Border Mobility Research Articles

Cabecitas Blancas: settler colonialism, racial capitalism and the (im)mobility of borders for Yucatecan migrant families

In this paper, I analyse the intersection of settler colonialism, racial capitalism and border violence by examining Cabecitas Blancas a project run by the Yucatecan government to reunite families divided by the US-Mexican border. A unique program in Mexico, Cabecitas Blancas helps elders who have not seen their children living in the United States for at least 10 years, due to their children’s precarious immigration status, reunite for a short period of time. I have developed the term tramitología to show the way the settler colonial state monitors and restrict Indigenous mobility by designating who is “worthy” of government support. I demonstrate how the flow of mostly Maya elders via Cabecitas Blancas between borders is facilitated only because they become state commodities that sustain racial capitalism via tourism and multicultural policies. Ultimately, I argue that reform programs such as Cabecitas Blancas enable and (re)produce exploitation, settler colonialism and border violence. This paper draws on semi-structured interviews with government officials as well as YouTube videos and online news articles depicting different stages of the program.

Commemoration and radical right-wing populism in European borderlands

Abstract The success of radical right-wing populist (RRWP) parties is based on discourses displaying “power geometries” (Massey 1993, 1999). These involve the representation of power relations, with on one side a globalized elite, boosting the mobility of human beings, goods and capital across borders, and on the other side, a territorially embedded people subject to this borderless mobility. Power geometries can also be used to approach the chameleonic behavior of RRWP politicians and their allies in the political space. The article uses this concept to interpret the attitude of the Trieste City Executive and the reactions to it when it commemorated a past connected to Italian fascism. The results show that the power geometries involving the RRWP and their allies in European borderlands can lead to discursive ambivalence in two overlapping spaces: the territorial and state-bordered space of representative democracy, and the topological and cross-border space of para-diplomacy.

The Impact of Appraisal Remedies on the Financial Position of the Private Company

Appraisal remedies offer a withdrawal right to minority shareholders who are confronted with midstream-changes in a company. This form of minority protection is a hot topic in (European) company law especially since the introduction of appraisal remedies in the Cross Border Mobility Directive. This article deals with an underexposed risk to this form of minority protection in private companies, namely the impact of the payment of the compensation for the withdrawing shareholder on the financial position of the company. Just as any other distribution, the payment of the compensation could endanger the solvency and liquidity of the company. This is not only relevant for the company creditors but also the remaining shareholders. I will elaborate on this risk and how remedies for creditor protection can temper it. This article argues that this risk will, however, only seldomly occur as the impact on the financial position of the company will have a deterrent effect on the underlying transaction. The most plausible situations in which this risk will occur are ‘do or die’ transactions and the scenario of irrational behaviour of shareholders. For these scenarios, means of creditor protection are needed. Appraisal remedies, withdrawal of shareholders, private companies’ minority protection, creditor protection

Transportation as a Disease Vector in COVID-19: Border Mobility and Disease Spread.

More than a year after COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, the U.S.A. and Mexico rank first and fourth, respectively, with regard to the number of deaths. From March 2020, nonessential travelers were not allowed to cross the border into the U.S.A. from Mexico via international land ports of entry, which resulted in a more than 50% decrease in the number of people crossing the border. However, border communities still face a higher number of cases and faster community spread compared with those without international land ports of entry. This paper established an econometric model to understand the effects of cross-border mobility and other socioeconomic parameters on the speed of spread. The model was developed at the U.S. county level using data from all 3,141 counties in the U.S.A. Additionally, a follow-up U.S. county comparative analysis was developed to examine the significance of having a border crossing between the U.S.A. and Mexico for U.S. counties. The findings of the analysis revealed that the variables having a significant effect are as follows: population density; number of people per household; population in the 15-65 age group; median household income; mask use; number of visits to transit stations; number of visits to workplace; overall mobility; and having a border crossing to Mexico within county limits. The comparative analysis found that U.S. counties with border crossings have an average of 123 cases per 1,000 population whereas their counterparts without border crossings only have 90 cases per 1,000 population.

Investigation on Magnetization, Magnetocalory, Magnetoresistance, and Electric Properties of Ni-Mn Based Heusler Alloy

The magnetic and electrical characteristics of Ni-Mn quinary Heusler alloys are studied in the current work. The results concern the materials’ magnetic and electrical behavior. The physical property measurement system (PPMS) and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) were used at various magnetization levels to determine the results. The addition of Fe helps to form the alloy into a smart memory alloy with magnetocrystalline anisotropy, twin border mobility, and varied magnetic and martensite transition temperature characteristics. Character changes in the superparamagnetic (SPM) and paramagnetic (PM) alloys occur between 26 and 34 °C. The curves are supported by the alloy’s martensitic transition temperature change. A large refrigeration capacity is identified in the alloy. These properties are an indication of the alloys’ application prospects. Entropy change helps to detect the inverse magnetocaloric effect in the alloy, whereas adiabatic temperature change helps identify the origin and validity of reverse magnetic properties. The transition temperature changes occur when austenite’s sigma is larger than that of martensite, and as the magnetic field increases, the temperature declines. Isothermal magnetization curves, a large (MR)/B value at low and high magnetic fields, and temperatures near the transformation point suggest that small-crystal Heusler alloys have tremendous promise for low and high magnetic field magnetoresistance applications.

The Euregional policy impact of COVID 19 on the border region between the Netherlands, North-Rhine Westphalia and Belgium

Abstract During the Coronavirus pandemic, internal European borders were temporarily re-established with the argument to mitigate the outbreak. Also in the border region between the Netherlands, North-Rhine Westphalia and Belgium (EMR). Existing evidence on the effectiveness of border control for infectious disease control (IDC) has been dominated by studies that focused on scenarios within countries with limited attention to border regions. To address this gap, we analysed the experiences of public health professionals working in European border regions. We conducted three studies: 1. seroprevalence and questionnaire study among 10.001 Dutch persons with and without cross border mobility, 2. analyses of incidence data in municipalities in 4 cross border regions to analyse cross border differences, and 3. we conducted 27 semi-structured interviews with public health professionals in the EMR. Participants were asked about their perspectives on border controls and the spread of Covid-19. Four key-results: First, border regions are characterised by dynamic social life and cross-border movements. Incidence was mainly determined by country policy, Second, the impact of border control and closing on local infectious disease epidemics is likely marginal. Third, due to the dynamic social life, border control measures cannot be fully implemented in border regions, and thus their effectiveness is even more questionable. Fourth, border control measures may harm the social fabric of border regions more than they do in in-countries territories. Our study results highlighted the ineffective role of border control measures for regional infectious disease control. Sustainable cross-border collaboration is crucial to ensure effective pandemic management in border regions. The results of our study impacted on policy makers, to be much more reluctant with closing borders.

Indonesian Muslim Diaspora in Contemporary South Korea: Living as Religious Minority Group in Non-Muslim Country

The process of migration and cross border mobility occurs for a number of reason or background such as politics, economics, education and so forth has made a number of Muslim leave their homeland to another countries. Due to this migration, a significant number of Muslims becomes a diasporic communities in other countries and sometimes lives as religious minority group in non-Muslim country. It is reported that one third of Muslims in the world live as minority in a number of countries both in the West and also in some Asian countries such as India, Japan, South Korea, etc. In general, the existing academic discourse and publication has focused more Muslim in the West, and overlooked the Muslims minority in Eastern countries which is also considered as non-Muslim land such as Japan, South Korea, and such. This article discusses the Muslim minorities in South Korea, with a specific focus on Indonesian Muslim as it made up a significant number of Muslim in South Korea recently. Their challenge, balancing their personal identity and loyal citizenship as well as integration issues will also discussed from fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) of minorities (fiqh al-aqaliyyat) point of view.

“It will kill your dreams, your goals, your everything”—Humanitarian migrants, governance through containment and the Italian accommodation system

While asylum seekers await the outcome of their claims to protection in Italy, they are dispersed to accommodation centers administered by subcontracted non-governmental agencies where they receive reception and integration services. In addition, in line with guidelines from the regional government, social operators regulate migrant behavior and mobility through the use of the use of behavioral regulation, deployed temporalities, and various forms of surveillance. Using the lens of migration governmentality and specifically, containment (Tazzioli and Garelli, 2018), this research explores the impact of these forms of governance on migrant settlement outcomes. I do so through a case study of accommodation centers and migrant experiences within accommodation centers in Turin (Italy) conducted in the winter of 2018 and 2019. Findings suggest that migrants are infantilized through the process, one which provides few opportunities to exert autonomy over self-direction and preferred settlement outcomes. Contained within reception centers without opportunities for external engagement, migrants are prevented from developing social ties or place attachment more generally. Migrants reject their subordinated status, and, exhibit a familiar form of autonomy in the post-reception period—migration, including circular and cross border mobility.

Albanian Returned Asylum-Seekers: Failures, Successes and What Can Be Achieved in a Short Time

ABSTRACT During the so-called ‘refugee and migration crisis’ of 2015–2016 and the opening of the Balkan route between Turkey and the EU, Albania played a marginal role. Instead, the mass emigration from Albania which had been continuous since the early 1990s, mainly directed towards Greece and Italy, suddenly developed a new outlet: the movement of tens of thousands of poor asylum-seekers to Germany. Considered through the dual lens of border studies and mobility studies, this movement evidences the small time-spaces of possibility that open up as asylum-seekers grasp opportunities yet at the same time struggle against constraints. As a form of migration, this was a short-term temporal event, with nearly all applicants failing to gain asylum and subsequently returning to Albania. Nevertheless, most of the returned asylum-seekers spoke warmly of their experience of being abroad, referring to the generosity of the German government and the good schooling opportunities for their children. Some asylum-seekers whom we interviewed were able to access employment, albeit precarious, and accumulated financial and social capital, which gave them options for the future. Once returned to Albania, most wanted to try their luck in Germany again, seeing little future for themselves and their families in Albania.

ДОКУМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ АНИМАЦИЯ: ГЕНЕЗИС И СПЕЦИФИКА (ОБЗОРНО-АНАЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ СТАТЬЯ)

Animated documentary is becoming one of the fastest growing phenomena of modern screen art in the post-truth era. The review and analysis of scientific works devoted to animated documentary is seen as relevant both for the further development of scientific thought and the search for new research strategies that expand the problem field, and for the practical sphere. The research was conducted on the basis of a review and analysis of scientific literature (monographs and articles in international journals included in electronic research system international databases Scopus, Web of Science, eLibrary.ru) in English, Spanish and Russian for the period 1997-2019. The novelty of the review article is not only an attempt to present a systematic view of animated documentary as a phenomenon of screen art, but also to identify and systematize the areas in which scientific discussions are conducted. It introduces the reader to theoretical views on the terminology, Genesis, specifics, nature, and classification systems of documentary animation. Animated documentary appeared when the cinema was just taking first steps but its development began in the 1980s. At this time, animation begins to take an interest in reality, inner peace, and socially taboo topics. Since the 1990s, the foundations of animated documentary are laid, narrative strategies are developed, and a new language are actively sought. Interest in animated documentary from the scientific community arose only in the 2000s. On the one hand, it has been manifested by the increasing role of documentation in the art, which has taken on an attraction character since the advent of digital technology; on the other hand, and as a consequence of the convergence of screen arts and the emergence of hybridization trends. The academic community has focused around developing definitions and understanding what can be attributed to the field of documentary animation. By 2010, the scientific literature focused on issues related to the specifics of animated documentary, ways of presenting reality, and indexing. By the mid-2010s, animation is becoming the subject of interdisciplinary study. At this time, there are develop tools for analyzing works of animated documentaries, and its genre system begins to build. One of the main features of animated documentaries is hybridity. Its dual nature is born of fluctuations between the certainty of facts and artistic embodiment. The problems of authenticity and representation of reality become one of the most controversial topics in an animated film. The work provides an overview of theoretical studies on the genesis, history and particularities of animadoc. The theoretical texts identify three approaches that form the main directions in the analysis of animated documentary. The first group of researchers analyzes this phenomenon and its nature based on the theories of documentaries and the transformation with the advent of digital technologies, of the concepts of reality, authenticity and fact (document). The second group of authors considers animation as a phenomenon of modern animation that arose as a result of technological renewal and changes in its role as a socio-cultural practice. A third group of scientists believes that animadoc is a post-postmodern phenomenon that arose as a means of presenting a world in which there is mobility of borders and cyberspace becomes a new reality. The review allows us to conclude that animated documentary is a manifestation of a new mode of postphotographic vision of a reflexive nature, in which the imagination that refracts images of reality becomes of primary importance. Despite the interest in it from the academic community and the emergence of theoretical works, the study of this phenomenon is only at the initial stage. Despite the interest in it from the academic community, there is a small number of deep theoretical works caused by the hybrid nature of the phenomenon itself, the imperfection of working models and methods for analyzing representational strategies, and the problems of forming a conceptual apparatus.

How useful is the concept of transit migration in an intra-Schengen mobility context? Diving into the migrant smuggling and human trafficking nexus in search for answers

When using the concept of transit migration, contemporary scholarly literature and policy documents typically refer to situations located outside or at the outskirts of the European Union. By analyzing the critical and empirical scholarship which uncovers the so-called gray area where it becomes hard to make clear distinctions that can be found at the nexus between migrant smuggling and human trafficking, the article aims to shed new light on the real-life vulnerabilities and dynamics that do not fit prototypical legal categories of either human trafficking or migrant smuggling. In so doing, the article discusses and analyzes legal and empirical scholarship that uncovers these vulnerabilities. The vulnerabilities observed are likely to be further enhanced in transit zones where stranded individuals within the EU aim to continue their (increasingly) fragmented/non-linear migration journeys. Therefore, the article proposes to consider the usefulness and the usage of the notion of “transit migration” in the context of Intra-Schengen border mobility and not just when discussing external border mobility. The article argues that the concept of transit migration, if carefully defined, and if particular vulnerabilities found in transit space are recognized, can serve as a helpful lens that can prevent falling into the trap of conceiving migrant smuggling and human trafficking as strictly separate phenomena.

Introduction to the Special Issue: “Transnational Family Care ‘On Hold’? Intergenerational Relationships and Obligations in the Context of Immobility Regimes”

This special issue explores how members of transnational families manage their intergenerational care obligations in the context of increasing restrictions to cross–border mobility. We ask: How do ...

Impact of International Trade of Higher Education on Universities' Performance

The central theme of the research work was to examine the impact of International Trade of Higher Education (IToHE) on universities' performance. The nature of the article was descriptive; as a consequence, the data of the study was assembled by means of survey and interview. The targeted population was comprised of all BS, MS, PhD students, faculty and administration from all general public universities of Punjab, which were included in the HEC ranking in 2015. The purposive sampling technique and multiphase strategy were applied to specify the sample. Data was collected via two research instruments. To assemble quantitative data, a questionnaire was planned on six factors, i.e. Leadership role (LR), Quality Teaching (QT), Research (R), University Ranking (UR), Community Perception (CP) and International Trade of Higher Education (IToHE). According to the triangulation result, findings illustrated that Academia should do productive work instead of producing passive labor. The study recommended further researches in the field of cross border mobility and its role in university, society and country development.

Localising Migration Diplomacy in Africa? Ethiopia in its Regional and International Setting

The paper analyses African-European diplomatic relations on migration. It looks closely at the ideas and practices that inform migration relations between the African Union and the European to explore wider links between migration diplomacy and migration governance to assess divergent African and European understandings of migration governance and the diffusion of migration issues into domestic political agendas. To exemplify the argument, we focus in particular on Ethiopia’s migration diplomacy, which we understand as inter-state actions and interactions that are diplomatic in form, have a significant foreign policy dimension, and, have cross border mobility as their focus. We identify four key effects of migration diplomacy: a tension between free movement and containment that highlights divergent understandings of the causes and effects of migration and displacement between African and European countries; African engagement with the development of international norms and standards to which EU states are more ambivalent; a distraction effect away from migratory routes other than that towards the EU; and, the effects of diffusion of migration agendas into domestic politics in African countries.

Workshop: Everything you always wanted to know about EU health policy but were afraid to ask

Abstract Objective The EU is often criticized for being ‘market-driven’ and practicing a form of ‘cold integration’. Any attempt, however, to strengthen solidarity and social integration in the EU is met by stakeholders in the member states with reservation and often outright refusal, arguing that health systems are national competence subject to the subsidiary principle. This conundrum of asking for more but allowing for less has blocked a scientifically informed public debate about the EU and health policy. The overall objective of this workshop is to discuss how health research can contribute to resolve this conundrum making the EU more conducive to the needs of health systems, public health (PH) and Health in All Policies (HiAP). To this end we will review the following 4 specific topics What are is EU-health policy and what other policies are affecting health and health systems?What tells us the projected Brexit-impact on the UK health system and PH about the value of EU health policy?Are EU-trade policies shaping healthier commercial determinants of health?What is the added value of cross-border care at and beyond border regions? This workshop is based on the update of the seminal volume “Everything you always wanted to know about European Union health policies but were afraid to ask” (2019, 2nd edition). Key note Scott Greer: In health and health systems the European Union is ubiquitous. Health systems in Europe are hard to figure without the cross border mobility of health professions. Patients going cross-borders. We have a European Medicines Agency that is regulating key aspects of the pharmaceutical market. Health systems have become part of the economic governance of the EU. In PH we have the ECDC, a PH programme and policies on health related consumer protection and may mechanism that should protect European citizens from scourges that know no borders. With health in all policies, the EU legislates literally on all known agents and, when in doubt, is using the pre-cautionary principle to protect citizens from health hazards. All this is supported by a large EU research programme. Panellist 1 N Fahy, the projected impact of Brexit on health system functions of the United Kingdom demonstrates how deep the integration goes and how beneficial it is for both health systems and public health. Panellist 2 H Jarman: The discussion around the Transatlantic Trade an Investment Partnership (TTIP) have risen worries about privatization of health services and lowering of food standards. But TTIP is only the tip of the Iceberg given that the EU has several types of trade agreements with many countries and groups of countries, shaping the commercial determinants of health. Panellist 3 W Palm: Cross-border collaboration is already taking place in many border regions. The European reference networks demonstrate the value of the cross-border collaboration beyond border regions, as does collaboration for joint purchasing and health workforce development. Key messages Health is important at the EU level and the EU level is important for health. Not shaping health and health systems at EU level will limit the perspectives of EU integration, health system development public health and HiAP. Panelists Scott Greer Holly Jarman Contact: hjarman@umich.edu Nick Fahy Contact: nicholas.fahy@phc.ox.ac.uk Willy Palm Contact: wismarm@obs.who.int Contact: palmw@obs.who.int

Who Benefits from a Resource Boom? Evidence from the Marcellus and Utica Shale Plays

We analyze the impact of the recent energy boom in the Marcellus and Utica shale formations on local labor markets in Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Unique to our analysis is the use of origin-destination files (LODES) from the U.S. Census Bureau which provide employment statistics at the census block level based on where jobs are located and where workers live who hold those jobs. The richness of this data enables us to identify cross border mobility of workers as labor demand increases due to greater resource extraction. We find that increases in the value of new oil and gas production significantly increases local employment and average earnings in the county, but that a large fraction of new jobs are filled by workers who reside outside of the county. Specifically, a one standard deviation increase in the value of new oil and gas production per capita in a county-year increases workplace employment by 283 jobs, decreases the fraction of jobs held locally, and increases the flow of workers from counties 25-200 miles away. Furthermore, we find some positive employment spillovers across industries, but these new jobs largely appear to go to non-local residents as well. We do find evidence that the earnings distribution shifts to the right for both local residents and workers who reside outside the county.

CAM Practices and Treatment Adherence Among Key Subpopulations of HIV+ Latinos Receiving Care in the San Diego-Tijuana Border Region: A Latent Class Analysis.

Latinos living in the United States-Mexico border region bear a disproportionate HIV/AIDS burden compared to individuals living in the interior of both nations and face a constellation of barriers that determine their ability to access and adhere to HIV care. Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) may be associated with suboptimal treatment adherence. Sociodemographic factors, health practices, and social determinants of health unique to the border region may further contribute to health disparities that undermine care engagement and continuity. Improved understanding of HIV-positive Latino subgroups and their risk profiles can lead to more effective, targeted clinical and public health interventions. We undertook this study to identify and characterize distinct classes of HIV-positive Latinos in the San Diego-Tijuana border region, differentiated by HIV and border-related factors, utilizing latent class analysis. We investigated relationships between class membership and CAM utilization and self-reported antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. Five distinct classes were identified with unique demographic, HIV risk, and border mobility profiles. CAM was recently used by nearly half of each class, though there were significant differences in the proportion of CAM use by class ranging from 44.4 to 90.9%. As well, all classes were currently receiving ART at similarly high rates and ART adherence outcomes were not significantly different based on class. Findings highlight the significant use of CAM by all HIV-positive Latinos in the border region and imply the need for a research framework which appropriately acknowledges the heterogeneous nature of this population, such as intersectionality. Further research is recommended into understanding how patients integrate CAM into HIV treatment and the risks and benefits of incorporating CAM into HIV treatment.

Управління інтеграційною взаємодією в менеджменті підприємств агропромислового виробництва

The issues of agro-industrial enterprises integration are within the sphere of strategic planning. The author's vision of the category «strategy» is presented, which is an expression of the organization intentions aimed at achieving pre-selected goals through the allocation of limited resources (between organizational units, functions, regions, products, technologies). The main difference between strategic and other types of decisions is distinguished, which is a high level of generalization of its components’ description. The purpose formation question in the enterprise management structure of agroindustrial pro-duction in the context of factors of internal and external nature is investigated. One of the regularities of goal setting in the agro-food industry is highlighted, namely the close connection of the micro-, meso and macro levels. Thus, the realization of the goals of agro-complex development is determined by the choice of the most effective forms of integration and organiza-tion of diversified business structures. A departure from the classical understanding of the integration mechanism as a pro-cess of combining basic competencies through mergers and acquisitions has been made. The imperative of strategic manage-ment of the integration structural parameters in the formation of territorial-branch industrial complexes is formulated - obtaining a positive synergistic effect. For the territorial-industrial production formation for agro-complexes such form of integration as a cluster is proposed. In this case, the territorial-sectoral production agro-food complex, organized in the form of a cluster, is considered as a socio-economic system formed by a group of diversified economic entities that interact with each other through the exchange of services, people, technical ideas and information and resulting in synergistic effects com-petitive advantages. The features of cluster structures are distinguished: uniformity of elements; presence of centripetal forc-es; fuzziness and mobility of borders, configuration and internal structure; community resources; availability of internal infrastructure. The most important area of agro-food complex strategic management in modern conditions is recognized by the strategy formation of a marketing interaction with the external environment. In this regard, we propose a scorecard that allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of a firm's marketing interaction with a supplier, which primarily identifies a block of cost-effectiveness indicators and a block of social performance indicators. Keywords: agro-industry, agrarian enterprises, integration interaction, integrated associations, clusters, manage-ment.

MULTIDIMENSIONALITY OF DAILY OCCURRENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE VITAL WORLD OF THE PERSONALITY

Problem setting. A daily plays an important role forming of personality. Definition a daily occurence is all more often present on the pages of scientific editions and in the subjects of forums of scientists. Everyday reality is a place of stay of personality, and an everyday idea it his support. A daily is the world of experience, in that an empiric subject operates at the level of mind.Recent research and publications analysis. The general theoretic questions of history of daily are presented in works of західноєвропейських scientists of P. Berger, F. Brodel, G. Garfinkel, E. Guserl, T. Lukman, A. Lyudtke, A. Sikurel, A. Shyuts and other researchers.Paper objective. Research of philosophical sense of concept is in the context of the vital world of personality and multidimensionalness of daily occurence.Paper main body. In article cross-disciplinary approach to understanding of a concept of multidimensionality of daily occurrence and its substantial filling is used. The phenomenon of a measure arises on crossing of various vital centers therefore has a direct bearing on a problem of integrity of the vital world of the personality. On the basis of the critical analysis of different views on problems of the vital world of the personality, the axiological component of is proved in parameters of daily occurrence and it is reflexed as a component of the vital world of the personality. The philosophy of regularity is connected with rubezhny events, change of sociocultural paradigms, marginal situations of various type which express the need of considerably new movement of thinking, of thinking as the creativity capable to throw down a challenge to own stereotypes, inertness, dogmatism, social apathy in which the mobility of borders is especially shown. The present stage of development of a civilization is characteristic not only rapid change of some processes by others, but also the increased level of riskogenny situations in which there is a certain person. An exit from these situations demands from the person of adoption of non-standard decisions, creative approach.Conclusions of the research. It means that the person cannot hide for certain another, he has to act one, at own risk. As for a way of life in virtual the world as new post-human reality, it is worth to remember that everyday life - is initial and main reality, and all other realities only derivative of initial. Need of development of rules of law, morals on a basis to a konventsializm so on feeling of a measure attracts attention.

Mobile Teachers at Border Schools – Multilingualism and Interculturalism as New Challenges for Professional Development

This article discusses the implementation of cross-border learning mobility, which has taken place in some schools and kindergartens at the tri-border area of Slovenia, Austria and Italy. The findings suggest that the implementation of multilingual and intercultural practices, which involve weekly exchanges of ‘mobile teachers’ from neighbouring countries, created a unique educational experience that has encouraged teachers to greater professional growth. In addition to another language, mobile teachers have brought with them various new educational approaches. Border mobility has contributed to the simultaneous strengthening and enriching of educational practices in various border kindergartens and schools. For teachers, the implementation of cross-border learning mobility strengthens the awareness of the importance of competence in multilingualism and interculturalism as an important factor for their further professional development. This article will analyse the knowledge and experience of professionals involved in such mobility programs in terms of a new dimension of professionalism, and the need to develop multilingualism and interculturalism competences.