705 and 1732 complete surveys, respectively. In both countries, a majority of the respondents were males, young adults (i.e., 18-29-year-olds), urban residents, and had O-level/above education level. In Bangladesh, the contact rate was higher in FI (48.9%), MM (50.0%), and FM (55.2%) groups than in MI (43.0%); the response rate was higher in FI (32.3%) and FM (33.1%) but not in MM (27.2%) and MI (27.1%). Some differences in cooperation and refusal rates were also observed. In Uganda, MM (65.4%) and FM (67.9%) had higher contact rates than MI (60.8%). The response rate was only higher in MI (52.5%) compared to MI (45.9%). Refusal and cooperation rates were similar. In Bangladesh, after pooling by introductions, female arms had higher contact (52.1% vs 46.5%), response (32.7% vs 27.1%), and cooperation (47.8% vs 40.4%) rates than male arms. Pooling by gender showed higher contact (52.3% vs 45.6%) and refusal (22.5% vs 16.3%) rates but lower cooperation rate (40.0% vs 48.2%) in motivational arms than informational arms. In Uganda, pooling intros did not show any difference in survey rates by gender; however, pooling by intros showed higher contact (66.5% vs 61.5%) and response (50.0% vs 45.2%) rates in motivational arms than informational arms. Overall, we found higher survey rates among female voice and motivational introduction arms compared to male voice and informational introduction arm in Bangladesh. However, Uganda had higher rates for motivational intro arms only compared to informational arms. Gender and valence must be considered for successful IVR surveys. Name of the registry: ClinicalTrials.gov. Trial registration number: NCT03772431. Date of registration: 12/11/2018, Retrospectively Registered. URL of trial registry record: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03772431?term=03772431&cond=Non-Communicable+Disease&draw=2&rank=1. Protocol Availability: https://www.researchprotocols.org/2017/5/e81.

Intersectional approach of everyday geography

Hour-by-hour variations in spatial distribution of gender, age and social class within cities remain poorly explored and combined in the segregation literature mainly centred on home places from a single social dimension. Taking advantage of 49 mobility surveys compiled together (385,000 respondents and 1,711,000 trips) and covering 60% of France’s population, we consider variations in hourly populations of 2572 districts after disaggregating population across gender, age and education level. We first isolate five district hourly profiles (two ‘daytime attractive’, two ‘nighttime attractive’ and one more ‘stable’) with very unequal distributions according to urban gradient but also to social groups. We then explore the intersectional forms of these everyday geographies. Taking as reference the dominant groups (men, middle-age and high educated people) known as concentrating hegemonic power and capital, we analyze specifically whether district hourly profiles of dominant groups diverge from those of the others groups. It is especially in the areas exhibiting strong increase or strong decrease of ambient population during the day that district hourly profiles not only combine the largest dissimilarities all together across gender, age and education level but are also widely more synchronous between dominant groups than between non-dominant groups (women, elderly and low-educated people). These intersectional patterns shed new light on areas where peers are synchronously located over the 24-hour period and thus potentially in better position to interact and to defend their common interests.

Impact of Population Migration on the Sustainable Development of Joseonjok People in China

The Joseonjok (Koreans in China or Chaoxianzu, the same below) people are one of the more populous minority groups in China, with a large proportion of their migrant population. Population migration can improve the economic situation of individuals and families, but it can also have a negative impact on the sustainable development of the Joseonjok people. This paper uses the population mobility survey data of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province to analyze the characteristics of its non-migrant, internal migrant and cross-border migrant populations. The results show that gender, age, marriage and work are the main factors influencing the mobility of the Joseonjok population. The government should make more reasonable ethnic policies according to the needs of the Joseonjok people in accordance with local conditions, promote the economic development of Joseonjok settlements, and maintain social stability in border areas.

Users’ Propensity to Use Self-Driving Systems of SAE Automation Level 1 and 2 Cars: Results of an Italian Survey

The automotive sector is currently developing advanced autonomous functionalities which are expected to be soon integrated into the vehicles. These vehicles can help to reduce road accidents, ease traffic congestion, improve fuel consumption, and reduce pollutant emissions. By contrast, there are still technological, normative, ethical, and social obstacles to the widespread adoption of self-driving cars, among which users’ acceptance covers a relevant issue. The aim of the paper was to investigate the users’ propensity to use self-driving systems of SAE automation Levels 1 and 2. To do this, an hoc mobility survey was performed in Italy among car drivers, investigating both the presence of these autonomous devices on board the vehicles currently used and their frequency of usage. Survey results show that 41% of the respondents currently have a Level 1 and/or 2 system on-board their car: 54% have only the Cruise Control (Level 1 car), while 46% have both of them (Level 2 car). Furthermore, about 85% of the respondent frequently (medium-high) use the Cruise Control and/or Lane Keeping Assist. More than 86% of the drivers stated that these devices significantly improve both road safety and driving stress (improve the travel experience). The highways are the roads where these self-driving systems are mainly used (more than 70% of the time). These results underline the relevant effort that the automotive industry has performed in the last decades about self-driving. In the last five years within the Italian market was observed an increase of more than 200% of the car standard equipment (no optional) with SAE automation Level 1 or 2 systems.

Personal noise exposure during daily commutes and subjectively reported stress: A trip stage level analysis of MobiliSense data

BackgroundThe auditory and non-auditory health effects of noise have long been established in the literature but previous studies have mainly been in the context of occupational risk. Recent research suggests that daily noise exposures occurring during social activities and commute may be associated with higher psychological stress. Our aim was to explore the association between modes of transportation and noise on the one hand and noise exposures and reported stress on the other hand. Although existing literature shows that noise exposure is especially high during commutes, studies on the topic have been sparse due to cost and logistic constraints; furthermore, sample sizes have been small. MethodsThe present study uses data collected on the daily commutes of 253 participants of the Mobilisense cohort study between 2018 and 2020. Personal dosimeters were used to measure noise exposure by frequency bands over a period of 4 days, resulting in a sample of 7800 trip stage windows. Participants reported trip stress levels during an a posteriori phone mobility survey on a scale from 1 (no stress) to 7 (significantly stressful conditions). Modes of transportation (metro, car, walking, etc.) were collected from the same mobility survey based on Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. ResultsWhile all transport modes resulted in higher exposure to low frequency noise compared to walking, all modes but tramway and driving or being the passenger of a car were associated with an increased exposure to high frequency noise. The LAeq noise indicator (overall noise) was associated with reported stress: for every 10 dB(A) increase in LAeq, individuals reported experiencing 1.118 times (95% confidence interval: 1.067, 1.172) higher levels of stress. Multiple noise indicator models did not show evidence that specific frequency components were associated with stress beyond overall noise. ConclusionOur findings suggest that noise exposure during commutes vary according to modes of transportation. Given that noise exposure resulted in higher reported levels of stress, future research should examine transportation noise effects on physiological variables.

The use of mobile app survey data to examine compliance with occupational smoking bans: A case study of seven countries

The use of mobile app survey data to examine compliance with occupational smoking bans: A case study of seven countries

Recognizing Neuropathic Pain as a Symptom of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease that impacts Quality of Life (P14-8.005)

<h3>Objective:</h3> This study utilizes patient-reported data to explore under-recognized contributors to disease burden in Charcot-Marie Tooth (CMT) disease. The goal of this study is to evaluate the psychosocial impact of pain on patients with CMT. <h3>Background:</h3> CMT is the most commonly inherited neurological disorder, with a prevalence of 1/2,500. With no definitive cure or approved pharmacologic options, treatment focuses on rehabilitation and psychosocial support. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> Adults with CMT (n=224) participated in a mobile survey consisting of questions assessing pain quality and psychosocial factors. Validated PROMIS scales generated T-scores describing the degree of neuropathic pain, life satisfaction, and social isolation. Statistical analysis included Pearson’s product-moment correlation and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. <h3>Results:</h3> A majority of respondents (81.6%) reported pain in the past 7 days, with a mean (SD) severity of 4.2±2.5 out of 10. Females aged &lt;65 scored highest on the pain scale (5.01±2.45) and males aged &gt;65 scored lowest (3.22±2.56). The majority of respondents experienced neuropathic-type pain (63.95%). Life satisfaction and social isolation scores among this population did not significantly differ from the general public, but pain significantly impacted patient-reported quality of life scores. Life satisfaction scores decreased with increasing pain severity (r=−0.253, p=0.00059). Social isolation was correlated with pain severity (r=0.167, p=0.02597). Compared to patients with non-neuropathic pain, patients with neuropathic pain reported increased social isolation (p=0.005967) and decreased life satisfaction (p=0.03558). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> These patient-reported data reveal neuropathic pain as a contributor to disease burden in patients with CMT. Our findings suggesting that patients with severe, neuropathic-type pain experience heightened social isolation and diminished life satisfaction indicate that pain may be an unmet target in improving quality of life in patients with CMT. <b>Disclosure:</b> Miss Chang has nothing to disclose. Ms. Imossi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gelman has nothing to disclose. Mrs. Moore has nothing to disclose. Mr. Moore has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Hereditary Neuropathy Foundation . Mrs. Aldrich has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Hereditary Neuropathy Foundation. Dr. Thomas has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Pharnext. Dr. Thomas has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Acceleron. Dr. Thomas has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. Dr. Thomas has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Gravel &amp; Shae. Dr. Thomas has a non-compensated relationship as a Board Member, Metro New Jersey with National MS Society that is relevant to AAN interests or activities. Dr. Thomas has a non-compensated relationship as a Board Member with American Paraplegia Society that is relevant to AAN interests or activities.

Effect of the Data Collection Method on Mobile Phone Survey Participation in Bangladesh and Tanzania: Secondary Analyses of a Randomized Crossover Trial.

Mobile phone surveys provide a novel opportunity to collect population-based estimates of public health risk factors; however, nonresponse and low participation challenge the goal of collecting unbiased survey estimates. This study compares the performance of computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) and interactive voice response (IVR) survey modalities for noncommunicable disease risk factors in Bangladesh and Tanzania. This study used secondary data from a randomized crossover trial. Between June 2017 and August 2017, study participants were identified using the random digit dialing method. Mobile phone numbers were randomly allocated to either a CATI or IVR survey. The analysis examined survey completion, contact, response, refusal, and cooperation rates of those who received the CATI and IVR surveys. Differences in survey outcomes between modes were assessed using multilevel, multivariable logistic regression models to adjust for confounding covariates. These analyses were adjusted for clustering effects by mobile network providers. For the CATI surveys, 7044 and 4399 phone numbers were contacted in Bangladesh and Tanzania, respectively, and 60,863 and 51,685 phone numbers, respectively, were contacted for the IVR survey. The total numbers of completed interviews in Bangladesh were 949 for CATI and 1026 for IVR and in Tanzania were 447 for CATI and 801 for IVR. Response rates for CATI were 5.4% (377/7044) in Bangladesh and 8.6% (376/4391) in Tanzania; response rates for IVR were 0.8% (498/60,377) in Bangladesh and 1.1% (586/51,483) in Tanzania. The distribution of the survey population was significantly different from the census distribution. In both countries, IVR respondents were younger, were predominantly male, and had higher education levels than CATI respondents. IVR respondents had a lower response rate than CATI respondents in Bangladesh (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=0.73, 95% CI 0.54-0.99) and Tanzania (AOR=0.32, 95% CI 0.16-0.60). The cooperation rate was also lower with IVR than with CATI in Bangladesh (AOR=0.12, 95% CI 0.07-0.20) and Tanzania (AOR=0.28, 95% CI 0.14-0.56). Both in Bangladesh (AOR=0.33, 95% CI 0.25-0.43) and Tanzania (AOR=0.09, 95% CI 0.06-0.14), there were fewer completed interviews with IVR than with CATI; however, there were more partial interviews with IVR than with CATI in both countries. There were lower completion, response, and cooperation rates with IVR than with CATI in both countries. This finding suggests that, to increase representativeness in certain settings, a selective approach may be needed to design and deploy mobile phone surveys to increase population representativeness. Overall, CATI surveys may offer a promising approach for surveying potentially under-represented groups like women, rural residents, and participants with lower levels of education in some countries.

The demand potential of shared autonomous vehicles: a large-scale simulation using mobility survey data

Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAV), or robotaxis, are expected to be commercially available within this decade. This new transport mode has the potential to revolutionize travel, offering a level of service comparable to traditional taxis with much lower prices. This may attract travelers currently using other modes, impacting the economic sustainability of public transport as well as car ownership levels. We investigate this potential demand using a scalable SAV simulation framework. We do not establish a future equilibrium considering the interaction between all users on a detailed road network, but establish the potential demand for a large metropolitan area. Travelers can choose between their current mode and the new SAV mode, with fare and waiting times which depend on real-time demand. For our input data we train a statistical model on a large transport survey from Germany for an urban region, allowing us to generate a large number of trips with realistic characteristics. We conduct a sensitivity analysis to study the effect of several key parameters on the modal shift. We find that SAVs can be attractive to many active mode and public transport users unless regulations are put in place. Our results also show that due to SAV fleet constraints, changes in incentives for travelers currently using cars may have significant consequences on the behavior of other travelers. We further calculate key economic indicators for the fleet, which can inform the discussion on the fleet size and fare level that operators are likely to choose when maximizing their own profit.